WINDOW

MATERIAL
 Material used is galvanized steel
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL
 The steel has high strength and therefore more slender sections, which allowed
larger glass surfaces can put at the frame. It is made our space has good
ventilation.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
 The strength of steel is high so it is very strong and durable enough to hold
glasses.  It can contribute a lot in making it usable for years, many and long years
You may only need to change the glasses if they are broken but the steel frame or
panel is not easily damaged. The steel frame also fire resistant and resist to the
weather.It can also withstand environmental factors no matter what the kind of
weather is. It also easy to maintain and clean.
THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
 Steel windows are heavier than any other material windows. Steel windows are
rather costly in making and installation as compared to other materials. When you
look at the alternatives, steel windows can be slightly more difficult to install.
The steel frame window also easy to rust.
SUITABLE OR NOT
 For my opinion the composite frame is most suitable than steel frame because it
is composed of a mixture of wood byproducts and plastic. In appearance, they
come close to their wood counterparts. Performance wise, they are structurally
sound, effective insulators and low maintenance. Comparatively speaking, they
match or surpass the thermal resistance of wood. Though they are made up of
wood byproducts, composite frames handle moisture well.
HOUSE WALL

MATERIAL
 The sand lime bricks were used for our house.
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL
 Sand lime brick can make our wall is stronger because it has great strength and
durable.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 The shape of the sand lime brick is uniform and presents a smoother finish that
doesn’t require plastering and the edges of the brick are straight and precise
making construction easier. Apart from that These bricks offer excellent strength
for load-bearing structures so it is very strong. Use this brick also save the budget
because less mortar is required during construction. This brick also provide good
insulation,good heat and humidity accumulation as well fire resistant.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 These brick is not suitable to laying foundation because the cannot provide
resistance to water for longer period. The abrasion resistance of these brick also
very less so they cannot be used as paving material. The sand lime brick also very
less tensile strength.Rough surfaces of bricks may cause mold growth if not
properly cleaned and cleaning brick surfaces is a hard job.

SUITABLE OR NOT
 The sand lime brick is suitable for build house than other bricks. This brick has
high strength or high load bearing so it strong than other brick such as burnt clay
brick. It is also durable and offer high aesthetic value. Other types of brick such
as concrete brick usually places in facades and fences while for fly ash clay
bricks can produce pop out failure because it tendency to expand when exposed
to moisture. This types of brick not too suitable for our house.
ROOF

MATERIAL
 The material was used is metal.Metal originally were made of corrugate
galvanized steel: a wrought iron–steel sheet was coated with zinc and then roll-
formed into corrugated sheet. 
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL
 A metal roof is a roofing system made from metal pieces or tiles characterized by
its high resistance, impermeability and longevity. It is a component of
the building envelope. Zinc, copper and steel alloys are commonly used.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 Metal roof sheets are tough, durable and lightweight, and they can last for a long
time. Metal roofing sheets can withstand wind and rain, ensuring that its residents
are sheltered. Additionally, with proper installation, metal roofing requires very
minimal maintenance. Most metal roofing product required very little or no
maintenance. It ia also energy efficiency because they reflect a greater share of
the sun rays and depending on any coating applied to the metal,homes may
saving 20 to 30 percent on air conditioning cost.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 The disadvantages of this material is very noisy when raining then other
alternatives .In snowy areas, the tendency of snow to easily fall off the roof and
onto pedestrians or property. The initial expense of a metal roof is generally
higher than other roofing option.
SUITABLE OR NOT
 My opinion is Clay and concrete tiles is better than metal roofing because clay
and concrete roof tiles can withstand damage from tornadoes, hurricanes or winds
up to 125 miles per hour and even earthquakes. They are good in warm and dry
 climates.

