WORD/ TERM/
COLLOCATION
1. permissible (adj)/ p. 1:
2. rugged (adj)/ p. 3:
3. objectionable (adj)/ p.
4:
4.Affects (verb)/ p. 4:
5.employ (verb)/ p. 5:
6.substantial (adj)/ p. 7:
7.hurdle (noun)/ p. 9:
8.forbid (verb)/ p. 9:
9.reliable (adj)/ p. 9:
10. transmission (noun)/
p. 11
11. Hoist (noun)/ p. 13
12.carry out (verb)/ p.17 :
13.standstill (noun)/ p. 18
14.stiction (noun)/ p. 20
15.transient (adj)/ p. 20:
16. die down (verb)/ p.21
17.dissipate (verb)/ p.22
18.implementation(noun)/
ENGLISH DEFINITION
permitted; allowed.
having a broken, rocky, and uneven
surface.
arousing distaste or opposition
have an effect on; make a difference
to.
make use of.
of considerable importance, size, or
worth.
a problem or difficulty that must be
overcome
refuse to allow (something).
consistently good in quality or
performance; able to be trusted.
the action or process of transmitting
something or the state of being
transmitted.
device used for lifting or lowering a load
by means of a drum or lift-wheel
around which rope or chain wraps
to do
a particular piece of work, research et
c field on .
a situation or condition in which there
is no movement or activity at all
the friction which tends to prevent
stationary surfaces from being set in
motion.
lasting only for a short time;
impermanent.
to become reduced in strength
 disappear, waste  Energy dissipated in a motor winding during a transient
the process of putting a decision or
CONTEXT/ COLLOCATIONS
Power modulator restricts source and motor currents
within permissible values
Squirrel-cage induction motor ,which costs nearly one
third of a dc motor of the same ratings, is extremely
rugged, requires practically no maintenance,
At low power levels, the coulomb friction between the
brushes and commutator is objectionable, as it adversely
affects the the state accuracy of drive.
At low power levels, the coulomb friction between the
brushes and commutator is objectionable, as it adversely
affects the state accuracy of drive.
Some very old equipments may also employ ac to dc
converter
Output voltage and current have stepped
waveform,consequently they have substantial amount of
harmonics.
However ,following hurdles forbided for the prediction to
come true
However ,following hurdles forbided for the prediction to
come true
Ac drives were not as reliable as
Dc.
A motor generally drives a load{machine} through some
transmission system.
A hoist consists of a rope wound on a drum coupled to
the motor shaft.
In the view of this, retardation test on a dc separately
excited motor or a synchronous motor is carried out with
Its value at standstill is much higher than its value slightly
above zero speed.
The stiction ,however disappears ata a finite speed and
then windage and viscous friction dominate.
Starting ,braking, speed change and speed reversal are
transient operations.
Consequently, electrical transients die down very fast
and motor operation can be considered to take place
along steady-state speed torque and speed-current
curvers.
operation is given by,
Sensing of speed is required for implementation of
p. 40 plan into effect; execution.
19.periphery (noun)/ p.
40 1. the outer limits or edge of an
area or object.
20.ambient (adj)/ p. 44: relating to the immediate
surroundings of something
21.ensure (verb)/ p.45 make certain that (something) will
occur or be the case.
22. increament (noun)/ p. an increase or addition, especially
45 one of a series on a fixed scale.
23. implicit (adj)/ p. 51: suggested though not directly
expressed
24. marginally (adv)/ p. to only a limited extent; slightly.
51:
25. feasibility (noun)/ p. the state or degree of being easily or
51 conveniently done.
26.inapplicable (adj)/ p. not relevant or appropriate.
52:
27. ascertain (verb)/ p.52 find (something) out for certain; make
sure of
28.stall (verb)/ p.52 stop or cause to stop making
progress.
29.Optimize (verb)/ p.52 make the best or most effective use
of (a situation or resource)
30. cumulatively (adv)/ p. taken as a whole; in combination.
