Building Engineering

3rd year
Site selection
• Dependent on usage factor
• Residential:
• Away from noise generators
• Away from polluting industries
• Good accessibility (road network)
• Accessibility to place of work, educational centres
• Availability of physical infrastructure facilities (power, water, sanitation,
communications)
• Availability of social infrastructure (educational, Hospitals, clubs, playgrounds)
• Orientation
Building Bylaws
Purpose: Controlled & Planned Development
Aspects:
• Road widening
• Master Plan Road
• Health (set backs for light, ventilation, minimum size, height of
rooms)
• Architectural controls
• Structural safety
• Environmental concerns (water harvesting)
Definitions
Building Lines:
The line of building frontage i.e. the line up to which the plinth of a building
adjoining a street or an extension of street or a future street may lawfully
extend.
The line is often known as setback or front building line or frontage and is
laid down in each case parallel to the plot boundaries by the authority,
beyond which nothing can be constructed towards the plot boundaries.
Control line : Same as above except for certain buildings such as cinemas,
business centers, factories, etc., which attract large number of vehicles,
should further distance from the building line. This line which accounts for
this extra margin is known as Control line.
Contd…
Building lines
Setback line
Front building line
Buildings to be setback by the
specified distance
Control line
Same but additional distance
needed for cinema halls, business
centres, factories, etc.
General building line
Applicable for plots facing NH, SH,
MDR, DR, VR. Set back line as per
location (agricultural zone, ribbon
development zone, urban area)
Building lines in Hyderabad
For Plot size: 200-300m
• Stilt : No
• Maximum Height:10m
• Front Setback line for abutting road 12.2 m-30m+ : 3-9m
• Rear set back : 2.5 m
• Other side setback : 1.5 m
…
…
Definitions
Relationship between covered Area & Plot area:
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) = (Covered Area of all Floors/Plot Area)x100
In Master Plan of a city, permissible FAR & Covered Area of Plot are
stated for different zones of the city.
For smaller plots, more relaxed covered areas and setback lines are
provided.
Typical components of Bldg. Bylaws
Open spaces:
Purpose: Light, ventilation, road widening (front)
For residential Plots: (height 10m or less)
Front: 3m-not less than 1.8m
Rear: -do-
Side: 3m (1.5m in some cities)
For >10m & < 25m: 3m+ 1m for every 10m increase of height
For >25 & <30m: 10m minimum
For >30m: 10m+1m for every 5m
Habitable rooms to face open space or else interior open court yard.
Size

• Habitable room: 9.5 sm with min width of 2.4m-if SRDU

• If 2 RDU, 9.5sm with another room of 7.5sm
• Kitchen cum store:5.5 sm with min width 1.8
• Kitchen + store: 4.5sm of kitchen
• Kitchen+dining:9.5sm with min width of 1.1m
• Bath:1.5x1.2m or 1.8 sm
• Bath+WC:2.8sm with min width 1.2m
• Mezzanine floor: if used for living :min 9.5sm
• Total mez floor to be <1/3 of built up area
…
…
Lighting & Ventilation
• 1/10 of area of floor area for dry hot climate
• 1/6 of the floor area for wet hot climate
• Aggregate of door & window area to be not less than 1/7 of room
Introduction to planning
• Unit of planning-human being (thatched houses with low roof
needing bending for entry due to other considerations)
• Space/room configuration-furniture arrangement
• Material: climate(desert houses with thick walls, small openings)
• Door/window placing-circulation
• Climate: we can not have full glass like in cold countries. Examples of
bad design-Vikas minar
• Scenery: even if facing west, window may open on west to capture
breath taking scenery.
Requirement of Building
1. Strength and stability
2. Dimensional stability
3. Resistance to dampness
4. Resistance to fire
5. Heat insulation
6. Sound insulation
7. Protection against termite attack
8. Durability
9. Security against burglary
10. Lighting and ventilation
11. Comforts and convenience
12. Economy.
Principles of planning

1. Orientation
2. Energy efficiency
3. Utilities
4. Other requirements of the building (security, view, environment,
etc).
