A Solution forOne of the Most Critical Situations of Our Time

Climate Change

Food scarcity and water sustainability are important issues with global implications. Our
Sidel Carbon Capture Utilization technology is based on a proven method and addresses both
issues. The concept of a vicious cycle is a familiar one whereby induced factors go on,
reinforcing the process started by a causative agent. As time goes on, things will get worse
until the process terminates.

What is not equally, or as well known, is the benign cycle. It is the flip side or opposite of the
vicious cycle. The causative agent (in this case is a positive one), initiates and induces an
effect. And the result reinforces the primary agent's actions as the process continues. In case,
the situation improves as time progresses--eventually becoming a self-sustaining process with
an improved outcome.

Our proposed solution uses the benign cycle. The cycle begins by positively addressing the
causative agents of climate change. The processes self-reinforces and progresses with time
and will eventually alleviating food scarcity and water sustainability problems.

Problem Mechanism: 

A critical factor for industry and technologies with regards to climate change is the control of
carbon emissions. The issue is being researched, evaluated, and discussed on a global scale.
Carbon capture, and to a lesser extent carbon sequestration, are such important issues, that
they warrant tremendous effort (on all fronts) and significant expense.

The best and brightest minds have yet to agree on even the most modest of carbon-reduction
solutions. The combined results have still not led to even the most modest globally agreed-
upon benchmarks for carbon reduction. The lack of results, despite the investment efforts of
academic, public, and private institutions, not to mention government agencies, corporations,
and research laboratories, acting together and independently—across a diverse field of
disciplines and technologies still have not yet figured it out.

Problem Solution Introduction: 

The purpose is not to describe the many technologies, approaches, and methodologies being
tried or adopted, but rather to propose a solution based on a proven and highly effective
process that occurs in nature. 

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Our Sidel Solution is inherent in nature; it's application is widespread. The process may be
used in a broad application. 

What is thisestablished and ubiquitous natural process, which captures carbon dioxide
effectively and continuously and converts it into a benign end product?
What is the most efficient, economic, reliable carbon dioxide capture system in existence? So
safe and reliable that life itself depends on it?

It is:

 The process by which carbon dioxide produced within our bodies, is transported to the
lungs.
Highly efficient since even the smallest amount of carbon dioxide (we produce within
our bodies)if accumulated, would be toxic.
Inexpensive. No high pressure alloys, materials, high temperature or energy exchange
systems are required.
The process involves complicated in biochemistry terms to explain but
essentially there is a protein in blood called hemoglobin to which the
carbon dioxide binds.

The subsequent sections will explain how using the basic properties of hemoglobin, this can
be replicated in industrial applications. Furthermore, we will show how the process is more
effective on a global level than all other current approaches. And it has many added benefits,
in addition to its primary objective: capturing carbon dioxide.

First, we will introduce the relevant materials. They will lay the foundation for our
methodology and validate our claim. The elements are parts or components of a whole and
complete system. Once the elements are explained, we hope the Sidel Solution System will
become apparent.

Solution Elements: 

1. What is Hemoglobin?

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 2. What property components makes Hemoglobin suited for CO2 capture?

In addition to binding carbon dioxide, hemoglobin will form carbaminohaemoglobin

after binding to carbon dioxide. It represents one of the ways the gas is carried
throughout the body. These two gases have a complicated chemical relationship with
hemoglobin. When metabolizing tissues occur, carbon dioxide first enters the blood. As it
combines with hemoglobin, it has a weaker affinity for oxygen, which causes the oxygen
to split off and enter the cells. (Citation 2).

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REGARDING THE CAPACITY OF BLOOD AND HEMOGLOBIN TO UNITE WITH
CARBON DIOXIDE. (BY GEORGE A. BUCKMASTER, Institute of Physiology,
University College, London.)
Among the early workers on the blood-gases,Setscbhenov was the first to explicitly state that
the proteins of blood,Para globulin, Serum albumin and Hemoglobinwere capable of forming
some kind of combination with carbon dioxide. This pigment may behave generally similar to
other proteins, but in addition to, possess a specific capacity for the absorption of carbon
dioxide.

