CLIMATE CHANGE
typically decades or longer
PHEENOMENON
________________ – current condition of
the atmosphere such as TEMPERATURE,
RAINFALL, WIND AND HUMIDITY at a given
place.
________________ – measure of the
hotness or coldness of a substance.
- Average kinetic energy or molecules.
________________ – condensed moisture
that falls to the ground
________________ – movement of air. air
in natural motions
________________ – force exerted against
a surface by the weight of the air above the
surface
________________ – moisture content of
the atmosphere. It is also the amount of
water vapor in the air.
________________ – “WEATHER SPEHERE”
________________ – average condition of
the atmosphere over a long period of time.
It is also the average weather in a locality
over a number of year
CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
LESSON 1: CLIMATE CHANGE
PHENOMENON
TYPHOO ________________
- Made landfall in the Philippines on
November 8, 2013 in the island of
Leyte, Tacloban City.
________________
- state of the climate that can be
identified by changes in the mean or
the variability of its properties and that
persists for an extended period,
- long term shifts in global or regional
climate patterns. Often, climate change
refers specifically to the rise in global
temperature from the mid 20th to
present.
________________
– phenomenon of increasing average air
temperature near the surface of earth over
the past one to two centuries
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- natural internal processes or external
forcing or persistent anthropogenic
changes in the composition of the
atmosphere or in land use (IPPC –
INTERGOVERMENTAL PANEL ON
CLIMATE CHANGE)
- concentration of carbon and
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
CAUSES OF GLOBALWARMING
- concentration of carbon and other
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
GREENHOUSE GASES (GHG)
 ________________ – forest activities,
machines and motors that uses coal
and natural gases
 ________________ – agricultural
activities, waste dumps, coal beds,
leaks from gas pipelines
 ________________ – intensive
agriculture and animal waste handling
 ________________
 ________________ - lower
atmosphere from automobile exhaust
fumes
CARBON AND OTHER GREENHOUSE
GASES ARE RELEASED THROUGH
NATURAL PROCESS;
1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________
6. ________________
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
 _____________________________
 - dry season will become drier while
the wet season will become wetter.
- stronger winds will be felt along
with more erratic rainfall patterns
- typhoons and storms will become
more frequent and intense
- heat and cold waves will be
rampant
 _____________________________
- most of the emissions are
produced by the energy and
transport sector activities
- it will affect the health of people
- it will affect the cleanliness of
environment
 _____________________________
- the current dominant species may
not survive while others may
proliferate
- the geographic range of forest
trees may also shift
- forest health will be affected
 _____________________________
- crop yields will be affected by
droughts and floods
-there will be adverse impact to the
country’s irrigation system and food
supply
 _____________________________
- water supply will be affected when
salt water intrusion occurs due to
the rising of sea level
- reduction of potable water
- induced competition for water
resources among communities
 _____________________________
-rising sea-surface temperatures
(SSTs) result in coral bleaching or
death of coral reefs
- this will affect fisheries yield and
other marine interactions
- other natural ecosystems such as
the mangrove areas, sea grass beds,
wetlands, and others will also be
disturbed by the environment
 _____________________________
-A warmer climate triggers the
melting of ice glaciers and ice caps,
and the thermal expansion of the
oceans resulting in rise in sea-level
- the accelerated rise in sea-level will
exacerbate beach erosion, flooding
of coastal lands, and destruction of
coastal infrastructure.
 _____________________________
- higher incidence of vector-borne
disease, such as malaria and dengue,
is expected during warmer and rainy
seasons respectively
- incidence of respiratory disease
due to pollutants and GHGs will
increase and affect human health
and welfare
INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
International
 _____________________________
- 1979
- urged governments to identify and
prevent human-induced climate
changes that are harmful to
humanity and diversity
 _____________________________
- 1992
- constitutes the foundational
climate agreement that has
provided the platform for most
subsequent international climate
agreements
 _____________________________
- 1998
- provides regular assessments of
the scientific basis of climate
change, its impacts and future risks
and option for adaptation and
mitigation
 _____________________________
- 2005
- operationalizes the UNFCCC by
committing industrialized countries
to limit and reduce greenhouse
gases emissions in accordance with
agreed individual targets
 _____________________________
-2015
-central aim is to strengthen the
global response to the threat of
climate change by keeping global
temperature rise this century well
below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-
industrial levels and to pursue
efforts to limit the temperature
 increase even further to 1.5 degrees - Adjustment in ecological, social, or
Celsius economic systems in response to
climate change

