Two Day Training Course on

Corrosion Prevention and Control (CPC-2014)

IC & SR Auditorium, IIT Madras

MARINE CORROSION AND BIOFOULING

Dr. R. Venkatesan
Scientist G & Programme Director 
ESSO‐ National Institute of Ocean Technology Chennai
13 September 2014
• Economic power is driven by technology, 
industry and trade. 
• An important aspect of industry &  trade ‐
energy security
• Main source of energy is transported by sea 
• Over 70% of world’s oil reserves are in 
Persian gulf
• We imports 70% of its oil by sea.
• About NIOT
• Materials for marine applications
• Marine Corrosion
• Marine biofouling
• Deep Sea Corrosion
• Case studies
• Biomimitics
 National Institute of Ocean Technology
Focus areas

Energy and Freshwater

Deep Sea Technology

Coastal & Environmental Marine Sensor &

Ocean Observation Engineering Electronics
System
Ocean Acoustics

Gas Hydrates
Vessel Management
Marine Bio Technology
Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD)
plants at Lakshdweep Islands

Overall View of the Plant

Deep sea water intake –

330 m depth @ 12oC
Tsunami Monitoring Buoy Satellite
deployed by NIOT

Surface Buoy

Water level

Sub Surface
Floats
Surface
Acoustic
Modem

Acoustic Link

Mooring

BPR Sensor

Sea Bed
Unmanned Systems
 WET & DRY CORROSION
• Wet / aqueous corrosion is the major form of
corrosion which occurs at or near room
temperature and in the presence of water

• Dry / gaseous corrosion is significant mainly at

high temperatures
 WET / AQUEOUS CORROSION
Based on the appearance of the corroded metal, wet 
corrosion may be classified as
• Uniform or General
• Galvanic or Two‐metal
• Crevice
• Pitting
• Dealloying
• Intergranular
• Velocity‐assisted
• Environment‐assisted cracking
Marine corrosion
 MARINE CORROSION

Corrosion is a natural phenomenon and

it is an irreversible process.

MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Some metals oxidize at a low rate & some

at explosive pace.
 Sea water

• Sea water is a complex, delicately balanced 
solution of many salts containing living matter, 
suspended silt, dissolved gases and decaying 
organic material.

• Because of interrelation between many of 
variables in seawater – an alteration in one 
may affect the relative magnitude of others
 MATERIALS FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS

• MORE AND MORE EFFORTS 
ARE BEING MADE TO 
EXPLORE MARINE 
RESOURCES

• NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE 
TO BE EVOLVED

• REQUIRES KNOWLEDGE ON 
BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS 
AND DEVELOPMENT OF 
NEW MATERIALS.
 Seawater

Chemical Physical Biological

Dissolved gases Biofouling
Hard shelled types
Oxygen Velocity Types without hard shells
Carbon dioxide Mobile and semi-mobile
type

Chemical Plant life

equilibrium Air bubbles Oxygen generation
Salinity Suspended silt Carbon-dioxide
pH
Carbonate solubility Temperature Animal life
Pressure Oxygen consumption
Carbon dioxide generation
Corrosion rates
of metals and alloys
In Marine atmosphere
 Seawater

Chemical Physical Biological

Dissolved gases Biofouling
Hard shelled types
Oxygen Velocity Types without hard shells
Carbon dioxide Mobile and semi-mobile
type

Chemical Plant life

equilibrium Air bubbles Oxygen generation
Salinity Suspended silt Carbon-dioxide
pH
Carbonate solubility Temperature Animal life
Pressure Oxygen consumption
Carbon dioxide generation
Identifiable by ordinary visual  Require supplementary means 
examination of examination
– Erosion corrosion
– Uniform corrosion – Cavitation
– Pitting – Fretting corrosion
– Crevice corrosion – Intergranular corrosion
– Galvanic corrosion – Exfoliation
– Lamellar corrosion – Dealloying

Requires microscopic observation

(optical, electron microscopy etc.)