3. How much CO2 does Hemoglobin capture?

In 100 c.c. of blood, the red corpuscles are capable of uniting with 7.5 c.c. of carbon dioxide
Now the most effective CO2 absorbing sorbent by weight basis CaO (Calcium Oxide) or
lime, captures 8 grams of CO2 for every 100 grams of CaO.
This shows that Hemoglobin has almost the same CO2 absorption of the best sorbent used
currently in industry, but is cheaper, more benign, and has many highly attractive benefits
both in use and by way of producing valuable end products.(Citation 3).

4. What other emissions does Haemoglobin capture?

Binding for ligands other than oxygen

Besides the oxygen ligand, which binds to hemoglobin in an cooperative manner, hemoglobin
also has competitive binding affinity for cyanide (CN−), sulfur monoxide (SO), nitric
oxide (NO), and sulfide (S2−), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S). (Citation 3).

5. Can we make Hemoglobin artificially &economically?

Artificial blood

History

Artificial blood can be produced in different ways using synthetic production, chemical
isolation, or a recombinant biochemical technology. Synthetic hemoglobin-based products
are produced from hemoglobin harvested from anE.coli bacteria strain. (Note: The
hemoglobin is grown in a seed tank and then fermented). (Citation 4).

The oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin was discovered by Hünefeld in 1840.[11] In 1851,

[12]
 German physiologist Otto Funke published a series of articles in which he described
growing hemoglobin crystals by successfully diluting red blood cells with solvents such as

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pure water, alcohol or ether, followed by slow evaporation of the solvent from the resulting
protein.

Citation 5:

Artificial blood can be produced in different ways using synthetic production, chemical
isolation, or recombinant biochemical technology. Synthetic hemoglobin-based products are
produced from hemoglobin harvested from an E.coli bacteria strain.

This modified hemoglobinis stable and soluble in solutions. Theoretically, these

modifications should result in byproducts that have a greater ability to carry oxygen than our
own red blood cells.

The Manufacturing Process

The production of artificial blood can be performed in a variety of ways. For hemoglobin-
based products, the process involves

1). Isolation or synthetization of Hemoglobin

2). Molecular modification,

3).Reconstitution in an artificial blood formula.

A method for the production of a synthetic hemoglobin-based product is outlined below.

Hemoglobin Synthesis

 In order to obtain hemoglobin, a strain of E.coli bacteria that has the ability to

produce human hemoglobin is used. Over the course of approximately three days, the
protein is harvested and the bacteria is destroyed. To start the fermentation process, a
sample of the pure bacteria culture is transferred to a test tube containing all nutrients
necessary for growth. This initial inoculation causes the bacteria to multiply. When
the population is great enough, they are then transferred to a seed tank.

A seed tank is a large stainless steel kettle that provides an ideal environment for growing
bacteria. It is filled with warm water, food, and an ammonia source which is all required for
the production of hemoglobin. Other growth stimuli such as vitamins, amino acids, and minor
nutrients are also added to enhance the production. The bacterial solution inside the seed tank
is constantly bathed with compressed air, and is mixed to ensure constant moving. When
ample time has elapsed, the contents of the seed tank are then pumped into the fermentation
tank.

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  The fermentation tank is a larger version of the seed tank. It is also filled with a
growth media needed for the bacteria to grow and produce hemoglobin. Since pH
control is vital for optimal growth, ammonia laced water is added to the tank as
necessary. When enough hemoglobin has been produced, the tank is then emptied so
that isolation can occur.

Final Processing

 Then in the next process the hemoglobin is mixed with water and other electrolytes to
produce the artificial blood. The artificial blood can then be pasteurized and put into
appropriate packaging. The qualities of compounds are checked regularly throughout
the entire process. Particularly important are frequent checks made on the bacterial
culture. Furthermore, various physical and chemical properties of the finished product
are checked throughout the process such as pH, melting point, moisture content, etc.
This method of production has been shown to be capable of producing batches as
large as 2,640 gal (10,000 L).

