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1 International Journal of Computational Methods

2 Vol. 14, No. 2 (2016) 1750042 (17 pages)
5
3
c World Scientific Publishing Company
4 DOI: 10.1142/S0219876217500426

6 Structural Modeling and Active Vibration Control

7 of Smart FGM Plate through ANSYS

8 Kouider Bendine∗,‡ , Benallel Farouk Boukhoulda∗ , Mohammed Nouari†

9 and Zouaoui Satla∗
10 ∗Mechanics of Structures and Solids Laboratory

11 Department of Mechanics, Faculty of Technology

12 DjillaliLiabès University of SidiBel-Abbès, BP 89, Cité Ben
13 M’hidi, Sidi Bel-Abbès, 22000, Algeria
14 †University of Lorraine, Laboratoire

15 dEnergtique et de Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée

16 LEMTA CNRS-UMR 7563, Mines Nancy, Mines
17 Albi, GIP-InSIC, 27 rue d’Hellieule
18 88100 Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France
19 ‡kouider84@live.com

20 Received 4 September 2015

21 Revised 17 August 2016
22 Accepted 11 September 2016
23 Published

24 This paper presents a methodology to use the software ANSYS in modeling and active
25 vibration control of a functionally graded (FGM) plate with upper and lower surface-
26 bonded piezoelectric layers. First a FGM plate with piezoelectric layers is designed using
27 APDL ANSYS. Then a modal analysis has been carried out to get the first five rank
28 frequencies and mode shapes. A proportional–integral–derivative (PID) and a linear-
29 quadratic-based output feedback controller are introduced to realize the vibration control
30 through a closed loop. Results for various volume fraction indexes are presented.

31 Keywords: Piezoelectric; ANSYS; functionally graded materials; vibration control.

32 1. Introduction
33 Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are new materials which are designed to
34 achieve a functional performance with gradually variable properties in one or more
35 directions. Typically, FGMs are made of a two or more materials mixture of ceram-
36 ics and a combination of different metals. Due to the graded transition in compo-
37 sition across an interface of two materials, FGMs possess remarkable advantages
38 over conventional composite materials such as reduced thermal stresses and smaller
39 stress concentrations in addition to the avoidance of cracking and delamination phe-
40 nomenon. These characteristics, together with the ability of FGMs to be designed
41 and fabricated to satisfy specific purposes, have made these revolutionary materials

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1 widely used in various engineering application including aerospace, aircraft, auto-

2 mobile, defense industries, and most recently the electronics and biomedical sectors.
3 A considerable amount of research has been done over the years with regard to the
4 various aspects of FGM. To make the use of the FGM more effective, it is necessary
AQ: Please
5 to have a precise knowledge of their properties after fabrication and in service. Many
6 papers focus on the evaluation and characterization of the FGM properties [Han rephrase for
7 et al. (2000); Liu et al. (2001a, 2001b); Han and Liu (2003)]. A number of research better clarity.
8 papers have been carried out on wave propagation problems. Various methods have
9 been proposed. Investigation papers oriented to such contributions may be found in
10 Liu et al. [1991, 1999, 2003], Liu and Tani [1994], Han et al. [2001a, 2001b, 2002],
11 and Han and Liu, [2002].
12 It is necessary to analyze the response of FGM structures under different
13 loadings, especially mechanical loadings, and study their static and dynamic behav-
14 ior. The dynamic behavior of FGM structures has been a subject area of extensive
15 research papers [Praveen and Reddy (1998); Reddy (2000); Reddy and Cheng
16 (2001); Hao et al. (2011)]. Recently, the piezoelectric materials have received consid-
17 erable attention due to the widespread use of the piezoelectric materials in sensors
18 and actuators. The study of embedded or surface-mounted piezoelectric materi-
19 als has been the subject on numerous papers. There is a special interest in the
20 modeling of piezoelectric FGM plates. Moreover, various investigations have been
21 undertaken for the analyzing waves in piezoelectric FGM [Liu and Tani (1994);
22 Liu et al. (2003)].
23 Several published works have investigated the monitoring and controlling of
24 the vibration of FGM structures by means of piezoelectric actuators and sensors.
25 Fakhari and Ohadi [2011] presented a robust control by H2 and H∞ of large ampli-
26 tude of FGM plate. Shirazi et al. [2011] proposed a fuzzy logical control for active
27 vibration control of FGM plate. Bendine and Wankhade [2016] proposed a method-
28 ology to improve the LQR controller of vibration control of FGM plate by the
29 optimal choosing of the weighting matrices Q and R using genetic algorithm. There
30 are also researches presented by Liew et al. [2004], Kargarnovin et al. [2007] and
31 Yiqi and Yiming (2010).
32 Active control of structures using the finite element software and the derived
33 mathematical models is also studied with various controllers. Malgaca [2010] pre-
34 sented numerical simulations of direct velocity feedback carried out using the inte-
35 gration of control methods into the finite element solutions (ICFES) technique by
36 ANSYS. Takacs and Rohal’-Ilkiv [2012a] propose a direct closed-loop prototyping
37 method for LQR controllers with a Kalman-filter in active vibration control sys-
38 tems. The integration of PID controller actions into the ANSYS solution is realized
39 by Karagülle et al. [2004].
40 This paper proposes a methodology to use ANSYS to design and implement
41 a PID and a LQR controller for the FGM plates which are actively controlled by
42 piezoelectric actuators. The material properties are assumed to be temperature

