Index I-19
of magnetic fields, 924
principle of, 486, 692, 700, 1160–1161
of waves, 486, 492
Supersonic speed, 534
Supersymmetry, 1502
Surface charge density, 700
Surface integral, 727
Surface tension, 378
Symmetry, 1366–1367
conservation laws and, 1496
degeneracy and, 1367
in particle theory, 1498–1499
spherical, 1362, 1368
supersymmetry, 1502
Symmetry properties, of systems, 722
Symmetry-breaking interactions, 1496
Synchrocyclotrons, 1487–1488
Synchrotron radiation, 1488
Synchrotrons, 1488
Systems
isolated, 243
symmetry properties of, 722
T in heat engines, 649–652
tangential component of acceleration, 281
target variables, 3
taus, 1493
technetium-99, 1463
telephoto lens, 1137
telescopes, 1116, 1146–1148
Hubble Space telescope, 1116, 1214, 1504
resolving power of, 1206
temperature, 545–550
absolute, 513
body, 548f, 574
boiling, 561
critical, 590, 977
of early universe, 1509
gas pressure and, 549
internal energy and, 630
macroscopic definition of, 546
melting, 560
molecular kinetic energy and, 630
and p-n junction diodes, 1438
resistivity and, 822–823
as scalar, 10
units of measure for, 547, 549
vs. heat, 556
vs. temperature interval, 548
temperature coefficient of resistivity, 822
temperature gradient, 565
temperature interval, 548
temperature scale(s), 546
absolute, 550, 663–664
Celsius, 547
conversion between, 548
Fahrenheit, 548
ideal-gas, 549, 550, 664
Kelvin, 549–550, 660, 663–664
temporal artery thermometer, 548
tensile strain, 347–350
elasticity and, 353
plasticity and, 353
tensile strength, 354
tensile stress, 347–350
elasticity and, 353
plasticity and, 353
thermal stress and, 554–556
tension, 102, 348, 349
Newton’s third law and, 119
static friction and, 144
surface, 378
terminal speed, 148–150
terminal voltage, 828–829
tesla, Nikola, 885
tesla coils, 993
test charge, 965–696
for magnetic fields, 885–886
test mass, 696
theory, 2
range of validity of, 2
theory of Everything (toE), 157, 1502 Planck, 1510
theory of relativity. See Relativity power and, 189
thermal conductivity, 565, 821 proper, 1224–1227, 1228
thermal conductors, 547 spacetime and, 1233
thermal efficiency, of heat engine, 650, 653 straight-line motion and, 35–37
thermal equilibrium, 546 units of, 4, 5, 6
thermal expansion, 551–556 time constant, for circuit, 864, 1002
linear, 551–552 time dilation, 421, 1224–1228
in object with hole, 552 time intervals
volume, 552–554 measurement of, 1225
of water, 554 relativity of, 1223–1228
thermal properties of matter, 584–608 time–energy uncertainty principle, 1271–1272,
thermal radiation, 1079 1309, 1310
thermal resistance, 566 time-independent Schrödinger equation, 1330, 1361
thermal stress, 554–556 topness, 1497t, 1500t
thermionic emission, 1260 toroidal solenoid, magnetic field of, 939, 946
thermistors, 822 torque, 303–309
thermodynamic processes, 618, 619 angular acceleration and, 306–309
adiabatic, 629, 634–636, 658 angular displacement and, 315–317
direction of, 647–648 angular momentum and, 317, 318–319
disorder in, 648 application of, 305–306
equilibrium in, 648 calculation of, 304
heat added in, 622–623 center of mass and, 307
constant, 315
infinitesimal changes of state in, 628 on current loops, 900–905
intermediate states (paths) in, 622–623 direction of, 304
isobaric, 629 on electric dipole, 902
isochoric, 629 equilibrium and, 340
isothermal, 629, 658 friction and, 314
reversibility of, 647–648, 658 gravitational, 341–342
types of, 628–630 of internal vs. external forces, 307
work done in, 620–621 kinetic energy and, 316
thermodynamic systems, 618–619 magnetic, 900–905
human body as, 624 magnitude of, 305
internal energy of. See Internal energy measurement of, 304
paths in, 622–623 moment of inertia and, 304, 306–307
work done in, 620–621 net, 316
thermodynamics, 545 net force and, 306, 317, 318
applications of, 619 positive vs. negative, 304
first law of, 618–637. See also First law of unit of, 304
thermodynamics as vector, 305–306
second law of, 647–674. See also Second law of weight and, 307
thermodynamics work done by, 315–317
sign rules for, 619 torr, 375
third law of, 664 torricelli’s theorem, 384
zeroth law of, 547–548 torsion balance, 400
thermometers, 546 torsion constant, 447
bimetallic strip, 547 total angular momentum, 1383, 1443
gas, 548–549, 587, 664 total angular momentum quantum number, 1383
resistance, 558 total energy, 172, 1241
temporal artery, 548 total internal reflection, 1086–1088
thermonuclear reactions, 1472 total mechanical energy, 205
thermos bottles, 570 total momentum, 243, 256
thick-film interference, 1173 total work, 176–177, 240
thin lenses, 1128–1136 tracers, radioactive, 1463
converging, 1128–1130 tractive resistance, 147
diverging, 1130 traffic light sensors, 996
focal length of, 1128, 1130–1132 trajectory, 75, 77
focal point of, 1128 trampolines, 214
graphical methods for, 1132–1134 transcranial magnetic stimulation, 956f, 988
image formation by, 1132–1136 transformers, 992, 1038–1041
index of refraction of, 1130–1131 transistors, 1430–1431
positive, 1128 translational motion, 303
properties of, 1128 molecular kinetic energy and, 600
radius of curvature for, 1130–1131 with rotational motion, 309–315
thin-film interference, 1171–1176 vibrational, 600
thin-lens equation, 1129, 1131 transmission electron microscope, 1284
third law of thermodynamics, 664 transmission grating, 1198
thomson, G. P., 1281–1282 transuranic elements, 1466
thomson, J. J., 748, 894, 1281, 1286, 1486 transverse waves, 469. See also Mechanical waves;
thomson’s atomic model, 748–749, 1286, 1288 Wave(s)
thomson’s e/m experiment, 894–895 electromagnetic, 1055, 1059
thought experiments, 1222–1223 periodic, 470–471
three Mile Island accident, 1470 speed of, 478–482
threshold energy, 1464 wave function for, 476–478
threshold frequency, 1256 traveling waves, 487, 489
tidal forces, 421 interference of, 524
timbre, 509 triple point, 605
time triple-alpha process, 1515
history of, 1509–1517 tritium, 1463
mean free, 837 tritons, 1472