 Stress Corrosion cracking

 Corrosion fatigue
 Hydrogen Embrittlement
 Which is better

Brass bolt in a steel structure Steel bolt in a brass structure

Small brass cathode will Small steel anode will
cause small increase in suffer large increase in
corrosion of steel structure. corrosion due to
Bolt will be protected from coupling with brass
corrosion by coupling to structure.
steel
Stainless screw
vs cadmium
plated steel
washer
(galvanic)
 COSTS OF CORROSION
• Loss of Production
• Maintenance Cost
of Equipment
• Public Relations
• Cost of
Spare/Duplicate • Loss of Customers
Equipment due to outages

• Increased Initial • Staffing Costs

Cost of Equipment • Loss of Product
(using more
expensive materials) • Waste Disposal
• Safety factors
 Uniform corrosion
• Most common
• Characterized by chemical or electrochemical 
reaction which proceeds uniformly over the entire 
exposed area.
• Life of the structure can be accurately estimated 
based on simple tests
• Greatest destruction of metal on a tonnage basis
 Coatings
Typical coatings system components
• Surface preparation requirements
• Coatings
– Primer
– Intermediate coat
– Top coat
• Dry film thickness of each coat
• Application methods
• Inspection requirements
 Coatings
Linings  and Paints
• Lining ‐ subjected to immersion‐ interior of a vessel
• Paints ‐ Application of protective materials to guard against atmospheric corrosion

• Most critical – tank lining application 

• Material must be resistant to corrosion and be free of pinholes

Four areas of contact for tank lining

• Vapour phase ‐ area above liquid level
• Interphase ‐ area where vapour phase meets liquid phase
• Immersed  ‐ Area always immersed
• Bottom of tanks  – where moisture and other contaminants of greater 
density may settle
Which is most severe?

• Each of the above – one time or other may be severe
• Depending on type of material contained impurities present, amount of oxygen 
and water present
 Coating selection
• Primary function – to protect substrate

Conditions – two categories
• Chemical to which coating will be exposed
• Conditions of operation

As a result necessary to verify chemical resistance‐ physical properties of coating

• What is being handled primary chemical
• Secondary chemical
• Trace Impurities
• Solids present – particle size and concentration
• Any agitation
• Fluid purity requirements
• What will be present in vapour phase
• What will be physical or mechanical properties
• What is normal operation temperature and temperature range
• Peak temp can be reached during shutdown start‐up process upset etc.,
• Will any mixing areas exist where exothermic heat of mixing temp may develop
• What is normal operating pressure
• What is vacuum conditions and range are possible
 Surface preparation techniques 
• Blast cleaning Ideal
• Hydro jetting
• Mechanical wire brushing
• Manual brushing Poor

• Note:
Hydro jetting is increasingly popular.
But it poses some specific problems
 Parameters that affect coating

• Design of vessel
• Vessel preparation prior to coating
• Application technique
• Curing
• Inspection
• Operating instruction
• Temperature limitations
Drying times and pot life ‐ Additional comments
• The coatings are often stored in a heated warehouse to prevent
addition of solvent to adjust the viscosity to spray viscosity.
• The epoxy – amine reaction is exothermic
Increase of the pot temperature after mixing of the 2
components
• Coatings drying time dominated by the temperature of the
substrate and by the degree of ventilation.
 Faster reaction kinetics in the pot than in applied paint film,
especially in winter time.
• Generally lower viscosity epoxies have a lower EEW (a higher
oxirane content)
 Higher levels of hardener needed or hardeners with higher
NH content needed.
 High solids / solvent free coatings have a higher
concentration of reactive groups in the mixed paint, which
goes against pot-life.
 Examples of commercial 
coating systems
• Zinc silicate 70 µ Steel protection,
•
•
•
Epoxy tie coat
High built epoxy coat
Weatherable PUR
50 µ
200 µ
50 µ
} e.g. off shore,
above splash zone