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1 dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to a power law. In this
2 study, the focus is held on the effect of the controller and the effect of power law
3 index on the vibration of the plate is studied.

4 2. Fundamental Equations
5 2.1. FGM equations
6 Several available and computational models have discussed the issue of finding suit-
7 able functions for FG material properties, and there are several criteria for selecting
8 them. In this work, the simple power law, which has all the desired properties, is
9 used. The material proprieties can be expressed as follow [Reddy (2000); Dai et al.
10 (2004, 2005)]


Efgm (z) = (Ec − Em )Vcn + Em ,



ρfgm (z) = (ρc − ρm )Vcn + ρm
(1)

  n

 2z + h
Vc = ,
2h

11 where Efgm (z), ρfgm (z), and n are respectively Young’s modulus, mass density, and
12 the power law index. The subscripts m and c represent the metallic and ceramic
13 constituents; Vc is the volume fraction of the ceramic.

Fig. 1. Variation of the volume fraction function versus the nondimensional thickness for different
power law indices.

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1 Figure 1 shows the variation of Vc (z) through the nondimensional thickness

2 (z/h) of an FGM plate, for several values of n.

3 2.2. Finite element modeling

4 The FGM plate with piezoelectric layer bonded (PFGM) is modeled using the classi-
5 cal plate theory and a four-noded rectangular element with three degrees of freedom
6 per node. The full derivation and parameters have been presented by Kumar and
7 Narayanan [2007]. The global matrix equations governing a smart structure system
8 can be written as
−1
[M ]{..} + [Cdamp ]{.} + [Ku − Kuϕ Kϕϕ Kϕu ]{} = [Fm ] − [Kϕu ]u, (2)
−1
9 where [M ], [Ku − Kuϕ Kϕϕ Kϕu ], [Cdamp ], Kϕu , and [Fm ] are the global mass, stiff-
10 ness, damping, elastic-electric coupling stiffness matrices, and the applied mechan-
11 ical force. {} denotes structural displacement, and {u} denotes electric potential.
12 The output electrical potential of the sensor is given by [Moheimani and Fleming
13 (2006); Tzou and Tseng (1990)]
−1
{us } = Kϕϕ Kϕu {s } (3)
14 Assuming that the system response is governed by the eigenmodes, the displacement
15 can be expressed as
{u} = [Ω]δ, (4)
16 where {δ} are the modal coordinates and [Ω] is the modal matrix.
17 Introducing the variable X = {δ δ̇ the state space equation for the dynamic
18 system Eq. (2) can be written as
Ẋ = [A]X + [B]{u} (5)
19 where [A] is the system matrix and [B] is the control matrix, which are given by
   
0 I 0
[A] = −1 −1 , [B] = (6)
−[M̂ ] [K̂] −[M̂ ] [C
damp ]

[M̂ ]−1 [K uϕ ]

20

where [M̂ ][K̂][C −1
damp ][Kuϕ ] = [Ω] ([M ][Ku − Kuϕ Kϕϕ Kϕu ], [Cdamp ])[Ω]. And
T

21
[K T
uϕ ] = [Ω] Kuϕ .
22 The output equation can be written as
Y = [Ĉ]{X} (7)
23 [Ĉ] presents the output matrix which depends on the modal matrix and sensor
24 piezoelectric stiffness matrix.

25 3. ANSYS Modeling
26 The ANSYS program is a powerful, multi-purpose analysis tool which can be used
in a wide variety of engineering disciplines. In this work, the solid volumetric model

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Structural Modeling and Active Vibration Control of Smart FGM Plate through ANSYS

Fig. 2. The model of the FGM plate with ANSYS (Appendix A).