NATIONAL EFFORTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE TIPS ON HOW TO HAVE A “LOW CARBON

DIET”
Philippines
 _____________________________ 1.
- 1991 2.
- coordinate various activities and 3.
provide technical support on climate 4.
change issues 5.
 _____________________________ 6.
- 1992 7.
 _____________________________ 8.
- 1994 9.
 _____________________________ 10.
- 1998 11.
 _____________________________
- 2003 HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
 _____________________________
HAZARD AND DISASTERS
- 2009
- act mainstreaming climate change
_____________ – water
into government policy
_____________ – scientific study of the
formulations, establishing the
atmosphere
framework strategy and program on
climate change and creating climate
__________________________ – processes
change commission
or phenomenon of atmospheric
 _____________________________
hydrological or oceanographic nature that
- 2010
may cause loss of life, injury or other health
- effort in climate change adaptation
impacts, property damage, loss of
in nine major sectors namely,
livelihoods and services, social and
agriculture, biodiversity, coastal and
economic disruption or environmental
marine, fishery, water, health,
damage
energy and infrastructure
 _____________________________
- 2010
- Provide guiding principles in the
formulation of the National and Sub-
_____________ No rain / drought
National development planning
- Dried up fields and lowering of water in
process
dams
 _____________________________
- “el nino” means the “_____________”
-2011
in spanish
-formulated the country’s agenda
for climate change mitigation and
_____________ Heavy rainfall and other
adaptation
water related hazards such as flooding
_____________________________
ENSO
- Includes the reduction of sources of
- __________________________
GHG emission
- The recurring climate pattern involving
- Increase of terrestrial storage of carbon
changes in the temperature of waters
_____________________________
in the central and eastern tropical
Pacific Ocean and the patterns of sea
 level pressure, lower- and upper-level
winds and tropical rainfall across the
Pacific basin.
TROPICAL CYCLONE
- Around ___ tropical cyclones enters the
PAR
- Intense low pressure systems with a
maximum sustained wind velocity of 35
kilometers per hour (KPH)
- Low pressure systems formed in the
tropics
ANATOMY OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
 _______ – low pressure center
which has no rain and wind
 _________ – most dangerous and
destructive part of the cyclone
 _________ – secondary cells
arranged in the bands around the
center
HURRICANE VS TYPHOON
_______________
- North Atlantic, Central North Pacific
and Eastern North Pacific
_______________
- Northwest Pacific
HAZARDS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
 _________ – overflowing of water
from lakes, streams, and other
bodies of water
3 TYPES OF FLOODS
__________ – caused by overflowing of
rivers when the run-off exceeds the
capacity of the channels
__________ – caused by a very short
period of unusually heavy rainfall
__________ –occurs when strong onshore
winds push the water inland
 Storm
 _____________ – sudden rise of sea
level above normal level on the
coast due to a drop in atmospheric
pressure and the force of the wind
as a tropical cyclone approaches the
coast