• Epoxy primer 30 µ
• Epoxy mineral flakes coat 300 µ } Interior tank
lining
 Estimated Service Lives of High‐Performance Anticorrosion Coatings (years)   

Coating System Salt Water Mildly Moderately Severely

Immersion Corrosive Corrosive Corrosive
Environment Environment Environment
Water-Based Acrylic Primer/Topcoat na 16.5 12 9
Epoxy Primer/High-Build Epoxy Topcoat 6 18 12 9
High-Build Epoxy Primer/High-Build Epoxy
7.5 19.5 13.5 10.5
Topcoat
Epoxy Waterborne na 18 12 9
High-Build Epoxy Primer/Acrylic Urethane
na 16.5 10.5 7.5
Topcoat
Inorganic Zinc/Epoxy Mastic/Polyester
na 31.5 22.5 16.5
Urethane Topcoat
Inorganic Zinc/Epoxy Mastic/Acrylic
na 30 21 15
Urethane Topcoat
Inorganic Zinc Primer/Waterborne Acrylic
na 24 16.5 12
Topcoat

Source: GH Brevoort et al

Epoxy based anticorrosive coatings provide long lasting service

life and corrosion protection
 Causes of coating failure
• Blistering, hardening, cracking, hardening, or 
softening, peeling, burning undercutting
• Ageing or poor resistance of coating is due  to 
hardening or softening  ‐ Epoxies phenolic amines‐
brittle 
 Life expectancy of paint system
• Surface preparation
• Paint application
• Climate
• Atmospheric condition
• Paint material
Expected life of paint system
• Clean rural environment  ‐ 10 to 12 years 
• Industrial atmosphere ‐ 6 to 8 years
• Marine   variable, unpredictable
Dry docking of Ship
 Marine Biofouling
Microfouling Macrofouling
(ranges from 20 µm to 1,500 µm on (ranges from 50 µ to 10 cms on
the surface) the surface)
• Dissolved organic • Bivalves
matter • Barnacles
• Bacteria • Hydroids
• Algae • Polychaetes
• Fungi • Ascidians
• Protozoan • Bryozoans
• Invertebrates • Epiphytic algae
Steps of biofilm formation
(after Characklis, 1990; Rubio, 2002).
 IMPLANTS

DENTISTRY

Piling

APPLICATIONS FOULING
SHIPPING DESALINATION PLANTS
POWER PLANTS

Ship
 Fouling control practices

Physical methods

1) Construction of barriers.
2) Provision of increased flow velocities.
3) Heat treatment.
4) Mechanical cleaning.
Offer only temporary relief.
Blocked condenser tubes of a 
Nuclear Power Plant
Silt deposits
 Treatments
Chemical Treatments 

 BIOCIDES 
1) Oxidizing ‐ Chlorine ‐ Gaseous 
Sodium Hypochlorite 
Bromine ‐ Bromine chloride 
Chlorine dioxide 
Ozone  
Hydrogen peroxide / paraacetic acid (Recirculatory)
2) Non‐oxidizing 
Quanternamonium compounds  (Recirculatory / Fresh water)
Clam Trol  ‐ Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 
Calgon      ‐ didecyl dimethyl ammomium chloride 
Bulab        ‐ Poly [oxyethylene (dimethylimino) ethylene         
(dimethyliminio) ethylene dichloride] 
 Treatments
Mechanical Cleaning
• Removes Biofilm 
• Increases Effectiveness of chemical treatments
Typical methods 
‐ PIGS
‐ BRUSHES
‐ SPONGE BALLS
‐ FLUID MOVEVMENT 
‐ AIR BUMPING
‐ SANDJETTING
‐ HYDROLAZING
 Treatments
Antifouling Paints
1. Coatings based on copper or copper alloy system.

