University of Narowal

Assignment # 01

Course : Introduction To Biology

Topic : Simple Carbohydrte

Submitted By …

Muhammad_Abdul_Majid
( 0020-BS-PHY-2018 )

Submitted To …

Mam . Kiran Shehzadi

Department Of Physics
. Semester 4th
 Simple Carbohydrates :
 a carbohydrate, as glucose that consists of a single monosaccharide unit.
 Simple carbohydrates contain just one or two sugars, such as fructose and
galactose . These single sugars are called monosaccharides.

1. Monosaccharides.
A monosaccharide is the most basic form of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides can
by combined through glycosidic bonds to form larger carbohydrates, known
as oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. An oligosaccharide with only two
monosaccharides is known as a disaccharide.

Monosaccharide Structure :

All monosaccharides have the same general formula of (CH2O)n, which

designates a central carbon molecule bonded to two hydrogens and one oxygen.
The oxygen will also bond to a hydrogen, creating a hydroxyl group. Because
carbon can form 4 bonds, several of these carbon molecules can bond together.
One of the carbons in the chain will form a double bond with an oxygen, which is
called a carbonyl group. If this carbonyl occurs at the end of the chain, the
monosaccharide is in the aldose family. If the carboxyl group is in the middle of
the chain, the monosaccharide is in the ketose family.
Function of Monosaccharide:
Monosaccharides have many functions within cells. First and foremost,
monosaccharides are used to produce and store energy. Most organisms create
energy by breaking down the monosaccharide glucose, and harvesting the energy
released from the bonds. Other monosaccharides are used to form long fibers,
which can be used as a form of cellular structure

Examples of Monosaccharide :

 Glucose is an important monosaccharide in that it provides both energy and

structure to many organism.

 Galactose is a monosaccharide produced in many organisms, especially

mammals. Mammals use galactose in milk, to give energy to their
offspring.

 Fructose Although almost identical to glucose, fructose is a slightly

different molecule. The formula ((CH2O)6) is the same, but the structure is
much different.

Disaccharide
 A disaccharide, also called a double sugar, is a molecule formed by
two monosaccharides, or simple sugars.

 Three common disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. They

have 12 carbon atoms, and their chemical formula is C12H22O11.
Other, less common disaccharides include lactulose, trehalose, and
cellobiose.
  Disaccharides are formed through dehydration reactions in which a
total of one water molecule is removed from the two
monosaccharides.

Formation of Disaccharides :
When disaccharides are formed from monosaccharides, an -OH (hydroxyl) group
is removed from one molecule and an H (hydrogen) is removed from the other.
Glycosidic bonds are formed to join the molecules; these are covalent
bonds between a carbohydrate molecule and another group (which does not
necessarily need to be another carbohydrate). The H and -OH that were removed
from the two monosaccharides join together to form a water molecule, H2O. For
this reason, the process of forming a disaccharide from two monosaccharides is
called a dehydration reaction or condensation reaction.

Functions of Disaccharides :
Disaccharides are carbohydrates found in many foods and are often added as
sweeteners. Sucrose, for example, is table sugar, and it is the most common
disaccharide that humans eat. It is also found in other foods like beetroot. When
disaccharides like sucrose are digested, they are broken down into their simple
sugars and used for energy. Lactose is found in breast milk and provides nutrition
for infants. Maltose is a sweetener that is often found in chocolates and other
candies.

Examples of Disaccharides :

 Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar in its refined form, is a

disaccharide found in many plants. It is made up of the monosaccharides
glucose and fructose. In the form of sugar, sucrose is a very important
component of the human diet as a sweetener.
 Maltose, also known as malt sugar, is formed from two glucose molecules.
Malt is formed when grains soften and grow in water, and it is a component
of beer, starchy foods like cereal, pasta, and potatoes, and many sweetened
processed foods.

 Lactose, or milk sugar, is made up of galactose and glucose. The milk of

mammals is high in lactose and provides nutrients for infants. Most
mammals can only digest lactose as infants, and lose this ability as they
mature.

 Trehalose is also made up of two glucose molecules like maltose, but the
molecules are linked differently. It is found in certain plants, fungi, and
animals like shrimp and insects.

 Like maltose and trehalose, cellobiose is also made up of two glucose

molecules, but they are linked in yet another different way. It is found made
cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, is hydrolyzed.

. . THE END