3.

18 The initial velocity components v0x It’s usually simplest to take the initial position 1at t = 02 as the origin; then
402 Chapter 13 Gravitation
and v0y of a projectile (such as a kicked x0 = y0 = 0. This might be the position of a ball at the instant it leaves the hand
soccer ball) are related to the initial speed
v0 and
S of the person who throws it or the position of a bullet at the instant it leaves the
The components of the total forceinitial
F onangle a0 . star are
the small evaLuate: While the force magnitude F is tremendous, the
gun barrel.
magnitude of the resulting acceleration is not: a = F>m =
y
Fx = F1x + F2x = 1.81 * 10 N 26
S 11.87 Figure 3.17 shows
* 1026 N2>11.00 * 1030the
kg2trajectory
= 1.87 * of
10-4a m>s
projectile
2 that starts at (or passes
. Further-
v0 = 4.72 * 1025 N through) theF origin = 0, the
is not at time ttoward along withof its position,
of the velocity, and velocity
S
Fy = F1y + F2y more, the force directed center mass

inflUenced by The laTeST in edUcaTion reSearch large stars. at equal time intervals. The x-velocity vx is constant; the y-velocity vy
components
S
582
The magnitude of F
ChapTer 17 and its angleand
Temperature u (see
heatFig. 13.5) are x two
O changes by equal amounts in equal times, just as if the projectile were launched
F = 2F x2 + F y2 = 211.81 * 1026 N22 + 14.72 * 1025 N22 vertically with the same initial y-velocity.
17.115 ... A hollow cylinder has length yL, inner radius a, and 17.116 You place 0.350 g of this cryoprotectant at 22°C
We can also represent the initial velocity v0 inbycon-
S
26 its magnitude v0 (the initial
= 1.87b, *
outer radius and10the Ntemperatures at the inner and outer surfaces tact with a cold plate that is maintained at the boiling temperature
speed) and its angle a0 with the positive x-axis (Fig. 3.18). In terms of these
are T2 and T1. (The Fy cylinder could represent an insulated S
vhot-water of liquid nitrogen (77 K). The cryoprotectant is thermally insu-
Pedagogy informed by daTa and reSearch
25
4.72 * 10 N 0
v0x and
= arctan
pipe.)u The thermal =conductivity
arctan of which the cyl- lated quantities,
= 14.6°
of the26material from everything the components
but the cold plate. Use vthe of the in
0y values initial velocity are
the table
F * v10sin
inder is made is k.x Derive an1.81 v0y =
equation 0 forN
a(a)
0 the total heat current to determine how much heat will be transferred from the cryo-
through the walls of the cylinder; (b) the temperature variation protectant as it reaches thermal equilibrium with the cold plate.
a
inside the cylinder walls. (c) Show that the equation0 for the total x (a) 1.5 * 105 J; (b) 2.9 * 105 J; v0x(c)=3.4v0*cos 10a50 v0y *= 10v05 sin
J; (d) 4.4 J. a0 (3.18)
Data SpeakS SiDebarS, based on MasteringPhysics
heat current reduces to Eq. (17.21) for linear v0x heat cos a0when 17.117 Careful measurements show that the specific heat of the
= v0 flow
Data SpeakS
the cylinder wall is very thin. (d) A steam pipe with a radius
why Gravitational
metadata, alertphase
of solid
forces
students
depends toare
on the important
statistically
temperature (Fig.most common
P17.117). How will the
cm, carrying steam at 140°C, is surroundedComparing
2.00Gravitation Examples
by a cylindrical actual13.1 Ifand
time we substitute
13.3
needed shows
for thisEqs.
that (3.18) into to
gravitational
cryoprotectant Eqs. (3.14)
forces
come through
to are negligible
equilibrium (3.17) and set x0 = y0 = 0,
mistakes made in solving problems on a given topic.
jacket with inner and outer radii 2.00 cm and 4.00 between
cm andordinary
made with we cold
the get the
household-sized platefollowing
objects
comparebut equations.
with very They
substantial
the time describe
predicted between theobjects
by using position and velocity of the
the
the #size
When students were given a problem
of a type of cork with thermal conductivity 4.00 *that
about superposition of gravitational
10-2
areW>m K. ofvalues projectile
stars.inIndeed,
the table?ingravitation
Fig.