2.  Coatings containing active biocides.
 Contact leaching type 
 Contact diffusion type 
 Soluble matrix type 
 Co‐polymer ablative type 

3.  Coatings with low energy surfaces. 
 Industry

• Tanir Bavi Power plant, Mangalore
• Surya Chakra Power Plant, Port blair
• Talchar Power Plant, Orissa – NTPC
• Ratnagiri Gas and Power Plant ‐ NTPC
• Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
• Desalination Plant‐ LTTD ‐ Lakshadweep
 Fouling of PHE’s in Tuticorin Harbour waters
Within 3 days of operation

Chlorinated
Untreated
Plate Heat Exchangers
Advantages of PHE
Compactness,
large surface area,
high degree of turbulence,
keeps particle in suspension,
easy to clean,
high heat transfer coefficient.
Surface area ½ to 1/3rd of shell and tube
exchanger for the same heat duty -
Occupies less space - suitable for offshore

Specification
Thickness of plate – 0.7 mm
Material - Titanium
Gap between the heat exchanger
plates is 3.7 mm
 Biofouling on plate heat exchangers 
IGCAR project – PFBR fast breeder reactor 
project

Experimental set up
flow through system erected 
inside Madras Atomic Power 
Station (MAPS)
Velocity of seawater ‐ 1 & 2m/sec
First of such data being collected
Coastal Waters
 Stainless Steel - cumulative observation
Material: AISI Type 316L Stainless steel 0.3m Surface
CONTROL 1st Month 2nD Month 3rd Month 4th Month 5th Month 6th Month

Material: AISI Type 316L Stainless steel 3m Depth

CONTROL 1st Month 2nD Month 3rd Month 4th Month 5th Month 6th Month
 Titanium - cumulative observation
Material: Titanium Grade-1 0.3m Surface
CONTROL 1st Month 2nD Month 3rd Month 4th Month 5th Month 6th Month

Material: Titanium Grade-1 3m Depth

CONTROL 1st Month 2nD Month 3rd Month 4th Month 5th Month 6th Month
BIOCORROSION
 Microbially influenced corrosion‐ MIC 
(Biocorrosion)    ‐ Bacteria 

Not a unique form of corrosion 
Ubiquitous 
Microbes are essentially everywhere
Survive wide range of conditions
Highly adaptable 
Sense and move to nutrients
Establish consortia 
Materials are susceptible
 MIC- Initiation Mechanism

The microorganisms metabolic processes are

sustained by chemical reactions. These
processes can influence the corrosion
behavior of materials by:

1. Destroying the protective surface film

2. Producing a localized acid environment
3. Creating corrosive deposits.
4. Altering anodic and cathodic reactions
depending on the environment and organisms
involved.
Bio-corrosion of carbon steel by SRB in an
aerobic/anaerobic system
 SEM images of barnacle induced crevice corrosion
on AISI type 316 L Stainless Steel

 Amongst all the fouling organisms

observed in the present study the crevice
attacks were found only below barnacles.
 SEM studies on the dorsal (basal) side of
the barnacle showed the presence of
excellent radially arranged crevice
formers of size 200-600µm.

SEM images of natural crevice assembly observed on the basal side of the barnacle shell

SEM micrographs of radially arranged crevice formers (200 – 600 µm)

 Microbial Corrosion

Gallionella sp.
Iron oxidizing bacterial
Corroded coupon attack on 316 L Stainless
3m steel
SS 304
 NUT Location : CB 02

Lat : 10.873 o N
Long : 72.21 o E

Deployed date 07/05/2013

Retrieval date : 18/08/2013

Total weight = 7.94 gram

Field condition Retrieved buoy

Total duration: 101 days

New Nut Present

condition
SEM IMAGE
Buoy ID : CB04
Off Krishnapattinam Port AP East Coast
Buoy Position : 14° 17' 27.60" N
: 80° 12' 21.60" E
Depth : 12m
Buoy Deployed on : 09 Feb 2013
Buoy Retrieved on : 14 June 2013
 Deep sea