1 of the PFGM plate (shown in Fig. 2) was created from block shapes, using the Block
2 command.
3 After creating the main blocks the material properties are assigned using a
4 programming cycle, realized by the *DO *ANDDO commands.

counter = 1 *do, j,-b/2,+b/2-v numb z,v numb z

z coord = j counter = counter+1
*use, mat fgm K,,
z coordmp, ex, counter, E fgm
mp, prxy, counter, nu fgm
mp, dens, counter, den fgm
VSEL,S,volu,,counter
VATT,counter,,1,0 vsel,all
*enddo

5 where *Use is a command used to call for another macro which is responsible for
6 the power law criteria implementation [Giunta et al. (2013)] Eq. (1).

*create, mat fgm K

/nopr
z coord = arg2
grad common = (z coord+0.5)**n
E fgm = (E c-E m)*grad common + E m

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nu fgm = (nu c-nu m)*grad common + nu m

den fgm = (dens c-dens m)*grad common + dens m
/gopr
*end
1 The material proprieties of the piezoelectric layers are assigned by using the VATT
2 command. Then the mesh of the geometry under consideration may be generated
3 directly, two types of elements are considered, the SOLID5 element is used for
4 piezoelectric layer while SOLID186 element for the FGM plate [Ansys Inc. (2009)].
5 Finally, the constraints including degrees of freedom and electrical field are added
6 to the model to complete the modeling process. Using the code below
!==============
! upper electrodes
!==============
asel,s,loc,z,+b/2+bpe
nsla,s,1
*get,Aupper,node,0,num,min
cp,1,volt,all
d,A1,VOLT,0,0
allsel
!==============
! lower electrodes
!==============
asel,s,loc,z,+b/2
nsla,s,1
*get,Alower,node,0,num,min
cp,2,volt,all
d,p2,VOLT,0,0
allsel

7 4. PID-Based Output Feedback Control

8 The output information of the transient analysis is now used to design the PID con-
9 troller for actively controlling vibration of the PFGM plate. In the PID controller,
10 the proportional (P ), integral (I), and derivative (D) terms are summed to calcu-
11 late the output of the controller (actuator voltage). Defining u(t) as the controller
12 output, the final form of the PID algorithm is

d
u(t) = Kp e(t) + Ki e(t)dt + Kd e(t) (8)
dt
13 where Kp , Ki , Kd are respectively, the proportional, the integral, and the derivative
14 gains. The block diagram for the PID controller is shown in Fig. 3.
15 In order to implement the PID controller in ANSYS parametric design (APDL),
16 a macro has been used by a programming cycle, realized by the *DO *ENDDO

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Fig. 3. PID controller block.

1 commands. This cycle uses the time variable as its index variable, the transient
2 simulation time is set, the nested controller macro is used. The macro developed
3 is given below. The “time” gives the end time for the closed loop analysis, where
4 “Tres” is the time step. The “dz” is the value stored for the displacement measured
5 in the z-direction. The value of the integral and derivative part are calculated by
6 “integ+x*dt”, “(x−dy)/Tres”, respectively. The value of “dy” is known from the
7 previous step. The voltage used for the control is given as “kp *x+ki *integ+kd *diff”,
8 where Kp , Ki , and Kd are the proportional, the integral, and the derivative part.
9 The conditional *IF–*ELSEIF of the macro is used as a safety measure; finally the
10 piezoelectric layer is set to receive the desired voltage by invoking.

*do,t,2*Tres,time,Tres
time,t
*get,y,node,Sn,u,z
*set,x,y
*set,integ,integ+x* Tres
*set,diff,(x-dy)/ Tres
*set,U,kp*x+ki*integ+kd*diff
*IF,U,LT,uL,THEN
U=uL
*ELSEIF,va,GT,uH
U=uH
*ENDIF

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d,p1,volt,U
*set,y,x
SOLVE
*enddo