Factors to be considered in Planning
• Natural ventilation
• Aspect
• Prospect
• Privacy
• Grouping
• Roominess
• Furniture Requirement
• Sanitation
• Flexibility
• Circulation
• Elegance
• Economy
• Practical Consideration
Natural ventilation
It involves supply of outside air into a building through windows or other openings
due to wind pressure outside and convection effects arising from temperature or
vapour pressure difference or both between inside and outside of the building.
Ventilation is driven by a combination of wind pressures, thermal buoyancy and
moisture buoyancy.
Objectives of Ventilation:
• To prevent undue concentration of body odours, fumes, dust bacteria carrying
particles, carbon dioxide, moisture, and industrial products, etc.
• To remove the products of combustion, body heat and heat liberated from
equipment
• To create air movement
• To maintain conditions suitable for the comfort in interior space
Orientation
Orientation is defined as a method of setting or fixing the direction of
the plan of the building in such a way that it derives maximum benefits
from the elements of nature such as sun, wind, and rain.
Good orientation also means proper placement of plan units of
building in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and outlook and at
the same time providing convenient access both to the street and
backyard.
For buildings in northern hemisphere:
(a) Kitchen–eastern aspect.
(b) Dining room–southern aspect to enjoy winter sun.
(c) Drawing and living room–southern or south-eastern aspect to enjoy
winter sun.
(d) Bed rooms–western or south-western aspect to enjoy breeze in
summer.
(e) Reading room, class room, stairs, northern aspect to enjoy diffused
light.
Orientation in India
(a) Place long walls towards north-south and short walls in east-west
directions so as to reduce the area exposed to direct sun rays.
(b) Provide veranda and balcony on east and west.
(c) Provide chejjas on doors and windows on southern side to protect
them from sun’s rays.
Energy efficiency:
Light
• Natural light provides hygienic atmosphere.
• Light should not be glaring but it should be uniformly distributed.
• Providing windows and ventilators of appropriate size at suitable
positions contributes a lot for natural lighting.
• For residential buildings window area to floor area should not be less
than 1/10th while for school buildings it should not be less than 1/5th
of floor area.
• For factory buildings north light trusses should be provided to get
maximum diffused light
Ventilation
• Ventilation is the circulation of the air in the building.
• Natural ventilation can be achieved by selecting and positioning of
doors, windows and ventilators at suitable places.
• Always cross ventilations should be planned suitably.
• Provision of ventilators at roof level helps in driving out hot air.
• In case it is not possible to achieve natural ventilation for any part of
the building provide ordinary or exhaust fans
…
• Within the room, heat and humidity given off by occupants and other
internal sources both tend to make air rise. The stale, heated air escapes
from openings in the ceiling or roof and permits fresh air to enter lower
openings to replace it.
• Stack effect ventilation is an especially effective strategy in winter, when
indoor/outdoor temperature difference is at a maximum. Stack effect
ventilation will not work in summer (wind or humidity drivers would be
preferred) because it requires that the indoors be warmer than outdoors,
an undesirable situation in summer.
• A chimney heated by solar energy can be used to drive the stack effect
without increasing room temperature, and solar chimneys are very widely
used to ventilate composting toilets in parks.
Heat insulation
• Thicker exterior walls provide insulation against heat.
• Proper ventilation also helps in achieving heat insulation.
• Sun shades provided to doors, windows and ventilators help in
reducing heat gain.
• In factories and assembly halls height should be more to reduce
temperature inside the building.
• The position of furnaces in the factories should be located away from
the other parts of the factory.
• The openings should be provided at higher level in the wall to remove
hot air
Aspect
• Means peculiarity of the arrangement of doors and windows in the external
walls of building which allows the occupants to enjoy the natural gifts such
as sunshine, breeze, scenery, etc.