60:
31.locomotive A locomotive or engine is a rail
transport vehicle that provides the
motive power for a train
32.harmonic (noun)/ p. a component frequency of an
120 oscillation or wave
33.distortion (noun)/ p. the action of distorting or the state of
120 being distorted.
35.Disrupts (verb) p.153 interrupt (an event, activity, or process)
by causing a disturbance or problem.
36.Sluice (n) p.48 a sliding gate or other device for
closed loop speed control schemes.
Transparent plastic disk is alternately painted black on its
periphery to provide alternately transparent and non
transparent parts.
As the temperature increases beyond ambient value ,a
portion of heat produced flows out to the surrounding
medium.
Although inaccurate, such a good model is good enough
for a drive engineer whose job is only to select the motor
rating for a given application ensuring that temperatures
in various parts of motor body don’t exceed the safe
limits.
During a time increment dt ,let the machine rise be dh
Implicit in the above analysis is the assumption that
heating and cooling conditions remain same.
If speed varies ,constant losses will marginally change.
Next ,this rating is checked for its practical feasibility as
follows
Equivalent current method in double squirrel cage rotor
motors ,the rotor winding resistance and reactance vary
widely during starting and braking making this method
inapplicable
Equation can be employed to directly ascertain the
motor torque rating.
Dc motors designed to run for long periods in a stalled or
a low speed condition are known as torque motors
A normal dc motor is designed to optimize full speed
performance.
In a cumulatively compound motor ,the magneto motive
force of a series field is a function of armature current a
Source current of a rectifier has harmonics.
Distortion of supply.
In both, star-delta and auto-transformer starting,
changeover from low voltage to full voltage connection
disrupts the flow of stator current and stator field
collapses.
Some examples are: crane drives, drives for household
 controlling the flow of water, especially
one in a lock gate.
37.Steady-state (n) p.49 a state or condition of a system or
process that does not change in time
38.Magnitude (n) p.54 the great size or extent of something.
39.Ratio (n) p.65 the quantitative relation between two
amounts showing the number of times
one value contains or is contained within
the other.
40.Ripple (n) p.65 a small wave or series of waves on the
surface of water, especially as caused by
a slight breeze or an object dropping into
it.
41.Closed loop (n) p.65 an automatic control system in which an
operation, process, or mechanism is
regulated by feedback
42.Linear (adj) p.65 arranged in or extending along a straight
or nearly straight line.
43.Bulky (adj) p.65 taking up much space; heavily built.
44.Retentivity (n) p.65 the ability of a substance to retain or
resist magnetization, frequently
measured as the strength of the
magnetic field that remains in a
sample after removal of an inducing
field.
45.Eddy (n) p. 64 a circular movement of water causing a
small whirlpool.
46.Mounted (adj) p.64 placed on something or attached to
something for display or support
47.Obtained (adj) p.64 To be secured
48.Shunt (verb) p.64 provide (an electrical current) with a
conductor joining two points of a circuit,
through which more or less of the
current may be diverted.
49.Conventional (adj) p.67 based on or in accordance with what is
generally done or believed.
50. Stamping (verb) p.67 bring down heavily on the ground or on
something on the ground.
appliances, turning bridges, sluice gate drives, valve
drives, and many machine tool drives for position
control.
With operating and rest periods being too short for the
respective steady-state temperatures to be attained.
Let us consider a simple intermittent load, where the
motor is alternately subjected to a fixed magnitude load
of duration and standstill condition of duration.
It is designed to achieve the same performance in both
directions of rotation, high torque to inertia ratio, low
friction and smooth ripple free torque.
It is designed to achieve the same performance in both
directions of rotation, high torque to inertia ratio, low
friction and smooth ripple free torque.
Servo motors are intended to be used in closed loop
speed and positional control systems where performance
requirements are such that they cannot be achieved by a
normal dc motor.
The field flux remains constant for all loads giving a more
linear speed torque characteristic.
Ferrites are commonly used because of lower cost, but
the machine becomes bulky due to low retentivity.
Ferrites are commonly used because of lower cost, but
the machine becomes bulky due to low retentivity.
Hysteresis and eddy current losses that occur in field
poles and yoke reduce motor efficiency and increase
thermal loading.
