GRADUATE SCHOOL

RESEARCH LEARNING Outline 2

Dr. Ronnell D. Dela Rosa (047-237-6658)
drronnelldelarosa@gmail.com

1. RESEARCH DESIGN – is a plan, structure, strategy of investigation so conceived as to obtain to answers in

research questions or problem. The plan is the complete scheme or program of the research.
2. How to choose a research design?
2.1 nature of the research problem
2.2 amount of resources available to do the research
2.3 amount of time available to do research
2.4 possible danger to health or safety of people
2.5 field where little research has been done previously
2.6 availability of valid, reliable, sensitive, meaningful measurements, degree of refinement of the measurement
of variables
2.7 extent to which we can enlist the cooperation of our study – easier to obtain cooperation
2.8 degree to which we (the researchers) hope to explain causality
3. Types of designs
3.1 According to time element – historical, descriptive, experimental
3.2 According to level of investigations – descriptive, experimental, exploratory
3.3 According to motives – pure or basic and applied or practical
3.4 According to duration – retrospective, prospective, longitudinal and cross-sectional
3.5 According to types of data – quantitative and qualitative / triangulation

4. Quantitative Research
4.1 Non-Experimental
4.1.1 DESCRIPTIVE studies (survey, analysis studies, causal comparative)
4.1.2 RELATIONSHIP studies
4.1.3 PREDICTIVE studies

4.2 Experimental (Pre-experimental, Quasi-experimental and True Experimental)

4.2.1 one group design – weakest
4.2.2 one group –before-after design
4.2.3 two group design
4.2.4 two group before and after design

Experimental design – exercises a great degree of control over the study situation such as the causal
relationship between or among study variables can be inferred with a certain level of confidence. This degree
of control can be achieved by randomization and or manipulation of variables

Randomization / random allocation / random assignment – ensure that each study participant has an equal
chance of being randomized/allocated assigned to their experimental or control group

Manipulation – independent variables are controlled by the researcher (intervention)

Study design With randomization? With manipulation?

True experimental YES YES
Quasi experimental NO YES
OBSERVATIONAL NO NO

Types of Experimental Designs:

Name of Design Pre-intervention Within or Between Features

Posttest only (One-shot
case-Study)
Pretest – posttest (also
one group pretest –post
test design)
Solomon-Four Group
(Baseline Data) Groups
NO Between One data collection point
after the intervention; not
appropriate for measure
change
YES Between Data collection both
before and after the
intervention; appropriate
for measuring change;
can determine differences
between groups
(experimental) and
change within group
(quasi experimental)
For some subjects Between Data collection before
and after the intervention
for one experimental and
one control group, but
 after only for a second
experimental and control
group, assess the pre-
test effects
Factorial Optional Between Experimental
manipulation of more
than one independent
variable; permits a test of
main effects for each
manipulated variable and
interaction effects for
combination of
manipulated variables
Randomized Block Optional Between Random assignment to
groups within different
levels of a blocking
variable that is not under
experimental control e.g.
sex
Cross-over / repeated Optional Within Subjects are exposed to
measures all treatments but are
randomly assigned to
different ordering of
treatment; subjects serve
as their own controls
Ex post Facto Optional Between After the Fact

5. Qualitative Research

 Narrative Studies – lives of individuals + retold + restoried chronologically

 Phenomenology – essence of human experiences + symbols with prolonged engagement

 Case Studies – in-depth approach + multiple resources

 Ethnographic – cultural group / natural settings over a prolonged period of time

 Historical Studies - timeline

 Grounded Theory – general abstract theory of a process or interaction (constant comparison)

 Content Analysis - summarizing any form of content by counting various aspects of the content

 Delphi Methodology – relies on panel of experts (face to face meetings)

 Q-Sort Methodology – subjectivity + factor analysis (opinion typology

 Discourse Analysis - discourse can be studied as something separate from the individual authors or speakers.

6. Triangulation

 Sequential – elaborate or expand the findings of one method with another method (explore)

 Concurrent – converges or merges qualitative and quantitative data = comprehensive analysis

 Transformative – use of theoretical lens of both approach