Exploration and exploitation of ocean resources are

moving into deeper waters

Design of deep water structures requires knowledge on

behaviour of structural materials under in-situ test
conditions
Importance of in-situ data
Structures that are designed under laboratory material
test conditions had failed in field exposure

In deep sea, behaviour of materials is a cumulative effect of

environmental parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity,
temperature, current, hydrostatic pressure and etc.,
 Studies on corrosion of some 
structural materials in deep sea 
environment
Mild steel                AISI 1020
Maraging steel       MDL 250 DEEP SEA CORROSION
Stainless steel       AISI type SS 304
Stainless steel     AISI type SS‐316L   UPTO 5100M DEPTH
Torsteel  Tiscon‐50 CRS    IS:1786‐95
Torsteel  Tiscon ‐42  CRS;   IS:1786‐95  MATERIALS STUDIED
Austempered Ductile Iron  A536
Aluminium AA 1100            
Aluminium alloy            AA ‐ 2014‐T6
Aluminium alloy         AA ‐ 6061‐T6
Aluminium‐Magnesium alloy
Copper.        C11000
Cupro‐nickel C70600  
Brass             C23000
Zinc
Zinc anode
Zinc High purity 
Magnesium anode
Aluminium anode
Titanium   BT‐1‐0 GOST 19807‐74
Titanium alloy 
Ti‐6Al‐4V  ASTM grade 5; R 56400

Carbon fibre reinforced composite (CFRP)
 OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA - GEOSECS experiment
0 0

1000 1000

Depth metres

Depth metres
2000 2000

3000
3000

4000
4000
5000
5000
0 200 400
Dissolved Oxygen um/kg 0 20 40
Seawater temperature deg C
1a 1c
0 0

1000 1000
Depth metres

Depth metres
2000 2000

3000 3000

4000
4000

5000
5000
34.50 35.00 35.50
Salinity ppt 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure dB
1b 1d
 Mild steel
500m

1000
Depth metres

2000

3000

4000

5000

0 200 400
Dissolved Oxygen um/kg

0.04 0.08 0.12

Corrosion rate mm/yr 3500m
 Titanium & Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V

5100m

• Nil corrosion was observed on Titanium

and Titanium alloy at all depths in deep
sea.

•No change in tensile strength data on

exposed specimens.

•Due to tenacious oxide film that forms on

its surface.

•HIgh resistance to chloride ion attack

 Carbon fibre reinforced composite
• Candidate material for deep sea raiser system.

• No change in tensile strength, compression 
strength, Flexural strength, Interlammellar 
shear strength 

• No change in weight loss measurement
 SEM
No deterioration of fiber, fiber-matrix
interface, fiber pull-out or any other
defect.
5100m ; 174 days 3500m ; 174 days
ANTI FOULING PAINT
Weed fouling upto 10%
increase in drag

Shell fouling upto 40%

increase in drag
 Regulations
IMO working group biofouling
http://www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?to
pic_id=435&doc_id=3709
Biofouling Guidelines adopted by resolution at MEPC 62
ANNEX 27 RESOLUTION MEPC.208(62) Adopted on 15 July 2011
2011 GUIDELINES FOR INSPECTION OF ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS
ON SHIPS
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEE,

Norway India Germany Sweden Republic of Korea; UK

Brazil Finland Slovenia Canada Republic of Korea Brazil Japan,
Netherlands; Japan Germany Greece Brazil New Zealand ,
Bahamas; Australia Bahamas (EC) Denmark Singapore China USA;