In these applications a fly-wheel may be mounted on the
motor shaft for load equalization.
The characteristics, which are obtained at rated terminal
voltage and full field are known as natural speed-torque
characteristics.
The no load speed depends on the strength of shunt field
and slope of the characteristics on the strength of series
field.
The absence of iron in armature of disc type motor
eliminates the associated core losses, making it more
efficient than conventional dc motors.
Armature winding is formed by stamping conductors
from a sheet of copper, welding them together and

51.Robust (adj) p.67
52.Axial (adj) p.67
53. Segments (n) p.67
54. Resistance (n) p.67
55. Absence (n) p.68
56. Winding (n) p.89
57.Negligible (adj) p.49
58. Cumulatively (adv) p.60
59. Excitation (n) p.61
60. Torque (n) p. 92
61. Inherent (adj) p.92
62. Rheostats (n) p.93
63. Rectifier (n) p.93
64. Fluctuations (n) p.95
65. Instantaneous (adj)
p.116
66. Simultaneous (adj)
p.116
strong and healthy.
relating to or forming an axis.
each of the parts into which something is
or may be divided.
the refusal to accept or comply with
something.
the non-existence or lack of.
a twisting movement or course.
so small or unimportant as to be not
worth considering; insignificant.
in a way that increases in quantity,
degree, or force by successive additions.
the application of energy to something.
a force that tends to cause rotation
existing in something as a permanent,
essential, or characteristic attribute.
an electrical instrument used to control a
current by varying the resistance.
an electrical device which converts an
alternating current into a direct one by
allowing a current to flow through it in
one direction only.
an irregular rising and falling in number
or amount; a variation.
occurring or done instantly.
occurring, operating, or done at the
same time.
placing them on a light weight disc.
Disc type moving coil motors are more robust and
available in sized upto few kilowatts.
Note that direction of flux is axial and armature current is
radial.
Conductor segments are then joined with a commutator
at the centre of the disc.
At standstill, back emf is zero and the only resistance
opposing flow of current is the armature circuit
resistance, which is quite small for all types of dc motors.
In absence of such a controller, a variable resistance
controller is used for starting.
In a separately excited motor, flux is controlled by
varying voltage across field winding and in a series motor
it is controlled either by varying number of turns in the
field winding or connecting a diverter resistance across
the field winding.
In this duty, heating of machine during starting and
braking operations is negligible.
In a cumulatively compound motor, the magneto-motive
force of the series field is a function of armature current
and is in the same direction as mmf of the shunt field.
The no load speed is determined by the values of
armature voltage and field excitation.
While the dc motor may be driven by low speeds,
resulting in high torque and relatively large frame size,
generator being of the same voltage, current and power
ratings as the motor can run at a highest speed with a
view to reduce its cost and size.
One of the important features of this drive is the
inherent ability for regenerative braking down to very
low motor speeds.
Control of generation field is obtained by rheostats when
low ratings are involved and closed-loop control is not
desired.
The power amplifier may then consists of a half-
controlled rectifier, step-down chopper or one quadrant
transistor amplifier.
Fluctuations can also have adverse effect on stability of
the source.
Although, control of firing angle according to relation
prevents dc circulating current, ac \ does circulate due to
difference between instantaneous output voltages of the
two rectifiers.
Because of the flow of ac circulating current,
simultaneous control is also known as circulating current

67. Intermittent (adj) p.118
68. Undesirable (adj) p.120
69. Deteriorate (verb)
p.121
70. Flux (n) p.121
occurring at irregular intervals; not
continuous or steady.
not wanted or unpleasant.
become progressively worse.
the action or process of flowing or
flowing out.
control.
Therefore, when used in intermittent load applications,
load fluctuations cause heavy fluctuations of supply
current and voltage, which adversely effects quality of
supply and stability of generating plant.
Source voltage and current distortions have several
undesirable effects including interference with other
loads connected to the source and radio frequency
interference on communication equipment.
Due to the presence of harmonics, peak value of current
increases and commutation condition deteriorates.
Since flux is constant, torque is contributed only by the
average value of current.