Lideta catholic Cathedral School Grade 10 Mathematics

UNIT 6 PART-2
GEOMETRY
TRIANGLES, QUADRILATERALS AND CIRCLES
INCIDENCE THEOREM
- Theorems about COLLINEAR POINTS and CONCURRENT
LINES are called incidence theorem
- COLLINEAR POINTS are points that lie on the same line.

Q R
P

- CONCURRENT LINES are lines that pass through a point.

A MEDIAN OF A TRIANGLE
- The line joining any vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite
side is called a MEDIAN of the triangle.
2
- The three medians of a triangle are concurrent in a point which is located
3
of the way from the vertex to the opposite side.
or
- The point of intersection of medians of a triangle divides a median in the
ratio 2 : 1 (from the vertex to the opposite side)
- The point of intersection ‘o’ of the medians is called the CENTROID of the
triangle.
A
2
AO = AP
3

R Q 2
BO = BQ
3
O 2
CO = CR
3
B C
P
Page 1 of 9
Lideta catholic Cathedral School Grade 10 Mathematics

Q.1) In the figure below, O is the centroid of the triangle. If AP = 6 cm,

what is the length of a) AO ? A
b) OP ?

O
B C
P

Q.2) In the figure given above, if OP = 6, find the length of the median AP.

THE PERPENDICULAR BISECTORS OF SIDES OF A TRIANGLE

- The PERPENDICULAR BISECTORS OF SIDES OF A TRIANGLE are concurrent in

a point ‘o’ which is equidistant from the VERTICES of the triangle.
- The point of intersection ‘o’ of the perpendicular bisectors of sides of a
triangle is called the CIRCUMCENTER of the triangle.
(i.e. the center of the circumscribed circle about the triangle. We can draw
a circle with center o and radii OA, OB and OC)
A

OA = OB = OC

B C
A

B C

Page 2 of 9
Lideta catholic Cathedral School Grade 10 Mathematics

THE ANGLE BISECTORS OF A TRIANGLE

- The ANGLE BISECTORS OF A TRIANGLE are concurrent in a point ‘o’ which is

equidistant from the SIDES of the triangle.
- The point of intersection ‘o’ of the bisectors of angles of a triangle is called
the INCENTER of the triangle.
(i.e. the center of the inscribed circle in the triangle. We can draw a circle
with center o and radii of lengths from the center to the side)
A A

o
o
B C
B C

THE ALTITUDES OF A TRIANGLE

- The ALTITUDE of a triangle is a line segment drawn from a vertex and

perpendicular to the opposite side or the opposite side produced.
- The altitudes of any triangle are concurrent.
- The point of intersection ‘o’ of the altitudes of a triangle is called the
ORTHOCENTER of the triangle.

Q.3) Draw

i. The perpendicular bisectors of sides of a right angled triangle.

ii. The perpendicular bisectors of sides of an obtuse triangle.
iii. The altitudes of a right angled triangle.
iv. The altitudes of an obtuse triangle
(Produce the altitudes)

Page 3 of 9
Lideta catholic Cathedral School Grade 10 Mathematics

v. The medians, perpendicular bisectors of sides, angle bisectors and altitudes

of an equilateral triangle.
are concurrent
i. The perpendicular bisectors of sides at the midpoint of the
of a right angled triangle hypotenuse
ii. The perpendicular bisectors of sides outside the triangle
of an obtuse triangle
iii. The altitudes of a right angled at the point of intersection of
triangle the two legs
iv. The altitudes of an obtuse triangle outside the triangle

v. The medians, perpendicular bisectors of sides, angle bisectors and altitudes

of an equilateral triangle are the same.
- The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle divides the triangle
in to two right angles that are similar to the given triangle and similar to
each other. C

∆𝐴𝐶𝐵~∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 (by AA ~) n
m
h
∆𝐴𝐶𝐵~∆𝐶𝐷𝐵 (by AA ~)
x y
∆𝐴𝐷𝐶~∆𝐶𝐷𝐵 ( by transitivity) A D B

𝑚2 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑛2 = 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)

ℎ2 = 𝑥𝑦

Q.4) In the figure below, AD = 3 cm and DB = 9 cm. C

Find the lengths of CD, AC and CB.