• A room which receives light and air from a particular direction is said to
have aspect of that direction.
• Kitchen : East
• Dining :South
• Drawing & Dining: South/S-E
• Verandahs :SW/W
• Reading rooms, stores, Class rooms, studios, stairs-North
• Bed rooms: West or SW to catch breeze but with sun shading
Prospect
• Is the impressions that house is likely to make on person who looks at
it from outside.
• doors, window placement
• Concealment of ugly features (sanitary pipes)
• Coloring
• Massing
• Light/shade
Privacy
• Requires following considerations:
• Privacy of one room from another (say bed room window not to face
adjacent block window)
• Privacy from street, balcony, terrace of other blocks
Grouping
Grouping involves disposition of various rooms in layout in typical fashion so
that all the rooms are placed in proper correlation of their functions and in
proximity to each other.
Grouping provides efficiency, comfort and health while in other buildings it
may provide economy, serviceability, efficiency, etc.
Below are examples:
• Dining room to be close to kitchen
• Kitchen to be away from drawing room
• Toilet to be close to bed room
• Toilets to be grouped at level & between levels
• Admin block to be in the middle of complex
Roominess (spaciousness)
Refers to the effect produced by deriving maximum benefit from
minimum dimensions of room.
• Conserve floor area by overhead storage
• No protruding wardrobes/shelves
• Avoid redundant furniture
• Modular furniture (say computer table with multitier shelves for PC, printer,
key board, etc.)
• L to be 1.2 to 1.5 times B
• Small room with high roof looks smaller
Furniture
• Dictates room size, configuration and vice versa
• Proper planning & placement of furniture helps in optimum utilization
of space
• Furniture sizes to be selected as per space availability
• Use overhead space above shelves for storage of less often required
items (say suitcases, old books, old files, unused utensils, etc.)
Sanitation
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human
contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of
sewage wastewater
Natural light to be used to maximum extent to save power
• Skylight
• Court yard
• Ventilation shaft
• Involves provision of ample light and ventilation facilities
• Toilets should have a ventilator
• Rooms to be provided with ventilators to release hot air trapped near ceiling.
• Cross ventilation of bed rooms
• Leakages from sanitary pipes avoided.
Flexibility
Involves planning a room/hall which may be designed for specific
purpose but doubles to meet another requirement.
• Hall to double as pooja assembly
• Studio apartment
• Drawing dining with a curtain or sliding/folding partition
• Remove wall between kitchen and dining
• Use of framed structure facilitates easy alteration when necessary
• The planning may be such that if additional floor or components
could be easily added (incremental house).
Circulation
Internal thoroughfares or movement space provided on the same floor
either between rooms or within room called ‘horizontal circulation’ and
between different floors called ‘vertical circulation’
• Passages, corridors, lobbies fall under first category while lifts,
escalators, stairs and ramps fall under second category.
• Circulation areas should be minimum as it is unproductive space
• Corridors, staircases, ramps to have good lighting and maintain safety
parameters
Elegance
• Involves planning color scheme, elevation with proper massing
• Architectural philosophy
• Form follows function: Corbusier
• House is a machine to live in
• Unnecessary structural elements in the name of good elevation to be
avoided
• Corbusier, Larry baker experimented with low cost but elegant
designs
Economy
• Reduce wasteful circulation areas
• Choice of materials
• Locally available
• Methods of construction
• Prefab for large-scale construction
• Lifetime cost to be considered
Practical considerations
• Balance between cost and durability and ease of maintenance
• Tiles/stone cladding need less maintenance and no periodic coloring though
costs more
• Concrete roof durable than a/c, tile, thatch or tin roof
• External plastering can be avoided if good brick is available
• External plastering not needed for 1st grade concrete surfaces
• Building is not for ever or for short time also. Practical life to be
considered while selecting materials.