ICS Norway; CEFIC CLIA; IUCN

CEFIC ISAF; IADC ICOMIA
IPPIC; SACEP FOEI OCIMF ISAF Intertanko
ICOMIA
 CONCLUSION

•NATURE
Rights ofKNOWS
fishermen and other fish workers need to be protected
BEST
• Environmentally and economically sound management of fish
stock should be propagated
WITH MILLIONS OF YEARS TO PERFECT HER TECHNOLOGIES,
• Public awareness campaign on importance of fisheries/oceans to
be launched
•NATURE IS AN EXCELLENT
Consonance SOURCE
in implementation of FOR INNOVATION
human activities to minimise
the adverse impacts on the ecosystem, water quality, etc.
• Coordinated and integrated management of all activities
BY JOSEPHto
WILSON
sustain the resources and protection and conservation of critical
habitats
The for long-termiseconomic
word biomimetics relativelygrowth of the country
new; however, our
ancestors looked to nature for inspiration and development of
various materials and devices many centuries ago (Ball
2002; Bar-Cohen 2006;
 Non-stick fouling release
Desired Properties
 A flexible, linear backbone
which introduces no undesirable
interactions.

 A sufficient number of surface-active

groups which are free to move to
the surface to impart a surface
energy in the desired range.

 Low elastic modulus.

 High mobility in the backbone and surface active side chains.

 A thickness which can control the fracture mechanics of interface.

 Molecules which combine all the above factors & are stable in
marine environment.
 LOW SURFACE ENERGY
Surface Modification Approach to control POLY-SILOXANE COATINGS
Biofouling (Indo-Bulgarian Project):
• Settlement of micro and macro fouling
organisms on different foul release
properties of formulations of
Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) were studied
and their performance were ranked.

Performance of Naval Materials under

Immersed Condition in Marine
Environment: (NRB funded project)
• Biofouling and corrosion studies on 6
different metals and 4 different paints were Before exposure After six months
studied.
• The coupons were exposed both at the
surface and at 10 meter depth in seawater at
the test site.
• Monthly and cumulative samplings were
carried out to study the biofouling
characteristics and corrosion behaviour of
these materials for a period of one year .
• A detailed surface analysis was also done
using AFM during this period.
STAINLESS STEEL
 Bioadhesion
titanium, stainless steel 316L and PMMA
surfaces

71
 Objectives of the work

To understand the adhesion mechanism of barnacles (involves structural

characterization).

To resolve the role of the substrate on the development of barnacle cement

microstructures (involves structural characterization).

To study the interfacial mechanics between the barnacle attachment and

surface (involves mechanical characterization).

To characterize the adhesives produced by the barnacles (involves

biochemical & chemical analytical techniques).

72
 Scientific approach & Methodology
Immersion of coated & On-site experiments, NIOT,
uncoated coupons in Immersion of coupons
&
marine waters
removal, every month from the
ocean

Characterization of Adhesion Mechanical

the adhesive mechanisms (at the characterization
proteins attachment interface)

Microbiological tests & Microscopy Atomic force microscopy

Chemical tests - Optical microscopy
- DSC, FTIR, GC/MS - Scanning electron microscopy
- Transmission electron microscopy
- surface elastic modulii of the
cement,
- understand the release
characteristics.
Shearing tests
- interfacial strength

Biotechnology Materials Science

 Cementing mechanism of barnacles
BSE BSE

Over the radial channels the complex Primary duct is ~0.4 µm wide whereas the sub-ducts
cement ducts connecting the concentric are 0.17 µm wide.
rings are visible. The primary cement channel subdivides itself to a
During each molting (growth) cycle a complex network to ensure that the cement is available
concentric ring is produced. throughout the base-plate for firm adhesion.
R. Sangeetha et.al., Materials Science and Engineering C 30 (2010) 112–119 74
 Morphological differences in cement structure
Titanium SE SS316L SE

Titanium: Porous and PMMA SE

SS316L: Fibrous mesh
foam-like mesh

PMMA: Dense mesh

75
 Thickness of cement
Base-plate Titanium Base-plate SS316L

Cement Cement

BSE BSE

Titanium: 2-3 µm PMMA Base-plate SS316L: 2-3 µm

Cement

BSE PMMA: 28-30 µm

76
 Levels of hierarchy in barnacle shells

First level: Nano-calcites crystals, the basic building blocks

Second level: Macro hollow channels in the parietal & basal shell

Third level: The concentric rings of the base-plate that corresponds to growth

Fourth level: Complex cement carrying microducts that fasten each ring to
the substrate