CAUSES OF STORM SURGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
 Strong winds
 Landslides
 Mudflows
 _____________ – localized storm
cloud that produces lightning and
thunder, and often brings heavy rain
shower or hail as well as gusty winds
3 STAGES OF THUNDER STORM
1.
2.
3.
THUNDER STORM CAN PRODUCE
DANGEROUS WEATHER CONDITIONS SUCH
AS;
1. _____________ – ice crystals falling
from thunderstorm
2. _____________ – most dangerous
hazard associated with
thunderstorm, is a visible electrical
discharge due to high voltage
differences that build up within the
clouds and ground
 ___________
– localized windstorm characterized
by a visible funnel-shaped, rapidly
whirling cloud extending from the
base of a dark cumulonimbus cloud
-wind speeds are estimated to
exceed 450 KPH and last for a few
minutes
_________________ – when
tornado moves over the body of
water
 __________ – lack of rainfall for
normal needs
HISTORY OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
 TYPHOON _____________
International Name: Ketsana
September 26, 2009
Luzon
Submerged areas like Metro Manila
in floods at record-breaking levels
 TYPHOON ____________
International Name: Mangkhut
 September 15, 2018 - People are advised to seek shelter in
Cagayan strong buildings, evacuate low-lying
 TYPHOON ____________ areas and stay away from the coastal
International Name: Haiyan and riverbanks
November 8, 2013
Across the Visayas Region SIGNAL 4
 HURRICANE ___________ - Very strong winds of more than
August 29, 2005 _______ kph
Gulf Coast, United States - Many large trees may be uprooted
One of the strongest and largest - Most residential and institutional
hurricane ever recorded to make buildings of mixed construction may be
landfall in the U.S. severely damaged
- Electrical power distribution and
communication services may be
severely disrupted
CATEGORIES OF TROPICAL CYCLONES - Evacuation to safer shelters should
 TROPICAL ___________ have been completed since it may be
- 35-63KPH too late in this situation
 TROPICAL ___________
- 64KPH TO 117KPH
 ___________ UNIT 4 FIRE
- 117KPH TO 180KPH
 ___________
FIRE PREVENTION AND
- More than 180KPH
RESPONSE
PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNALS
SIGNAL 1 ___________
- Winds of ________ kph - Visible, tangible side effect of matter
- Twigs and branches of small trees may changing form
be broken - A chemical reaction
- Some houses of very light materials - Discovered for the purpose of giving
may be partially unroofed heat
- People are advised to listen to the - Contributes to the development of
latest severe weather bulletin issued by human civilization
PAGASA
GENERAL KINDS OF FIRE
SIGNAL 2  FIRE TRIGGERED BY NATURAL
- Winds of greater than ________ kph HAZARD
and up to ________kph - _____________
- A few big trees may be uprooted - _____________
- The winds may bring light to moderate - _____________
damage to the exposed communities  FIRE TRIGGERED BY HUMAN-MADE
- People travelling by sea and air are CONDITIONS
cautioned to avoid unnecessary risk - _____________
- _____________
SIGNAL 3 - _____________
- Winds of greater than _______ kph and
up to _______ kph  FIRE DUE TO MISMANAGEMENT
- There may be widespread disruption of - _____________
electrical power and communication
services
- Moderate to heavy damage particularly
in the agricultural and industrial sectors
TRINGLE OF COMBUSTION - _______
- _______
- _______
- _______