Once fermented, the hemoglobin is then purified, and mixed with water and other
electrolytes to create useable artificial blood

5. What raw materials are needed to make artificial Hemoglobin economical?

Raw Materials

Depending on the type of artificial blood that is made, various raw materials are used.
Hemoglobin-based products can use either isolated hemoglobin or synthetically produced
hemoglobin.

In order to synthetically produce hemoglobin, manufacturers use compounds known as amino

acids. These are chemicals that plants and animals use to create the proteins that are essential
for life with 20 naturally occurring amino acids capable of being used to produce
hemoglobin.

All of the amino acid molecules share certain chemical characteristics. Hemoglobin synthesis
also requires a specific type of bacteria and all of the materials necessary to incubate it. These
materials include warm water, molasses, glucose, acetic acid, alcohol(s), urea, and liquid
ammonia.

Additional Artificial Hemoglobin Based Blood Products

For additional types of hemoglobin-based artificial blood products, the hemoglobin is isolated
from human blood obtained from donated blood that has expired before it has been used.

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 Other sources of hemoglobin come from spent animal blood. This hemoglobin is slightly
different from human hemoglobin and must be modified before being used.

6. Can we make Hemoglobin from stem cells? What are the alternatives to human
stem cell use?

Answer: Yes, we can make hemoglobin from both human stem cells and the stem cells from
frogs which are ideal for this purpose.

Citation 5:
BIOMEDICINE NEWS

This new technology draws on recent advances in the ability to genetically modify and grow
human red blood cells from stem cells in culture.

Citation 6:

THE RESPIRATORY FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD OF MARINE FISHES

1. R. W. ROOT
+Author Affiliations
1. Zoological Laboratory of Duke University, Durham, N. C.
Abstract

Comparative studies on carbon dioxide transportation show that turtle and frog bloods have a
relatively great, fishes a relatively small, and human blood a more or less intermediate carbon
dioxide-combining power.

7 What benefit would breeding frogs for stem cells have, other than for hemoglobin?

Citation 7:
Frog benefits for the natural world and humans:
–Predators and prey in the ecosystem
Frogs and toads are right in the middle of the food chain, providing for a very efficient
transfer of energy.  (See thereport of  Frog and Toad Basics)  They play an important role in
consuming insects and are an important food source for birds, snakes, and other animals
throughout the food web.
–Pest control
They help control insects that may be agricultural pests or carry diseases transferred by those
insects such as West Nile Virus.

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–Medicine
Frogs have been used extensively in medical research, with many Nobel prizes in medicine
and physiology havingincluded frogs as specimens in that research.
–Education and research
The chemical compounds found in the skin secretions of frogs and toads are being studied for
their human benefits, including research from non-addictive pain killers to cancer cures. 
Frogs have been an important part of biological education for centuries, with the African
Clawed Frog (Xenopuslaevis) being the modern day “lab rat.”

8 What is the end product of Hemoglobin and the carbon dioxide it captures? Does
it have a use?

Answer: The end product is a protein based fertilizer which has the richest form of Nitrogen
and other elements that can be used for replenishing denuded soils, as well asproviding a very
significantyield increase in theproduction of crops produced in all soil types.

Citation 8: Blood Meal: Nitrogen for Healthy Plant Growth

It may sound a little macabre, but blood meal is a natural way to boost the all-important
nitrogen levels in the soil. Without nitrogen, plants simply don't grow. Blood meal is one of
the richest non-synthetic sources of nitrogen, which is a crucial component of plant cells and
one of the basic components of chlorophyll, the substance that helps plants convert sunlight
into sugars. It helps plants grow healthy root systems and produce green foliage, making
them more resistant to pests and diseases.