Common errors in planning
Drawing related
• Not marking North point
• Not mentioning Scale
• Not showing setback lines
• Not labelling areas
Planning related
• Wrong placement of doors, windows
• Excessive circulation areas
• Thicker walls than necessary
• Not providing built-in storage
• Not sinking toilet floor/roof
• Not grouping toilets
• Not sinking toilet floor by 2cm
• Attempting to use space below landing of staircase
Assessment of plans
• Minimum circulation area
• Cross ventilation
• Orientation
• Choice of materials & construction
• Wall thickness
• Storage areas
• Furniture placement
Ventilation
Ventilation
May be defined as process of removing or supplying air by natural or
mechanical means to and from an air source or any space.
Needed (air change) for:
• Temperature maintenance
• Remove products of respiration & bacteria
• Remove odors
• Remove products of combustion, heat by bodies, electrical appliances, PCs
• Avoiding fatigue/discomfort
• For healthy living conditions
• To remove concentration of inflammable, toxic substances (factories)
Functional requirement of ventilation
• Rate of supply of fresh air
• Air movement or air changes
• Temperature of air
• Humidity
• Purity of air
Rate of supply of fresh air
• Quantity of air change needed depends on usage, no. of occupants,
type of work, age of occupants, etc.
• Assembly halls, canteens, shops: 23 cum./hr
• Factory work rooms: 23cum/hr
• Factory toilets: 2air changes/hr
• Living rooms: 3 air changes/hr
• Office:.
• 5.5 cu,m/p: 28cu.m/hr
• 8.5 cu.m/p:20 cu.m/hr
• 11.0 cu.m/p:17cu.m/hr
What is it?

The wind-induced pressure distribution is complex but

generally positive on the windward side and negative on
the roof and leeward side.
Urban context

Wind generates complex pressure distributions on buildings,

particularly in urban environments.
This assists ventilation, provided that openings are well
distributed and flow paths within the building are available.
Types of natural ventilation
• Wind induced
• Stack effect
Air movement (air changes)
• 1 to 60 changes normal
• High rate causes discomfort due to velocity of air
• 5 – 6 considered ok
• In naturally ventilated rooms, cross ventilation provided
• Pockets of non circulation to be avoided
Air temperature
• Incoming air to be cool in summer & warm in winter
• Winter-20 deg & summer 22 deg
• Comfort temperature varies person to person
• Persons engaged in Physical labor need lower temperature
Humidity
• Relative Humidity ranges 30 to 70 percent at 21deg C
• When work is done at higher temp, low humidity and greater air
movement needed
• Hot humid weather most uncomfortable
Systems of ventilation
• Natural/aeration
• Mechanical/artificial
Natural ventilation
• Outside air is supplied into building through windows, doors,
ventilators or other openings through:
• Wind outside
• Convection effects
• Vapor pressure difference
• Suitable when precise air changes are not needed
• Latest concepts in green building designs adopt natural ventilation
even for large offices
• Adopted in houses, flats, small offices, etc.
• 1/10th to 1/20th of floor area needed for openings
Wind effect
• +ve pressure on windward direction
• -ve pressure on leeward direction
• Q=KAV
• Q=RATE OF AIR FLOW IN M^3/HR
• K=COEFFICIENT OF EFFECTIVENESS AS PER DIRECTION OF WIND
USUALLY 0.6 FOR PERPENDICULAR, 0.3 FOR 45 DEG
• A=FREE AREA OF INLET OPENING IN M^2
• V=WIND SPEED IN M/HR
Stack effect
• Ventilation rate affected by:
• Convection effects due to temperature/vapor pressure between inside &
outside room
• Difference in height between inlet & outlet of openings
• Q=640*Ce*A(ROOT*h(t1~t2))
• Q=RATE OF AIR FLOW IN M^3/H
• Ce=COEFFICIENT OF EFFECTIVENESS (0.65 TO 0.5)0.65 GENERALLY; 0.5 FOR
UNFAVORABLE CONDTIONS
• A=FREE AREA OF INLET OPENINGS IN M^2
• h=VERTICAL HT DIFERENCE BETWEEN OPENINGS
• t1=AV TEMP OF INDOOR AIR AT HT H IN C
• t2=AV TEMP OF OUTDOOR AIR IN C
Other principles of natural ventilation
• Combined effect of natural +stack ventilation:
• Calculate both, consider stack as % of natural ventilation
• Stack effect-negligible
• For unequal inlet-outlet: adjustment factor ranging between 0 to 38
as per table
• Inlets to be on windward direction
• To be of equal size
• If velocity is variable, variable openings to be provided
• Inward openings to be free of obstructions
• Contd…..