1 5. LQR Optimal Control

2 The idea beyond the LQR is to minimize a cost function [Takács and Rohal’-Ilkiv
3 (2012b)]

∝
J= (X T QX + U T RU )dt = min (9)
0
4 where the matrices Q and R are weighting matrices. It assumed that the desired
5 state is x = 0, but the initial condition is nonzero, so the matrix Q penalizes the
6 state error in a mean-square sense. Similarly, the matrix R penalizes the control
7 effort, i.e., limits the control signals magnitude. Designing of the optimal feedback
8 control force U by the application of classical LQR control method leads to
U = K ∗ x(t) (10)
9 The gain matrix K = R−1 B T P which minimizes J can be found by solving a matrix
10 Riccati equation that is given by
P A + AT P + Q − P BR−1 B T P = 0. (11)
11 Based on the finite element equations given in Sec. 2.1 a MATLAB program was
12 written to determine the discrete linear time invariant state space system defined
13 by A, B, C. Moreover, the LQR gain K has been computed.
14 In order to implement the previous controller in ANSYS APDL, the state space
15 matrices are stored in ANSYS APDL by using the *DIM command for element
16 sized and the *SET command for elements defined, the state space matrix solution
17 was done by the macro below
*GET,y,NODE,7105,U,Z
*VFACT,u
*VFUN,inp,COPY,B
out(1,1)=y
outs=out(1,1)
*VFACT,outs
*VFUN,st,COPY,A
*VOPER,x, inp,ADD,st
18 The implementation of the LQR controller can be done by
*MOPER,VC,K,MULT,x
u=Vc(1,1)
19 The saturation process is the same as used in the PID controller.

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1 6. Results and Discussion

2 6.1. Modal analysis
3 In order to ensure the accuracy of the proposed finite element model, a cantilevered
4 FGM plate made of combined aluminum oxide and Ti-6A1-4v materials which is
5 bounded by a piezoelectric layer on the top and the bottom is considered. MAT-
6 LAB and ANSYS codes are written to perform a modal analysis to illustrate the
7 eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes for the PFGM plate.
8 The geometrical and mechanical properties of the system are detailed in Tables 1
9 and 2.
10 The initial five frequencies of the FGM plate as a function of the power law
11 index n for the set boundary conditions are listed in Table 3. The results found are
12 in good agreement with those of He et al. [2001].

13 6.2. Transient analysis and control

14 For the analysis of dynamic response and active vibration control of the PFGM plate
15 with piezoelectric layer the same properties for the FGM are considered where the
16 PZT-5A is taken as piezoelectric layer.

Table 1. Dimensions of the plate.

Dimensions FGM plate Piezoelectric layer

Length (mm) 400 400

Width (mm) 400 400
Thickness (mm) 5 0.5

Table 2. Material properties.

Properties Aluminum oxide Ti-6A1-4V PZT G-1195 PZT-5A

Elastic modulus 3.2024 × 1011 1.0570 × 1011 6.1 × 1010 63 × 109

E(N/m2 )
Poison’s ratio 0.26 0.29 0.3 0.3
Density 3,750 4,429 7,600 7,750
ρ(kg/m3 )
Elastic stiffness matrix (GPa) 63.0 61.0
Piezoelectric strain matrix
e 31 — — 22.86 6.5
e 33 22.86 23.3
e 15 — 17
Dielectric matrix (F/m)
g 11 1.5 × 10−8 1.53 × 10−8
g 22 1.5 × 10−8 1.53 × 10−8
g 33 1.5 × 10−8 1.5 × 10−8

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Table 3. The first five natural frequencies (Hz) for a can-

tilevered FGM plate with two piezoelectric layers.

Mode no 1 2 3 4 5

0
Q4 (present) 25.45 62.70 156.69 199.32 227.78
ANSYS 25.68 63.00 158.51 202.02 230.48
He et al. [2001] 25.58 62.75 157.20 200.19 228.22
0.2
Q4 (present) 28.90 79.51 181.11 232.65 276.49
ANSYS 28.89 71.02 178.42 227.23 259.66
He et al. [2001] 29.87 73.67 183.97 233.88 267.51
1
Q4 (present) 36.42 100.22 228.29 293.26 348.52
ANSYS 37.02 91.52 229.01 291.26 333.98
He et al. [2001] 35.33 87.52 218.04 276.89 317.43

15
Q4 (present) 45.40 124.93 284.55 365.53 434.41
ANSYS 46.78 116.44 289.96 368.35 423.90
He et al. [2001] 43.97 109.48 271.63 344.76 396.11
100
Q4 (present) 46.45 127.81 291.11 373.96 444.42
ANSYS 46.78 116.44 289.96 368.36 423.90
He et al. [2001] 46.55 116.00 287.60 365.00 419.55

1 The model has been loaded with a nominal force of 100 N with an impulse
2 lasting 0.01 s modeling the effect of deflection of the plate away from the equilibrium
3 position and letting it go without any further force interactions.
4 The effect of the power law index n is investigated in Fig. 4. It can be noticed that
5 a small value for n leads to high tip displacements. This fact can be explained as fol-
6 lows, as n decreases the volume fraction of Ti-6A1-4v decreases and the volume frac-
7 tion of aluminum oxide increases. This behavior results in less overall stiffness of the
8 FGM, as the Young’s modulus of Ti-6A1-4v is higher than that of aluminum oxide.
9 In the vibration control simulation, the proposed control strategies (PID and
10 LQR) are applied to free plate vibrations starting from an initial configuration
11 generated by a load of 100N. The parameters of PID and LQR control strategies
12 are set as follows.