Want big, overflowing baskets of fruits and vegetables from your organic garden? Blood
meal helps increase plants' yield, adding lots of leafy green growth. This makes it a great
fertilizer for nitrogen-hungry greens like lettuce, brussels sprouts and kale. Blood meal
products like Scotts Organic Choice Blood Meal should be applied to soil every two months
during the growing season, starting in the spring.

Blood meal can also be used to balance the nitrogen-to-carbon ratio in compost piles. 'Brown'
materials in compost, like dried leaves, straw and paper contain carbon, while nitrogen is

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 supplied by "green matter" like fresh or dried plant material and vegetable scraps. Blood meal
helps balance carbon content in mulch to keep nitrogen in the soil at healthy levels. Source
Mother Nature Network-JULY 27, 2016

Blood meal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

.Blood meal is a dry, inert powder made from blood, used as a high-nitrogen organic fertilizer and a

high protein animal feed. N = 13.25%, P = 1.0%, K = 0.6%. It is one of the highest non-synthetic
sources of nitrogen. It usually comes from cattle or hogs as a slaughterhouse by-product.

Contents

 Uses
o 1.1Dietary supplement
o 1.2Organic fertilizers
o 1.3Pest control
 2References
 3See also

Uses
Dietary supplement
Blood meal can be used as a livestock dietary supplement, and is mainly added to supply
dietary lysine for cattle fish and poultry.[1] Prior to use, it is sometimes mixed withmolasses.[2]
Organic fertilizers
Blood meal, bone meal, and other animal by-products are permitted in certified
organic production as soil amendments, though they cannot be fed to organic livestock.
Blood meal is different from bone meal in that blood meal contains a higher amount of
nitrogen, while bone meal contains phosphorus. Alternatives to Blood Meal include
Feather and Alfalfa meal.[3] Blood meal is sometimes used as a composting activator.
Pest control
Blood meal can be spread on gardens to deter pest animals such as rabbits.

References

1. Jump up^ Henry, William Arnon; Morrison, Frank Barron (1915). Feeds

and feeding: a hand-book for the student and stockman. Henry-Morrison. p. 184.
2. Jump up^ King'ori, AM; Tuitoek, JK; Muiruri, HK (1998). "Comparison of
fermented dried blood meal and cooked dried blood meal as protein supplements for
growing pigs.". Tropical animal health and production 30 (3): 191–
6.  PMID 9719848.
3. Jump up^ "Using Blood Meal To Improve Your Garden Soil".

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 4. Jump up^ Bradley, Fern Marshall; Ellis, Barbara W. (1997). Review:
Rodale's All-New Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening: The Indispensable Resource
for Every Gardener. Rodale Press. p. 11.ISBN 978-0-87596-743-1.
5. Jump up^ Poisson, Leandre; Vogel Poisson, Gretchen (1994). Solar
gardening: growing vegetables year-round the American intensive way. Chelsea
Green Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-930031-69-5.

Citation 8:
Importance of protein fertilizer for denuded soils

Soil binding and revegetation compositions and methods of making and using such
compositions.
US 7021864 B2

Abstract:
Soil binding and revegetation compositions are useful for stabilizing soil and promoting
vegetation or revegetation of soil comprised of water, an endosperm, an iron compound, a
strong base and or a fibrous material comprising at least two different types of fibers. The
endosperm comprises the carbohydrate and protein portions of grains, seeds, or tubers. The
strong base is reacted with the endosperm in the presence of water added in order to ionize
the carbohydrate and protein of the endosperm, and render them more soluble or dispersible
in water. The iron compound promotes an electrochemical reaction that assists in the
formation of a silicate crystal matrix when applied to soil.

Hemoglobin as a medium to trap Carbon Dioxide is highly suitable because it combines with
Carbon Dioxide at low temperatures, and without the necessity of high pressure or catalytic
involvement in the process. This a major plus, as most industrial scale capture technologies
are intensive as to pressure, temperature, power and catalytic involvement.