Assume 3.17that
atisany
all time
mostt:other
thevalues than the
important specific
force on the
This forces,
in turnmore
is surrounded by a cylindrical jacket made
scale of
of a brand stars,
planets, heat (solid) are correct.
and galaxies (Fig. The13.6).
actualIttime (a) will be shorter;
is responsible (b) willour
for holding
of Styrofoam
response.with
than 60% gave an incorrect
thermal
Common conductivity 2.70 * 10earth
errors:
-2
W>m # K andand be
together forlonger;
keeping (c)the
willplanets
be the in same;
orbit(d)about
depends on the
the sun. Thedensity of the
mutual grav-
having inner and outer radii 4.00 cm and 6.00 cmitational (Fig. P17.115).
attraction cryoprotectant.
between different parts of the sun compresses material at the
● Assuming that equal-mass objects A and x = 1v0 cos a02t (3.19)
The outer surface of the Styrofoam has a temperature of 15°C.
B must exert equally strong gravitational sun’s core to very high densities and temperatures,
Coordinates at time t of making it possible for nuclear
What is the temperature at a radius of 4.00 cm, where the two Figure P17.117 a projectile (positive generate Speed
attraction on an object C (which is not
insulating layers meet? (e) What
reactions oftoheattake place there. These reactions the sun’sDirection
energy output,
Time
Demois the
true when A and B are different
total rate of transfer Demo
distancesDemo which makes y-direction# K)is upward, at t = 0 at t = 0
out of afrom
2.00-m length of pipe? it possible for life to exist
c (J>kg on earth and for you to read these words.
C). and x = y = 0 at t = 0)
The gravitational force is5000
so important on the cosmic y = 1vscale because1 it 2acts
Neglecting to account for the vector 4000 contact between bodies. Electric 0 sin a02t - 2 gt (3.20)
●
at a distance, without any direct and magnetic
nature of
Figure P17.115 force. (To add two forces that 3000 property, but they are less important on astro-
point in different directions, you can’t
forces have this same remarkable v = v cos a (3.21)
PhET: Projectile Motion 2000 x 0 0 Acceleration
just add the force magnitudes.) nomical scales because large accumulations
Velocity components atof matter are electrically neutral; due to gravity:
6.00 that is, they contain equal amounts
1000 of positive and negative charge. As a result, the
r = 4.00 cm time t of a projectile Speed Direction Note g 7 0.
electric and magnetic forces 0
between stars at = 0 T (°C)
at = 0
-100or -50
planets
0 are50very small or zero.
2.00 cm cm (positive y-direction t t
-200 -150
is upward)
The strong and weak interactions that we discussed in Section 5.5 also actTime at
Steam pipe
vy = v0 sin a0 - gt (3.22)
13.6 Our solar system is part of a spiral
Cork a distance, but their influence
17.118 is negligible
In another experiment,at distances
you placemuch a layergreater
of thisthan
cryo-the
-14
galaxy like this one, which contains
Styrofoam diameter of an atomic nucleus
protectant (aboutone
between 10 10 cm m).
9.88* 10 .. cmDATAcoldYou plate
aremaintained
analyzing the at motion of a large flywheel Figure P9.90
roughly 1011 stars as well as gas, dust, and A useful way to-describe
40°C andforces thatcold
a second actplate
atthat
a distance
ofhas
theradius
sameis 0.800
in
sizeterms of one
maintaineda field. Onethe wheel starts from rest
at liq-
m. In test run,
other matter. The entire assemblage is held
body sets up a disturbance or field
uid nitrogen’s All at alltemperature
boiling
key points
equationS
and inturns
space,
(77with
K).and
areThenthe
constant force
you
now thatacceleration.
measure acts
annotateD
angular the on to help
An students
accelerometer on
together by the mutual gravitational attrac-
tion of all the matter in the galaxy. a second body at arate of heat transfer.
particular point is Another thelab
its responserimwants
toofthetofirst
the repeat themeasures
body’s
flywheel experiment
field atthethat
magnitude of the resultant
PaSSagE ProbLEmS make a connection between a conceptual and a mathematical
but associated
point. There is a field uses cold plates
withthat
eachareforce
20 cm that* acts
acceleration 20a cm,
at aawith
of point one
on the
distance, -
atand40°C
rim soof we
the flywheel as a function of
refer to andfields,
gravitational the other understanding
at 77 K.
electric Howmagnetic
fields, thick
the of
anglephysics.