A D B

Q.5) In the figure given above, AC = 8 cm and DB = 12 cm. Find the length of AD
Page 4 of 9
Lideta catholic Cathedral School Grade 10 Mathematics

- The altitude to the base of an isosceles triangle bisects the base and also
bisect the vertex angle A
If AD is the altitude to BC
and AB = AC, then
BD = DC
and
𝑚(∠𝐵𝐴𝐷) = 𝑚(∠𝐶𝐴𝐷)
B D C

MENELAUS’ THEOREM
- Given ∆ ABC, P, Q and R are points on sides BA, AC and BC (extension)
𝐵𝑃 𝐴𝑄 𝑅𝐶
× × = 1 If and only if P, Q and R are collinear (on the same
𝑃𝐴 𝑄𝐶 𝑅𝐵

line). A

B C R

Q.6) Given ∆ ABC, P, Q and R are points on sides BA, AC and BC (extension)
If P, Q and R are collinear, BP = 4 cm, PA = 2 cm, AQ = 5 cm, QC = 3 cm,
and BC =7 cm. Find the length of RC. A
-

B C R

Page 5 of 9
Lideta catholic Cathedral School Grade 10 Mathematics

QUADRILATERALS (four sided polygons)

- Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite sides parallel.

PARALLELOGRAMS (abbreviation: //gram)

- A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.

A B

D C
In a //gram -
- Both pairs of opposite sides are equal.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶 and 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶
- Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.
∠𝐴 = ∠𝐶 and ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐷
- Consecutive angles are supplementary.
𝑚(∠𝐴) + 𝑚(∠𝐵) = 180𝑜 and 𝑚(∠𝐵) + 𝑚(∠𝐶) = 180𝑜
𝑚(∠𝐶) + 𝑚(∠𝐷) = 180𝑜 and 𝑚(∠𝐴) + 𝑚(∠𝐷) = 180𝑜

- The diagonals bisect each other.

A
B
𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐶 and P
𝐷𝑃 = 𝑃𝐵
D C

Page 6 of 9
Lideta catholic Cathedral School Grade 10 Mathematics

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Each angle is right All sides are equal

angle
The diagonals are
The diagonals are perpendicular
equal
Each angle is
bisected by its
diagonal

𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒

- All sides are equal

- Each angle is right

- The diagonal are equal and

perpendicular
- The angle which a diagonal 45𝑜
makes with a side is 45𝑜 45𝑜

Q.5) ABCD is a rhombus and 𝑚(∠𝐴𝐵𝐷) = 55𝑜 . Find 𝑚(∠𝐷𝐴𝐶)

Q.6) ABCD is a rhombus. If the length of diagonals are AC = 8 cm and BD = 6 cm.

Find the length of a side of the rhombus.

Page 7 of 9
Lideta catholic Cathedral School Grade 10 Mathematics

EXERCISE

1. In the figure below, AC = 8 cm and AD = 4 cm.

Find the lengths of CD, DB and CB.
C

A D B

2. In the figure below, AC = 4 cm and DB = 6 cm.

A
Find the lengths of AD, CD and CB.
D

3. In the figure below, E is the centroid of ∆ ABC and BECF is a //gram.

If DF = 3 cm, then find the length of the median of ∆ ABC.
A

E
C
D
B

F
4. Find the length of the altitude of an equilateral triangle with the length
of side 6 cm

Page 8 of 9
Lideta catholic Cathedral School Grade 10 Mathematics

5. A //gram which has two equal adjacent sides is necessarily_____

A. Square B. Rectangle C. Rhombus

6. If the diagonals of a //gram are equal and perpendicular,

then the //gram is necessarily____
A. Square B. Rectangle C. Rhombus

7. If the diagonals of a //gram are equal, then the //gram is necessarily____

A. Square B. Rectangle C. Rhombus

8. The diagonals of a rectangle ABCD cut at K. If 𝑚(∠𝐴𝐾𝐷) = 110𝑜 ,

find a) 𝑚(∠𝐴𝐶𝐵) b) 𝑚(∠𝐴𝐶𝐷)

9. ABCD is a square and ABK is an equilateral triangle outside the square.

Find 𝑚(∠𝐷𝐾𝐶).
10.

The mid points of are the vertices of

i. Quadrilateral Parallelogram
ii. Parallelogram parallelogram
iii. Rectangle ?
iv. Rhombus ?
v. Square ?

Page 9 of 9