Index I-17

R-L circuits, 1000–1004 Scintillation, 1287 momentum in, 445

current decay in, 1003 Screening, 1389–13912 period in, 438–439
rms speed, 596 Scuba tank, air mass in, 588 velocity in, 440–441
Rocket propulsion, 258–260 Search coils, 981 vertical, 446
Rocket sleds, 71 Second, 4 vs. electric oscillation, 1007
Roller coasters, 85 Second condition for equilibrium, 340 Simple pendulum, 450–451
Rolling friction, 147, 314–315 Second law of thermodynamics, 647–674 vs. physical pendulum, 452
Rolling without slipping, 311–312 Carnot cycle and, 662–663 Simultaneity, relativity of, 1221–1223
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 1201, 1260, 1452 Clausius statement of, 657 Single-slit diffraction, 1188–1195. See also Diffraction
Röntgen equivalent for man, 1461 engine statement of, 656 Sinusoidal alternating emf, 1020
Root-mean-square current, 1022–1023 Kelvin–Planck statement of, 656 Sinusoidal current, 1021–1023. See also Alternating
Root-mean-square speed, 596 refrigerator statement of, 657 current
Root-mean-square values, 596, 1022–1023 Secondary rainbows, 1090, 1110 Sinusoidal electromagnetic waves, 1059–1063
Root-mean-square voltage, 867 Secondary windings, 1039 Sinusoidal waves, 471–478, 473–478. See also
Rotational energy levels, 1410–1411 Seconds, 4, 434 Mechanical waves; Wave(s)
Rotational inertia, 284 Seconds per cycle, 434 electromagnetic, 1021–1023
Rotational kinetic energy, 283–288, 310 Sector velocity, 411 energy of, 482–485
Rotation/rotational motion Seed dispersal, ballistic, 33 interference and, 1161
about axis of symmetry, 318–319 Segrè, Emilio, 1450 particle velocity/acceleration in, 476–478
angular acceleration and, 277–280, 306–309 Segrè chart, 1450, 1456 reflected, 486
angular momentum and, 317–322 Selection rules, 1378 standing, 487–494. See also Standing waves
angular velocity and, 274–276 Selectrons, 1502 traveling, 487, 489
with constant angular acceleration, 278–280 Self-induced emf, inductive reactance and, 1025 wave function for, 473–475
coordinates for, 274 Self-inductance, 990, 994–998. See also Inductance Sledding, Newton’s first law and, 106
direction of, 274, 304 Semiconductor(s), 908, 1424–1427 Slidewire generators, 963–964, 965
dynamics of, 303–326 bias conditions and, 1428–1429 Slipher, Vesto, 1503
of earth, 417–419 compensated, 1427 Slug, 113
energy in, 283–288 conduction in, 817–818 Snell’s law, 1082
equilibrium and, 340 diodes of, 825 Sodium doublet, 1200
fixed-axis, 273–274, 278 doping and, 1426–1427 Solar cells, 1430
of gyroscope, 322–325 energy bands in, 1419 Solar neutrinos, 1502
kinetic energy and, 283–288 holes in, 908, 1425–1426 Solar radiation, 570–571, 1258
linear acceleration in, 281–283 impurities in, 1426–1427 Solenoids, 902–903, 904, 938–939,
linear speed in, 280–281 intrinsic, 1425–1426 946
molecular, 1412–1413 moving charges in, 817–818 Solids
moving-axis, 309–315 n-type, 1426 amorphous, 1414
Newton’s second law of motion and, 307, 313–315 p-type, 1427 bonds in, 1416, 1417
power and, 316–317 resistivity of, 821 as condensed matter, 1414
precession and, 322–325 silicon, 1424 crystalline, 1414–1417
rigid-body, 273–292. See also Rigid-body rotation Semiconductor devices, 1427–1431 energy bands in, 1418–1419
in rolling without slipping, 311–312 integrated circuits, 1431 heat capacities of, 601–602
torque and, 303–309 light-emitting diodes, 1430 melting points of, 1414
with translational motion, 309–315 photocells, 1427 molecules in, 591
units of, 274 p-n junctions in, 1427–1430 phases of, 604–607
work and, 315–317 solar cells, 1430 sound waves in, 511–512
Rotors, 905–906 transistors, 1430–1431 structure of, 1414–1417
Rounding, significant figures in, 9 Semiconductor lasers, 1303 Sonar waves, 512
Rubbia, Carlo, 1492 Semiempirical mass formula, 1449 Sound, 505
Rule of Dulong and Petit, 559, 602 Semi-major axis, 411, 412 infrasonic, 505
Rutherford, Ernest, 1287–1288, 1290, 1343, 1452, Separation of variables, 1363, 1395 loudness of, 509
1464, 1482 Series, resistors in, 849–850 pitch of, 509
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, 784 Series connection, 790–791, 792–793 resonance and, 522–524
Rutherford’s atomic model, 1287–1289 Series motors, 906 timbre of, 509
Rydberg atom, 1300, 1404, 1405 Shear modulus, 352 ultrasonic, 505
Rydberg constant, 1297 Shear strain, 352–353 Sound intensity, 514–518
Shear stress, 352 decibel scale for, 516–518
S Shell model, 1449–1450 hearing loss and, 509, 510, 517
Satellite orbits, 407–410 Shells, electron, 1371, 1387, 1388–1389, representative values for, 517t
Saturation, 1448 1392–1395 Sound intensity level, 516, 517t
Saturation current, 1428 Shielding, 750 Sound waves, 472, 505–536. See also Mechanical
Saturation magnetization, 943 SHM. See Simple harmonic motion waves; Wave(s)
Scalar product, 19–22 Shock waves, 533–535 audible range of, 505
Scalar quantities, 11 Short circuit, 831, 868 beats and, 526–528
Scale factor, 1505, 1506 Shunt motors, 906 diffraction of, 1186, 1194
Scanning electron microscope, 1284–1285 Shunt resistors, 859 direction of, 506
Scanning tunneling microscope, 1342–1343 SI units, 4, 6. See also Units of measure displacement amplitude of, 506, 514–516
Scattering of light, 1099–1100 Sievert, 1461 Doppler effect and, 528–533, 1236–1237
Schrieffer, Robert, 1432 Significant figures, 8–9 in fluid, 510–511
Schrödinger equation, 1325 Silicon semiconductors, 1424–1427 frequency of, 509–510
for hydrogen atom, 1368–1369 Simple harmonic motion (SHM), 435–450. See also in gas, 512–513
for hydrogenlike atoms, 1374–1375 oscillation graphing of, 507
one-dimensional, 1325, 1329 acceleration in, 440–441 harmonic content of, 492–493
with potential energy, 1329 amplitude in, 438–439 interference of, 524–525, 1185
three-dimensional, 1360–1362 angular, 447 musical, 509–510
time-independent, 1330, 1361 applications of, 446–449 perception of, 509–510
x-ray spectra and, 1392–1395 circular motion and, 436–438 pipe organs and, 520–522
Schrödinger, Erwin, 1325 displacement in, 439–440 power of, 514–515
Schwarzschild radius, 420 energy in, 442–445 pressure amplitude of, 507–509, 514–515
Scientific notation, 9 equations of, 436–438 as pressure fluctuations, 506–509
Scintigram, 1463 as model of periodic motion, 436 shock, 533–535