does the
- ulayer
ufields, of so
0 through
and cryoprotectant
which
on. We thewon’t
wheel has turned. You collect
BIO PrEsErving CElls aT Cold TEmPEraTurEs. In have to be so that the rate of heat transfer by conduction is the
need76 the field concept for our study of gravitation these results:this chapter, so we won’t
cryopreservation, M03_YOUN3610_14_SE_C03_067-100.indd
biological materials are cooled to a very low same as that when you use the smallerinplates? (a) One-quarter the
9/11/14 10:45 AM

temperature to slow down chemical reactions that discuss

might itdamage
further here. But in later chapters Uwe’ll − U find
1rad 2that the field
0.50 1.00 concept
1.50 2.00 is an2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
thickness; (b) half the thickness; 0(c) twice the thickness; (d) four
ure and heat the cells or tissues. It is important to prevent theextraordinarily
materials from powerful tool for describing electric
2 and magnetic interactions.
times the thickness. a 1m , s 2 0.678 1.07 1.52 1.98 2.45 2.92 3.39 3.87
forming ice crystals during freezing. One method for preventing 17.119 To measure the specific heat in the liquid phase of a newly
has length L, inner radius ice formation
a, and is to place
17.116 the material
You place 0.350 ginofa this
protective solution
test your
cryoprotectant called
at uNDerstaNDiNG
22°C in of seCtioN
con- cryoprotectant,
developed 13.1
youConstruct
place aThe
a samplegraph
planet
of the a2 (in
of new
Saturn m2>s
has
cryoprotec-
4
) versus 1u - u022 in (rad2).
about
a cryoprotectant. Stated values of the thermal properties of one (a) What are the slope and y-intercept of the straight
Theseline that
100 times
ures at the inner and outer surfaces tact with a cold plate that is maintained at the boiling temperature the mass of the earth and is about
tant in contact with a cold Data 10 times
plate until farther
problemS from the sun than
appear indrops
the solution’s temperature the earth
each chapter. data- 9.91 ... CALC
cryoprotectant
d represent an insulated hot-water are listed
of liquid here:(77 K). The cryoprotectant
nitrogen is. Compared to the from
is thermally acceleration of the earthtocaused
insu-room temperature itsgives bythe
freezing best
sun’sfit
thepoint. to the data?
gravitational
Then you (b) the
pull,
measure Use
how the slope from part (a) to
based
find reasoning
the angular problems,
(i) acceleration ofmany
the of which are context tern of tiny pits a
of the material of which the cyl- lated from everything but the cold plate.great Use theis the acceleration
values in theheat
tableof Saturn due
transferred to to
the the
coldsun’s gravitation?
plate. If the system 100
isn’ttimes greater;
sufficiently iso-flywheel. (c) What is the lin- rim of the disc. A
Melting point
uation for (a) the total heat current to determine how much - 20°C (ii) 10 timesfrom
heat will be transferred greater; (iii)
thelated
cryo- the same;
from
1
(iv) 10 rich,
as great;
its room-temperature require
ear(v)speed1
surroundings, students
100 asofgreat.
a point❙ on
what tothe
will use
be rimexperimental
the of the flywheelevidence,
effect when the wheel
scanned at a con
er; (b) the temperature variationLatent heatprotectant
of fusion as it reaches 2.80thermal
* 105 J>kgequilibrium with the coldon the measurement of thepresented
plate. has turned
specific inthrough
heat? (a) The an
a tabular angle
measured of
or graphical 135°? (d)
specific When the
format, flywheel has
to formulate radius of the trac
ow that the equation for the total (a) 1.5 * 105 J; (b) 2.9 4.5 ** 10
5
103 J; (c)# 3.4 5
K * 10 J; (d) 4.4 * 10 heat5
J.will be greater than the turned through heat;
actual specific an angle
(b) theof measured
90.0°, what is the angle between the
of the disc must
J>kg conclusions.