MAIN DOOR

MATERIAL
 The material used to make this door is wood.
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL
 The wood used to make door is very strong and durable so it can used for several
years Therefore, the life expectancy of good wooden doors, if properly
maintained, is very high; they can last for a lifetime.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
 All woods to make door is structurally sound, highly durable, and decay resistant,
and must be able to weather seasonal changes with minimal shrinking or
swelling. Wood is not a conductor of electricity so this helps in the security of a
property in case of a short circuit. Truthfully, a front door can be the subject of
much wear and tear. However, wooden doors are obviously rust free because of
the material itself. Besides being rust free, they withstand rain, wind, and more.
The wood door also cheap and easy to maintain. In the case of wooden frames
and doors itself, it is much cheaper to maintain it because the process in
comparison to aluminum or metal doors is much easier.
THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
 One of the major disadvantages of wood is it absorbs moisture because of which
it can easily rot. Excessive moisture can cause bubble to form on the surface
leading to the paint to chip. Wood does not get rusted but it can infested by
termites and various insects. To find good quality timber and hardwood is very
expensive.
SUITABLE OR NOT
 The material is suitable for the main door is fiberglass door. It work well in
almost any climate,even extreme cold and damp conditions. Unlike
wood,fiberglass do not warp,crack or rot. Unlike steel too,the door don
rust,scratch or corrode. It is long lasting too. The fiberglass are versatile and
classy also elegant appearance. These door reduce heat transfer and improve
energy efficiency.
BATHROOM DOOR

MATERIAL
 The material used is pvc door
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL

 Bathroom doors tend to deteriorate over time due to moisture and humidity
changes. PVC doors are the material of choice for doors in your bathroom. They
are not only far more durable and enduring than other door materials but are also
more flexible in terms of design options

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 PVC doors resist damage by termites. They are anti-corrosive and chemical and
moisture-resistant. PVC also low maintenance is a big advantage to PVC doors.
Unlike wood and steel doors which need regular maintenance, PVC doors only
require a routine dusting or wiping down with soft cloth and cleaning agents.
PVC doors are lightweight and can be installed with less effort and faster. The
price also affordable.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 The disadvantages of the PVC installing hardware.It is difficult to install new

hardware like locks for doors since the brittle vinyl can crack easily. Once the
shutter shows cracks or other signs of damage, it is very difficult to repair
it.Though uPVC manufacturing process enhances the resistance to ultraviolet
light, PVC doors are known to degrade when exposed to harsh sunlight for
extended periods. The sun exposure causes the doors to fade, discolour and
become more brittle. This aspect is important when considering exterior doors for
facades which receive direct sunlight. The last disadvantages is strength.The
lightweight character of PVC doors can sometimes inhibit their strength. This can
affect the security aspects of exterior doors.
SUITABLE OR NOT

 This material is suitable for the bathroom door.

KITCHEN FLOOR

MATERIAL
 Material used is ceramic tiles
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL
 Ceramic tiles are a mixture of clays and other natural material such
as sand, quartz and water.They are easy to fit, easy to clean and easy to
maintain.Clay serves as a binder, an inexpensive source of alumina and silica, and
a suspension aid. With this properties it will improves mechanical characteristics
in the tiles and provides a good density level.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
  Ceramic floor tile have a hard protective top layer that makes the tiles impervious
to water and most stains, making them naturally resistant to the ravages of high
humidity conditions.This is the main reason why tile is preferred for wet areas like
bathrooms, kitchens, and laundry rooms.Ceramic flooring is extremely tough, and
the tiles are difficult to crack. A quality installation can last for hundreds of years if
the floor is well-maintained. It is shows that ceramic is durable. If a single tile does
crack due to a severe impact, the process of replacing tile is relatively
simple.ceramic flooring also easy to maintain is fairly easy to care for dirt, stains,
and liquids all rest on the surface, allowing you to easily wipe or mop them away.
THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
 The tiles are hard and cannot be cushioned which is less comfortable for standing
and walking. The tiles with defect must be cut away along with grout lines,but in
the process the surrounding wil be damaged. The ceramic also cannot take heany
loads on their surface. Ceramic also is very cold if winter come because it does not
hold on to heat very well.
SUITABLE OR NOT
 This ceramic material is suitable for the floor kitchen because it produce for this
application.