Other principles of natural ventilation
• Increased ht offers better ventilation
• Long narrow rooms to be provided with openings in shorter side
• Ventilators to be provided
• For cross ventilation, openings to be opposite
• For kitchen additional air to be provided for burning as well as
occupants
Key strategies for natural ventilation
• Wind speed and direction is very variable.
• Openings must be controllable to cover the wide range of required
ventilation rates and the wide range of wind speeds.
• The more the opening area is distributed, the more likely it is that
there will be a pressure difference between openings to drive the
flow – i.e. many small openings are better than one large opening
• The internal flow path inside the building must be considered.
Contd…
Single-sided ventilation
This relies on two properties of the wind pressure distribution over a
single room façade:
• firstly the spatial distribution of pressure (see fig). This will cause air
to flow between two openings at different pressure, even if they are
both at a positive pressure.
• Secondly, fluctuations in wind speed due to turbulence, will create a
pumping action, where small inflows will be followed by outflows, via
even a single opening.
…
• For a given total area, ventilation is improved when openings are well
distributed horizontally and vertically.
• This is because the openings are more likely to be at different
pressure. It also leads to better distribution within the room
…
• Wind induced supply and/or extract by stack: This is regarded as an
advanced technique and generally suits large deep-plan buildings (see
case studies).
• It is almost always used in conjunction with thermally induced stack
effect. Two subtypes can be identified.
• Firstly, centre in edge out, where the air intake is usually via an atrium and
the outlet is by stacks or windows on the perimeter.
• Secondly, edge in centre out, is where the stack (or often an atrium) is used
as extract, drawing air in from openings in the perimeter.
..
…
…
…
Cross ventilation
• This is the classic case where a single banked room has openings on the
windward and leeward side.
• With deep open plan layouts, the main limitation will be providing
sufficient fresh air via the windward openings, to meet the demands of the
whole floor (or rather its occupants), without causing disturbance to the
occupants sitting close to the window.
• Related to this, is the fact that the air quality will diminish as it picks up
pollutants (or heat) as it crosses the floor.
• It is unlikely that cross-ventilation of this type is applicable to floor plans
greater than 5 times the floor ceiling height. A variant on this is where the
windward or leeward side of the room may be partitioned to form a
corridor. Clearly there must be openings in this partition, equal to the
window openings
…
Simple norms
Step 1: decide the type of opening as per height to depth ratio
• single sided: single opening 1.5 H
• single sided, multiple opening: 2.5 H
• cross ventilation: 5 H
Step 2: Calculate the area of openings as per floor area
Heat gains Total area opening % floor area
low (< 15 W/m2) 10
med (15 – 30 W/m2) 20
high (> 30W/m2) 25
Mechanical ventilation
• Outside air supplied through +ve ventilation or by reduction of
pressure through exhaust system
• For +ve ventilation, centrifugal fans, for exhaust wall mounted
propeller fans
• Capable of meeting requirement of air quantity, quality, humidity,
temperature, etc.
• Methods:
• Exhaust systems
• Plenum systems
• Combination
• Air-conditioning
Exhaust systems
• Partial vacuum created in room through a fan.