of the heat will be less than linear velocity of heat;
a point
7.21) for linear heat flow when 17.117 Careful measurements show that 13.2 weiGht
the specific heatspecific the actual specific (c) on
thereitswill
rimbe and the resultant acceleration
Let’s see what an
d) A steam pipe with a radius of solid phase depends on temperature (Fig. P17.117). How will the because the thermal of
no effect that point?of the cryoprotectant is so
conductivity
°C, is surrounded by a cylindrical actual time needed for this mcryoprotectant effect9.89
.. specific
DATA You heat,arebut rebuilding
tempera-a 1965 Chevrolet. To decide
The equation of a
Wetodefined
come tothe equilibrium
low; (d)ofthere
weight will be
a body innoSection on4.4
theas the attractive the
gravitational of the spiral at u
i 2.00 cm and 4.00 cm and made with the cold plate compare with the time predicted by using
ture the
of the freezing point will whether
change. to replace the flywheel with a newer, lighter-weight one,
force exerted on it by the earth. We can now broaden our definition and say that radius of the spir
onductivity 4.00 * 10-2 W>m # K. values in the table? Assume that all values the other
weight thanof the specific
a body is the total gravitational
you want to determine the moment of inertia of the original,
force exertedflywheel. on the body by aall CD to be positive
cylindrical jacket made of a brand heat (solid) are correct. The actual time (a) will be shorter; (b) will 35.6-cm-diameter It is not uniform disk, so you can’t
turns and u incre
-2 #
uctivity 2.70 * 10 W>m K and be longer; (c) will be the same; (d) depends on the density of the
other bodies in the universe. When the body use is=near
I 1
2 MR the
2
to surface
calculate of
the the earth,of inertia. You remove the
moment
angle du, the dist
0 cm and 6.00 cm (Fig. P17.115). cryoprotectant.
we can ignore all other gravitational forcesflywheel and consider from the thecarweight
and use as low-friction
just the bearings to mount it
earth’s gravitational attraction. At the surface the above expres
foam has a temperature of 15°C. on of the moon stationary
a horizontal, we consider rod athatbody’s
passes through the center of
tance s scanned
adius of 4.00 cm, where the two PhET: Lunar Lander
Figure P17.117
weight to be the gravitational attraction of the themoon,
flywheel, andwhich
so on.can then rotate freely (about 2 m above the
through which th
is the total rate of transfer of heat ground). After gluing one end of a long piece of flexible fishing
c (J>kg # K) line to the rim of the flywheel, you wrap the line a number of
at a constant linea
5000 to vt. Use this to
turns around the rim and suspend a 5.60-kg metal block from
4000 solutions for u ; c
the free end of the line. When you release the block from rest,
3000 the solution to ch
it descends as the flywheel rotates. With high-speed photography
angular velocity
2000 you measure the distance d the block has moved downward as a
of time. Is az con
6.00 M13_YOUN3610_14_SE_C13_398-432.indd1000 402 function of the time since it was released. The equation for the
30/06/14 12:46 PM
= 4.00 cm is 25.0 mm, the t
0 T (°C) graph shown in Fig. P9.89 that gives a good fit to the data points
.00 cm cm -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 and the playing t
is d = 1165 cm>s22t 2. (a) Based on the graph, does the block fall
am pipe of revolutions ma
with constant acceleration? Explain. (b) Use the graph to calculate
17.118 In another experiment, you place a layer of this cryo- from parts (c) and
Each chapter includes three to five paSSage problemS, the speed of the block when it has descended 1.50 m. (c) Apply
am protectant between one 10 cm * 10 cm cold plate maintained at (in rad>s2) versus
conservation of mechanical energy to the system of flywheel and
whichand
-40°C follow thecold
a second format
plateused
of the insamethesizeMCATs. These
maintained problems
at liq- block to calculate the moment of inertia of the flywheel. (d) You
uid nitrogen’s
require
M17_YOUN3610_14_SE_C17_545-583.indd boilingto
students
582 temperature
investigate (77 multiple
K). Then you measure
aspects of thea real-life are relieved that the fishing line doesn’t break. Apply
7/30/14 12:39 PMNewton’s
rate of heat transfer. Another lab wants to repeat the experiment second law to the block to find the tension in the line as the block paSSage p
physical situation, typically biological in
but uses cold plates that are 20 cm * 20 cm, with one at - 40°C nature, as described
descended. BIO The Spinn
in athe
and reading
other atpassage.
77 K. How thick does the layer of cryoprotectant
T Cold TEmPEraTurEs. In have to be so that the rate of heat transfer by conduction is the are freshwater fi
Figure P9.89
terials are cooled to a very low same as that when you use the smaller plates? (a) One-quarter the uniform cylinder
mical reactions that might damage thickness; (b) half the thickness; (c) twice the thickness; (d) four d (cm) pensates for its s
ant to prevent the materials from times the thickness. 200 mouth and then