STAGES OF FIRE
I. _________ Stages
- Fuel and oxygen are exposed to heat,
resulting to sustained chemical
reaction
FIRE TETDRAHEDRON - Fire can still be controlled by removing
one of elements
- Can be controlled using fire
extinguisher

II. _________ Stage

- Initial flame becomes another source
of heat and additional fuel ignites
- Heat is transferred through convection
and radiation which ignites more
combustible materials
- CONDUCTION, CONVECTION,
THE COMBUSTION PROCESS RADIATION
____________ – rapid oxidation at a very III. _________ Stage
high temperature - The fire spreads and consumes all
____________ – chemical process available fuel
characterized by a loss of electron - Temperature reaches its peak and
oxygen and other materials are
COMBUSTION consumed rapidly
IV. _________ stage (burnout)
- Fire consumes all available fuel and
the temperature decreases
FIRE PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
 Ensuring that the building design
follows the standard rules regarding
fire safety like having appropriate
electrical system, fire exits and
sprinklers system
 Proper storage of materials that are
CLASSES OF FIRES combustible, separating them from
 CLASS A FIRE – involves ordinary possible sources of heat
combustible materials  Regular inspection of electrical
- ________ wiring, cooking equipment, electrical
- ________ wiring, cooking equipment, electrical
- ________ appliances especially air
- ________ conditioning units
 Securing fire insurance
 CLASS B FIRES – involves flammable FIRE PREPAREDNESS
liquids and chemicals  Having a fire contingency plan and
- ________ and other chemicals warning system
 Conducting fire education seminars
 CLASS C FIRE – __________ and drills
 CLASS D FIRE – involves metal  Having fire extinguishers
  Following safety tips ____________ – For the purpose of
 Setting evacuation areas and alleviating the sufferings brought by
protocols for evacuation disasters, wars and other emergency
FIRE RESPONSE situations
 Controlling fire immediately DISASTER = HAZARD
 Evacuating fro the burning building
 Conducting search and rescue _________________
operation - Improvement in the approach of
 Providing first aid and medical emergency management concept
service - One step backward before a disaster or
 Conducting relief operations crisis happens
 Following safety tips when there is D = H + Unpreparedness
fire
RECOVERY FROM FIRE Disaster = (Hazard) (Vulnerability)/Capacity
 Assessing damages and needs
 Clearing debris Disaster = (Hazard)(Vulnerability)(Exposure)
 Retrieving documents and record /Capacity
retrieval from other sources SLC
P
G
M
D
A
IO
T
N
V
E
RY S P
D
IM TSER
C
A