• Fresh air enters to fill the vacuum
• Kitchen chimney/hob fall under above
• Duct system too may be adopted
• Suitable for removal of smoke
• But no control on the quality, temperature of incoming air
Plenum Systems
• Air supplied through fans; but no control on removal
• Incoming air can be controlled:
• By water spray
• Filters
• Ozone
• Inlets may be at the top or bottom
• May also be used in combination with exhaust system called
‘balanced system’
Combination of exhaust and supply systems
or balanced systems
• Makes use of fans for supply & exhaust fans to extract air
• Enables full control
• Extract only 75% so that +ve pressure is maintained-when the doors
are opened, hot air may not enter
Air conditioning
Is the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its
temperature, humidity, purity, and distribution to meet the
requirement of the conditioned space such as comfort and health of
human beings, needs of industrial processes, efficient working of
commercial premises, etc.
purpose
• In residential buildings health, comfort, convenience
• In industries, to preserve quality industrial product, process,
preservation of food
• In offices, theatres, restaurants, to improve comfort, ambience,
commercial viability, efficiency, etc.
• Types:
• Summer: cooling
• Winter: heating
• Composite: whole year
Principles of air conditioning
• Involves control of:
• Temperature range
• Humidity
• Air velocity
• Temperature: summer 20-23c, winter 18-22c
• Air velocity: Higher velocity decreases temp; 6-9m/sec is desirable
• Moisture to be added in winter and removed in summer
• Comfort zone: for 25c-60% humidity, 30c-35% humidity
• Lobbies: to be kept at intermediate temperature (between outside &
inside)
• 8 deg. C difference between inside & outside economical
Air Conditioning Systems
• Filters to clean the air
• Heating in winter & cooling in summer
• Humidification-in winter
• Dehumidification –in summer
• Air circulation or distribution
Filters/cleaners
• Purpose: removal of atmospheric dust
• Atmospheric dust: particles of sand, ash, bacteria, chemicals, soot
and other micro organisms
• Filter properties:
• Least resistance
• Capacity to hold impurities without reducing efficiency
• Easy to clean
• Themselves not to emanate pollution
Types of filters
• Viscous filters: automatic, unit type
• Dry filters
• Spray filters
• Electric precipitators
Heating
Incoming air may be heated by:
• Furnaces
• Coils inside which heated steam/gases passes
Cooling
• Surface cooling (refrigeration system)
• Spray cooling
• Evaporative cooling
Humidification
In winter, outside air, due to low temperature has low humidity. For
comfort level, moisture is added through a process called
humidification through:
• Passing air through pans of water or wet cloth
• Injecting direct spray of water
Dehumidification
In summer, extra moisture is removed through Dehumidification
through:
• Condensation
• Desiccation trough adsorption or absorption:
• Adsorption: Through Adsorptants like silica jells, activated alumina. Moisture
not absorbed by these but to be removed through drying
• Absorption: Solution such as ammonia, calcium or other salts absorb excess
moisture from air. Such salts mixed with water at fixed concentration and
sprayed over glass wool or other material
Adsorption vs absorption
Air circulation / distribution
Consists of: air pumps, air delivery systems, air distribution systems.
Requirement based on:
• No. of occupants
• Smokers/non smokers
• Uniform distribution
• Continuous monitoring needed
• Requirement of air as per standards and type of use
Air pumps & systems
• Dampers for controlling incoming air
• Air conditioner & fan
• Supply duct
• Grille outlet
• Inlet for return air
• Exhaust air:
• Propeller type
• Centrifugal type
Air delivery system
• Supply ducts
• Return ducts
• Dampers
• Duct insulation
Air distribution system
• Uniform distribution of air to all floors/parts of building
• Optimum location of inlet and outlets
• Wall outlets above 2m and above 45 cm from floor
• Periodic monitoring of temperature
Thermal insulation of buildings
• The main objective of ‘thermal insulation’ is to conserve a constant
heat or temperature inside a building, irrespective of temperature
changes outside. Advantages are:
• Comfortable living conditions
• Demand for heating/cooling reduced
• Condensation reduced
• Water freezing in pipes reduced
Methods of thermal insulation
• Adequate thermal insulation value for roof, walls, floor
• Minimum temperature differential between outside & inside building
• Lesser exposed area of the external surfaces of building
• Minimum door/window openings
• No cracks, openings in the building
Coefficient of transmission
H=A*µ*t
H=heat transmitted through material
A=area of surface
µ= coefficient of transmission
T= temperature difference
Thermal conductivity ‘k’
Defined as the amount of heat transferred in one hour when the
temperature difference between the surfaces is maintained at 1 deg C.