Fifth level: Six calcite plates forming the parietal shell

Sixth level: Radial plates that interconnect the six parietal plates

Seventh level: Barnacle cement which anchors the barnacle to the substrate

Eighth level: Mesh-like structure of cement that gives a cushioning effect when
the ocean currents hits the creature

77
Study of  unknown deep sea corrosion 
of Tsunami equipment BPR 
 Unusual corrosion and deposit of unknown material on deep sea instrument at 
3298m depth from 29‐08‐2011 to 02‐04‐2013 
Lat 12° 32.93’ N, Long 85° 31.38’E 

Aluminium alloy Al 6061 T6 Anodised

high marine corrosion resistance
 Tests performed
• Biochemical Tests
• Tests for qualitative analysis of organic compounds
• Solubility Tests for identifying a polymer
• FTIR spectrum Analysis
• Test for ambergris
A Joint Publication by the United Nations
• Scanning Electron Microscopy Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the
• EDAX Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, and the
International Seabed Authority
 TB08_A(12N/85E) Sub Surface Temperature at 3298m depth
1.46

1.45

1.44

1.43 Sulphur

1.42

1.41

1.40

1.39

1.38
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
2011 2012

Microbial Corrosion????
 New Bacteria Found on Titanic; Eats Metal
First it was an iceberg, now it's bacteria: Rust‐eating species 'will destroy 
wreck of Titanic within 20 years

Research describing the new bacteria species appears in the December 8

issue of the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
 First picture is of a piece of a titanic rusticle. different coloration it means there are different species of bacteria 
there.
Second picture: depicts what I call Christmas trees and they are made of lepidocrosites or gothite crystals.
Third picture is a piece of rusticle there is a black structure between the lepidocrosites (grow outside rusticles) or 
gothite (grow inside rusticles) crystals. The black structure is amorphous.
Fourth picture of a bacterial species which utilizes sulpher from titanic coal which at that time had lots of sulpher 
due to shortage of coal.
 Materials study in Polar Region
Arctic

India has established Ocean Observatory in 
ARCTIC
Different materials will be exposed ion land and 
underwater
 CII – Corrosion Management Committee (CMC)
CII‐Faraday Council of Corrosion (FCC) &
National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)

National Competition on “Corrosion 
Awareness Video”
Create a video in any style you like that tells about corrosion of materials/
components
Video Criteria

Videos will be judged on their topic selected, audio narration of the corrosion problem, ability to convey the message through animation, creativity,
technical production, and accuracy. A panel of national experts will act as the judges for the selection of Winners.
You are welcome to choose your own topic or use one of the following ideas for inspiration:
• Corrosion seen in Public : Day to day visual observation of corrosion leading to loss in any sector, neglect of corrosion
• Becoming a Corrosion Engineer – The exciting transformation from human to engineer, specialising in the profession of corrosion
• Suggest Design change to mitigate corrosion – What is your opinion on existing design and design change suggested by you to avoid corrosion
• Awareness to the public – How every individual can contribute to know the evils of corrosion
• Shaping the World – How Information Technology and Multimedia Design enhance our lives to provide information on the menace of corrosion, its
manifestation and management
 CHALLENGES
EARTH SYSTEM STILL NOT UNDERSTOOD

OCEAN - HARSH ENVIRONMENT AND EXPENSIVE

TECHNOLGICAL

SITE SPECITIFIC
 To conclude
The marine and ocean technology sector facilitates the study and utilization of
ocean and coastal resources by developing, producing or adding value to
products and/or services based primarily on technological innovation
Understanding protection of materials and Development of newer materials
play major role

BPR
Thank you for your kind attention

dr.r.venkatesan@gmail.com