 Providing financial assistance

R EV
P TIO N
N
I TIG
M O
A
DN
N REC OVERY

BFP – _______________________________

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND

MANAGEMENT
____________ – a system of rules, ideas, or
beliefs that is used to plan or decide
something
____________ – danger or the possibility of
danger, defeat or loss
____________ – A model of something or a
very clear and typical example of something
____________ – act of stopping something
from happening
____________ – act of reducing how
harmful, unpleasant or bad something is
____________ – State of being prepared for
a particular situation
____________ – a dangerous or serious “DISASTER
situation such as an accident that happens MANAGEMENT
suddenly or unexpectedly and needs CYCYLE
immediate action
______________________________
____________ - The process of getting
______________________________
something back
(CBDO-DR)
____________ – Activity of controlling
“aims to contribute to pro-people
something of of using or dealing with
development for the general
something in a way that is effective
improvement of the well-being and
____________ – Plan that is made for
quality of life for the majority of the
dealing with an emergency or with
Filipinos”
something that might possibly happen and
cause problems in the future
CBDO-DR DISTINGUISHING
FEATURE
 1. it raises a question of
vulnerability when it comes
to disaster
2. it recognizes people’s
existing capacities and aims
to strengthen them
3. it contributes to addressing
the roots of vulnerabilities
and transforming or
removing the structures
generating inequity and
underdevelopment
4. it considers people’s
participation essentially to
disaster
5. it puts a premium on the
organization capacity of the
vulnerable sectors through
the formation of grassroots
disaster response
organizations
6. it mobilizes the less
vulnerable sectors into
partnership with the
vulnerable sectors and
development work
PARADIGM SHIFT
Emergency Management >> Disaster Risk
Reduction
NEW PARADIGM: Disaster Risk Reduction
BY THE PROCESS OF: Disaster Risk
Management
__________________________
- new framework
- conceptual framework of elements
considered with the possibilities to
minimize vulnerabilities and disaster
risk throughout a society, to avoid or to
limit the impact
________________________
- process
- systematic process of using
administrative decisions, organizations,
operational skills and capacities to
implement policies, strategies and
coping mechanisms of the society and
communities to lessen the impact of
natural hazards and related
disaster
impact
preparedness
risk
reduction
environmental and technological
disasters
____________________________________
___________________
- Building Resilience of Nations and
Communities to Disaster
- Adopted by 168 countries during the
World Conference on Disaster Risk
Reduction held in Kobe Hyogo
prefecture, Japan on January 18 to 22,
2005
- A comprehensive action-oriented
response to international concern
about the growing impacts of disasters
on individuals, communities and
national development policies, in
addition to being of interest to various
science humanitarian and
environmental fields
___________________________________
________________________
- Aims reduce global mortality number of
affected people and economic loss;
increase the number of countries with
disaster risk reduction strategies and
the availability of and access to multi-
hazard early warning systems and
disaster risk information and
assessment to the people; multi-hazard
early warning systems and disaster risk
information and assessments to the
people
COMMUNITY-BASED
DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT (CBDRM)
________________________________
________________
response
 prevention
and recovery
mitigation
development
- aims to transform passivity and
powerlessness into action and
resilience
GOALS OF CBDRM
1. REDUCTION OF PEOPLE’S
VULNERABILITIES
2. PUBLIC SAFETY AND REDUCTION OF
THE IMPACT OF HAZARD ON LIVES,
PROPERTY, RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENT
3. EMPOWERMENT OF INDIVIDUALS
AND COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS
4. TRANSFORMATION OF STRUCTURES
AND RELATIONSHIPS THAT
GENERATES INEQUITY AND
UNDERDEVELOPMENT
Social Conditions that Perpetuate
Vulnerability
• local and national governments and
• civil society
• 11. ______________________________
• ______________________________
ELEMENTS OF GOOD PRACTICE IN CBDRM
(MEMORIZE 4 TO 5 ELEMENTS W/ BRIEF
DESCRIPTION)
1. _____________________________-
community manages the
implementation of DRR measures
though CBDRM process may have
been facilitated by outsiders
2. ______________________________
_____________________________
– Recognition of existing coping
mechanisms, capacities, local know-
how and resources of people and
communities
3. ______________________________
______________________ –
community as the key resource and
front liner in CBDRM
4. ______________________________
____________________________ –
local people are the main actors and
prime movers in reducing disaster
risks with wider participation of
other key players
5. ______________________________
___________________________ –
increasing the community’s capacity
and the people’s skills, resources
and readiness to undertake DRR
6. _____________________________
– recognition of different needs,
activities, perception and priorities
of men and women
7. ______________________________
– Respect for the community
culture, traditions and customs
8. _____________________________
– recognition of the community and
people’s organization
9. ______________________________
______________________________
________________________ –
Incorporation of people’s perception
on vulnerability and capacity with
expert’s knowledge on hazard
assessment
10. ______________________________
_____________________________
–involvement and all out support of
______________________________
– Building upon and strengthening
community’s coping strategies and
capacities to reduce conditions,
factors and processes of
vulnerabilities including poverty,
social inequality, and promoting
safer environment
12. ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
– Accountability to the people first
and demonstration of individual and
collective actions for DRR
13. _____________________________
– observing early warning
information dissemination and
sustained public awareness
14. ______________________________
______________________________
– Sustaining CBDRM beyond project
funding and termination by putting
up mechanisms for sustainability
CBDRM STATEGIES
1. Participatory analysis for hazard
mapping, vulnerabilities and
capacities
 2. Participatory community counter-
disaster planning
3. Community-based early warning
4. Building of people’s organization
and disaster action teams
5. Inter and intra collaboration and
coordination
6. Use of local and indigenous
knowledge

_______________________ - The process

of development from the people, by the
people and for the people.

CBDRM PROCESS
1. Site selection, community entry and
integration
2. Enhanced social investigation
through participatory hazard,
vulnerability and capacity analysis
3. Leadership development and
organization building
4. Mainstreaming CBDRM in
development planning
5. Disaster risk sensitive community
planning
6. Mobilization, networking and
advocacy
7. Evaluation, phasing out and follow-
up