 The end product of Hemoglobin combining with CO2 is a very valuable fertilizer,
which can dramatically increase crop and plant yields and replenish denuded soils.
Very important, it is a very rich source of Nitrogen. Nitrogen based synthetic
fertilizers like Urea require capital intensive factories to manufacture them and the
process of manufacture creates a large carbon footprint, power consumption and
gestation periods. So replacing synthetically manufactured Nitrogen based fertilizers
with the end product of a Hemoglobin and a Carbon Dioxide combination is a very
effective way to reduce the Carbon footprint from fertilizers produced artificially.
 The manufacture of Hemoglobin by any of the methods outlined in the elements of
this solution section will generate a very healthy growth for the Biotech industry,

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 which will then create millions of jobs globally, this in a sector having a very low
carbon foot print, and very attractive working conditions.
 The increase of frog farming will play a big role in controlling the spread of
malaria,zika and west nile virus, all borne by mosquitoes, and also boost medical
research for which frogs are a major testing species. Frogs as a source of cheap
protein is accepted,even as a delicacy, and will help feed protein starved populations
as well as making frog farming even more viable from a commercial point of view.
 The need for artificial blood or blood substitutes is very high globally, and the
ramping up of production of Hemoglobin will meet that demand. The pharmaceutical
sector will get a boost, as well as poultry, veterinary and animal husbandry sectors
worldwide.
 Depleted soils in previously fertile acreage, having become barren can be made fertile
again. Desert and semi desert areas of land can be quickly made fertile with the
Carboxyhemoglobin fertilizer.
 Never before has it been possible for a single non IT technology to very significantly
and simultaneously impact positively the lives of the majority of the world’s people in
so many vital ways. The technology will (as will be shown in the Solution Summary
& Description section that follows) not only enable capture viably of carbon dioxide
and convert it into a product of immense value, capable of increasing crop yields
enormously, but will also create employment in sectors that are attractive, and will
also boost a myriad of lateral and downstream technologies in sectors such as the
pharmaceutical and health industries.

Historically it has been shown, that once a biotechnology based products effectiveness
has been established though yields by initial production, process are typically low.
The ramping up of scale at low costs can then follow up exponentially, and quickly.
The ramping up is directly linked to the byproducts usefulness.
One example alone will suffice: Penicillin once isolated, when its effectiveness was
demonstrated and put into production was produced in single digit figures (few tons
per year), and even trace quantities had to be recovered from urine. The demand led
by the wartime results, led to innovations and improvements in manufacturing
methods that lead to the present low cost, mass scale industrialized production of
penicillin worldwide. No shortage due to production constraints has occurred since
inception of these methods.

Solution Summary & Description: 

1) Basis of Solution proposed:

Hemoglobin a naturally occurring product as well as synthesizable protein binds
with Carbon Dioxide to form an end product with value as a Nitrogen rich
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 fertilizer.The mechanism is well understood and can be reproduced by artificial
processes and synthesized to industrial scale.

2) Description of the actual implementation of the Sidel Solution for Carbon

Capture: Hemoglobin is sourced from production centers. The production can be
local by harvesting stem cells from frogs and using Biotechnology to produce
large quantities of the product similar to how vaccines are produced, using poultry
farms as incubators. Or procured from large scale industrial plants set up to
manufacture Hemoglobin synthetically.

The frog farm based approach may be very attractive to non-industrialized regions
in underdeveloped countries, which have few factories locally and may prefer to
reap the benefits of a frog farm, based on a production route which also offers
other benefits by way of mosquito eradication, local low skill employment
opportunities and a source of cheap protein.

The stabilized Hemoglobin is best stocked in vats near the source of emissions
such as factories or power plants. The stack/flue/exhaust gasses from these
sources of emission are routed to the vats/storage units. Before this combusted
exhaust gets to the vats they are cooled by Sidel Condensing Flue Gas Heat
Recovery Units recovering almost all of the heat energy. This cooling to
temperatures below dew point will not only recover the energy in the waste
exhaust gasses for useful purposes, but also recover the water which condenses
out of the waste exhaust gasses in significant quantities.

