L is t o f T a b l e s

Table J. 1. Determinants o f electoral abstention and related theories ........................................................... 27

Table 1.2. Decision table fo r a simple rational choice model o f turnout ..................................................... 34
Table 2.1. Research strategies in the field o f electoral abs*ention................................................................. 56
Table 2.2. Research questions and research techniques.................................................................................. 71
Table 2.3. Survey data characteristics................................................................................................................ 74
Table 2.4. Indicators of individual resources available fo r each country .................................................... 75
Table 2.5. Operationalisation o f education ............................................................................ 79
Table 2.6. Indicators o f social integration available fo r each country ......................................................... 80
Table 2.7. Indicators o f interest in politics available fo r each country ......................................................... 81
Table 2.8, Indicators o f politicisation available for each country ................................................................ 82
Table 2.9. Variable coding: individual incentives............................................................................................ 83
Table 2.10. System level variables, dimensions and indicators...................................................................... 84
Table 2.11. Variable coding: institutional incentives...................................................................................... 85
Table 2.12. Variable coding: party system embeddedness.............................................................................. 87
Table 2.13. Variable coding: decisiveness o f the election .............................................................................. 89
Table 2.14. Reported and real abstention ......................................................................................................... 90
Table 3.1. Non-voting by age categories.................................................................................................... 97
Table 3.2. Non-voting among new and experienced electors .................................................................. 99
Table 3.3. Non-voting by levels o f education .......................................................................................... ¡01
Table 3.4. Non-voting by income quartiles ...............................................................................................¡03
Table 3.5. Logistic regression analysis o f resources..................................................................................... ¡05
Table 3.6. Non-voting by church attendance ........................................................................................... ¡09
Table 3.7. Non-voting by marital status ................................................................................................... ¡H
Table 3.8. Logistic regression analysis o f social integration....................................................................... ¡¡2
Table 3.9. Non-voting by interest in politics .................................................................................................. ¡¡5
Table 3. J0. Non-voting by politicisation ................................................................................ ......................... ¡¡8
Table 3.11. Logistic regression analysis o f political involvement............................................................... ¡¡9
Table 3,12. Logistic regression analysis o f resources, integration and political involvement as
determinants o f abstention (pooled sample)...........................................................................................122
Table 3.13. Logistic regression analysis o f resources, integration and political involvement as
determinants o f abstention (country analyses)....................................................................................... ¡22
Table 3.14. Logistic regression o f the index o f individual incentives on abstention................................. ¡24
Table 3.15. The effect o f individual incentives by country............................................................................ ¡26
Table 4.1. Average abstention by country 1945-1994................................................................................... ¡54
Table 4.2. Analysis o f variance.......................................................................................................................... ¡56
Table 4.3. Abstention means by decade and by country ................................................................................¡58
Table 4.4. Direct legal incentives ..................................................................................................................... ¡41
Table 4.5. Percentage o f non-voters with and without compulsory voting ................................................ ¡42
Table 4.6. Percentage o f non-voters by voting facilities ............................................................................... ¡45
Table 4.7. Percentage of non-voters by electoral threshold......................................................................... ¡46
Table 4.8. Percentage o f non-voters by expression of preferences ............................................................. ¡47
Table 4.9. Regression analysis o f the institutional determinants o f abstention ......................................... ¡48
Table 4.10. The religious cleavage in Western Europe ................................................................................ ¡51
Table 4.11. Percentage o f non-voting by religious segmentation ................................................................ ¡52
Table 4.12. Ethno-linguistic fragmentation by country ................................................................................. ¡55
Table 4.13. Percentage o f non-voting by ethno-linguistic fragmentation ................................................... ¡54
Table 4.14. Regression analysis o f cultural differentiation on abstention .................................................. ¡55