It is expressed as:
Kcal m./m^2 h. deg.C and is denoted by ‘k’
Thermal resistivity of a material is the reciprocal of its thermal
conductivity and is equal to 1/k
Thermal Resistivity is reciprocal of the above and is equal to 1/k
Principles of Thermal Insulation
• Low conductivity materials
• Adequate thickness (tropical/desert houses with thick mud stone walls
adopted traditionally)
• Airspace in walls, ceiling (cavity walls, hollow/cellular concrete, false
ceiling)
• Orientation
• Shading devises to achieve shade temperature
Heat insulating materials
• Slab or block insulators (cork boards, cellular glass, rubber blocks)
• Blanket insulations (flexible fibrous materials from mineral wool,
wood fiber, cotton, animal hair, etc.)
• Loose fills (glass wool, rock wool, slag wool, wood fiber, wool, etc.)
• Bats insulating material (similar to blanket but thicker and smaller)
• Light weight materials (mixing concrete with blast furnace slag, burnt
clay aggregate, porous aggregate, etc.)
• Reflective materials
Methods of Heat insulation in buildings
• Roofs:
• Whitewashing/commercial grade reflective paints
• Insulating materials like thermo Cole below waterproof layer
• False ceiling
• Water spray
• Shading devises to maintain roof at ‘shade temperature’
• Walls:
• Thick walls
• Cavity walls
• Hollow blocks
• Insulating materials
• Openings:
• Minimize
• Protect with lovers, curtains, etc.
• Shading devises like verandahs, corridors, shades
Assignment 1
• Draw FREE HAND lines as below
Assignment 2
1. A plot having dimensions 15mx25m is abutting a road of 10 m
width with its shorter side facing road in a planned Hyderabad
urban area. Develop the building envelop and height/floor
configuration.
2. For the same plot, develop the details if located in old congested
city.
Assignment 3

• Demonstrate mistakes in door placement

• Staggered doors
• Side doors
• Middle doors for long rooms
• Demonstrate various circulation diagrams
• Bed rooms with corridor, around dining
• Furniture
• Projecting wardrobes, built in wardrobes
• Usage of upper areas
Assignment 4
A plot of commercial land has an area of 2500 sqm. Coverage
permitted is 50%. FAR specified the zone is 2.5. What is the total
permitted floor area?
Assignment 5
• Plan a 2 BR house accommodating given areas.
Thermal Conductivity (another form)
Thermal conductivity is defined as the quantity of heat (Q) transmitted
through a unit thickness (L) in a direction normal to a surface of unit
area (A) due to a unit temperature gradient (ΔT)under steady state
conditions and when the heat transfer is dependent only on the
temperature gradient. In equation form this becomes the following:
Thermal Conductivity = heat × distance / (area × temperature gradient)

λ = Q × L / (A × ΔT)
Thermal Resistance
Thermal Resistance of a material structure having parallel surfaces is
equal to it’s thickness (L) divided by thermal conductivity (k)
R=L/k=Thickness/Thermal conductivity
Expressed as m^2h.deg.C/k.cal
Surface Coefficient
It is the amount of heat transmitted by conduction, convection and
radiation from the unit area of the surface for unit temperature
difference between the surface and the surrounding medium, usually
air. It is expressed as:
k.cal/m^2h.deg.C and is denoted by ‘f’
Surface resistance is reciprocal of above and is denoted by 1/f
Total Thermal resistance is the sum of surface resistance and thermal
resistance