The means to cool the combusted flue gasses with Flue Gas Heat Recovery is
already an established commercially viable technology that is highly
recommended by the DOE and other bodies concerned with energy conservation.
The cool exhaust gasses are then routed through the hemoglobin storage vats and
the end product, carbaminohaemoglobin, is produced by the combination of
carbon dioxide with hemoglobin.This is a valuable Nitrogen rich fertilizer which
is transported away by the same trucks bringing fresh hemoglobin to the site.It is
also worth noting that harmful gasses like sulfur monoxide (SO), nitric
oxide (NO), and sulfide (S2−), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S). are also
captured.

The process is balanced. Raw material delivered is converted into a useful end
product which is transported away, and the CO2 is transferred by way of this
natural product as a Nitrogen rich fertilizer into the soil, which is the
recommended form of CO2sequestration as resolved at COP21.

Hae
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 Mass balance at the Lime Kiln

100 CaCO3 + Heat 56 CaO + 44 CO2

The CO2 is captured by the Hemoglobin in the ratio:

100 c.c. of Hemoglobin uniting with 7.5 c.c. of carbon dioxide

so 44 CO2 combines with approximately 600 units of Hemoglobin

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15
            
         
       
How The Benign Cycle links with the Solution System
     
     
   
         
   
   

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  We see from both figures that the central role of the Nitrogen are benefits to
agriculture and the sustainability of the Ecosystem.
 It is clear that replacing the industrial production of ammonia rich fertilizers with the
carbohemoglobin organic product would immediately favor and impact the Nitrogen,
carbon & Water cycles in the following ways:

a) The huge carbon foot print of the fertilizer factories, comparable to power plants
worldwide using the Sidel process would be very significantly reduced.

b) The Nitrogen rich fertilizer would increase plant life growth and soil fertility
thereby replenishing denuded barren soils and even desert soils,and due to the
large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide being absorbed by increased plant
growth, will reduce dramatically rising carbon levels.

c) Fertilizer production requires significant quantities of water; thereby the reduction

of these fertilizer plants would reduce water consumption.

d) Increased plant growth attracts rainfall, andconserves ground water and soil
erosion.

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 e) Hence we see that the Sidel System Solution has not only captured huge amounts
of carbon dioxide and recovered water and energy by its processes, but also in the
end product, the nitrogen rich carboxyhemoglobin produced by the actions of
reducing synthetic nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing, further reduces the worlds
carbon footprint and water scarcity, and by increasing plant growth with
Hemoglobin continues the benign cycle the solution system has initiated.

Aspect B)

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It is clear from the above figures that the Sidel Solution System, by not only addressing
climate change but also water capture and soil fertility, willalleviate the food scarcity
situation. This causes a benign cycle.

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It has been shown that disruptions to normal, harmonious societies caused by a resource
crunch, leads to a vicious cycle of increasing scarcity due to the breakdown of the functioning
systems that produce food and distribute it. Creating a vicious cycle of scarcity creating
further scarcity.

Aspect C) There is an alarming shortage of blood worldwide. Apart from the shortage,
blood is often tainted or contaminated; this contaminated blood spreads disease instead
of helping control it. Solution~ synthetic blood.

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How does this tie in with the Sidel Solution Systems’ production of Hemoglobin for Carbon
Capture?

It is a well-established fact that when the demand for any product is driven by multiple
drivers, rather than any single driver, and the drivers are necessity based, attracting
investments and commercial interest for the scaling up of production, R&D,capital and

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logistics and distribution investment, and getting support for implementation becomes much
easier if a products-technology demand is niche to moderate.

We believe the need for artificial blood/Hemoglobin for both the Sidel Solution System
described and for the need by humans will be a huge requirement, and investments and
resources will follow.

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