PLYWOOD CEILLING

MATERIAL
 Timber or plywood
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL
 Plywood can made of three or more thin layer of wood bonded together with and
adhesives. Each layer of wood or ply is usually oriented with its grain running at
right angles to the adjacent layer in order to reduce the shrinkage and improve the
strength of the finished piece.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
 There are several advantages of plywood such as it has very good strength
compared to Medium Density Fiberboard(MDF). It is also resistive to shrinking,
warping,twisting and cracking. Plywood can be cut in any shaped and hold screw
well. Plywood can provide smooth surface for laminate or venner to stick on and
less susceptible to water damage than MDF.
THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
 It is more expensive than Medium Density Fiberboard(MDF) because the layers
of venners are seen at the edges,edge have to be finished either with laminate or
venner. Water may damage Moisture and MR. Plywood layered property has
many advantages. It also makes the wood porous and susceptible to water damage
if exposed to leaks over time. It becomes heavy when wet.
SUITABLE OR NOT

 In my opinion the plaster ceiling or gypsum ceiling is more better than plywood
ceiling because they are fire resistant since gypsum contain small amount of
water, it will not combust or increase the spread of fire. It also lightweight and
easy to install.Plaster can easily be tooled into a variety of textures. It is reputed
 for being capable of extreme smoothness or rich texture surface than others.

UPVC PIPE

MATERIAL
 UPVC pipe was used
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL

 (UPVC) is unplasticized polyvinyl chloride or rigid pvc. It has strong resistant

against chemical,sunlight and oxidation.

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 This pipe is not corrode and unaffected by acids,alkalies and electrolytic

corrosion from any source. In this respect they out class any other material
including stainless steel. Infact PVC virtually unaffected by water. uPVC also
lightweight and quick to install. So the cost of transportation and installation is
cut down enormously. This pipe also is self extinguishing and it does not support
combustion. This pipe also long lasting. The established aging factors of the
commonly used pipe are not applicable on PVC pipe. A 100 years safe life
estimated for PVC pipe.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 Some of disadvantages is being thermoplastic in its core construction on using it

for transfer of hot water, monomer and additives may ooze out of pipe. It is also
required high bonding technology for joint and longer curing time to reach to a
proper functioning level.

SUITABLE OR NOT
 This material is already suitable for piping system in this house or bathroom.

BATHROOM FLOOR

MATERIAL
 The material is marble floor.
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL

 Marble has many unique properties that make it a valuable rock in many different
industries.Make the floor finishing look fine and prosperous.Marble floors add
beauty and gives luxurious natural flooring appearance creating a sense of
classiness.

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 The marble floor is colour available.Marble tiles and slabs are available in a wide
variety of colors. There are also multicolored marble materials available, which
feature a variety of hues arranged in the surface of each piece. Since marble is a
natural flooring material, each piece is going to look slightly different from the
other, giving each tile its own unique personality.Unlike many other stone
flooring materials, marble is a very hard stone surface that can take an extremely
high polish. This allows manufacturers to get the surface of marble extremely
smooth and shiny. Polishing also tends to bring out the colors in the stone,
making them more noticeable and dramatic.Marble is an all-natural material that
is created by the earth. That means that it is eco-friendly and biodegradable, and
will not cause pollution at the end of its functional life.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL

 Marble is one of the most expensive flooring materials on the market. Marble is
expensive to install and relatively difficult to remove. When polished, marble
flooring has a very low coefficient of friction, meaning that it may present a
 slipping hazard. So it has slippery surfaces when cleaned.
SUITABLE OR NOT
 This material is suitable for the bathroom floor.

STAIRCASE

MATERIAL
 The material used is concrete
FUNCTION OF THE MATERIAL
 The function of concrete is to make stronger and the staircase is more long lasting
in the outside. So it can withstand the weather and environment.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
 Concrete is a universal material that can be used for both interior and exterior and
is flood proof. The concrete also can take a very high load so it is very strong, fire
resistant and can mouldable into different shapes. The design option when use
concrete are extensive including highly elegant and classical design.
Moreover,concrete can be installed to compliment and complete a contemporary
look. Concrete staircase is cheap and economic.
THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE MATERIAL
 The disadvantages are concrete used higher cost. It is important to ensure very
accurate measurement beforehand. If the measurement are not correct the steps
will not fit in place. The cost higher also when use lot of cements and aggregates.
The concrete also are heavy and difficult to transport(although lightweight
concrete does exist). the construction of the concrete stair is slower and concrete
is susceptible to efflorescence.
SUITABLE OR NOT
 The concrete stairs is suitable because this stairs at the outside.
KOLEJ KEDIAMAN TAN SRI AISHAH GHANI