For the case of PID controller

Kp = −15,000,
Ki = −1,500,
Kd = −1,000.
For the case of LQR controller
Q = 10e6,
R = 1 was used.

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Fig. 4. Effect of the value of power law index n on the tip displacement of the piezoelectric FGM
plate.

1 The tip displacement and the control input signals are presented in Figs. 5–7.
2 As depicted in the left hand of the figures, the vertical controlled displacement
3 at the tip of the PFGM plate is considerably more attenuated in the case of the
4 LQR controller. The figures highlight the extent of the time where the vibration
5 is attenuated. This reveals that the vibrations are attenuated rapidly with n = 5
6 (at about 1.90 s), compared to the worst case (i.e., n = 1 where the vibration is
7 completely attenuated in 2.7s). Between these extreme cases, n = 2 leads to a settle
8 time of 2.10 s. The closed loop actuator feedback voltage for each configuration
9 case of power law index is shown in the right hand of the figures, for the reason of
10 saturations the actuator receives a voltage of 240 v for each time step.

Fig. 5. The defection response of the cantilevered FGM plate with and without control for n = 0.2
and the corresponding actuator voltages.

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Fig. 6. The defection response of the cantilevered FGM plate with and without control for n = 1
and the corresponding actuator voltage.

Fig. 7. The defection response of the cantilevered FGM plate with and without control for n = 5
and the corresponding actuator voltage.

1 7. Conclusion
2 A method for designing a PFGM plate and implementing a PID and a LQR con-
3 troller in ANSYS APDL was introduced in the present paper. The state space model
4 matrices have been derived from finite element code performed in MATLAB and
5 have been exported to ANSYS. Computer simulations are performed on control-
6 ling the vibration response of the plate for various power law indexes. The results
7 show that the proposed model is effective in reducing plate vibration. The results
8 also demonstrate that the LQR control is more efficient than the PID controller in
9 suppressing vibration responses.
10 This study not only solves the problem of theoretical arithmetic hardly solved of
11 complex unit collocation, but also saves a lot of manpower and financial resources
12 in experimental debugging.
13 The experimental testing for the real structure is still essential for practical
14 implementation. Thus, in the future investigations more experiments are needed to
15 check the dynamic and controlling characteristics.

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 Appendix A. ANSYS APDL Code of the PFGM Active Structure

finish tb,ANEL,1,,,1 ! Assembling elastic compliance

/clear matrix
/title, FGM plate with piezo - Bendine K. tbda,1,s11,s12,s13
/nopr tbda,7,s22,s23
/com, tbda,12,s33
/FILNAME,FGM control kouider,0 tbda,16,s66
/CONFIG,NRES,3000 tbda,19,s55
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! tbda,21,s44
!!! PARAMETERS tb,PIEZ,1,,,1 ! Piezoelectric strain matrix
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! tbda,3,d31
! GEOMETRY tbda,6,d33
*set, b, 0.005 ! [m] tbda,9,d32
*set, S, 20. tbda,14,d24
*set, a, 0.4 ! [m] tbda,16,d16

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*set, l, 0.4 ! [m] ! =============================
196-IJCM

*set,bpe,0.0005 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! GEOMETRY!!!!!!!!!!!!

! MATERAL DUMMY
*set, nu dummy, 0.3
*set, E dummy, 71.700E9 ! [Pa]
*set, alpha dummy, 23E-6 ! [1/K]
! =============================
*do, j, -b/2,+b/2-v numb z,v numb z
block, 0, l, 0, a, j, j+v numb z
*enddo
block, 0, l, 0, a, -b/2, -b/2-bpe
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*set, kxx dummy, 121. ! [W/mK] block, 0, l, 0, a, +b/2, +b/2+bpe

*set, dens dummy, 1210 ! =============================
! MATERIAL TOP !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! FGM MATERIAL PROPERTIES!!!!!
*set, E b, 320.24e9 ! [Pa] ! =============================
*set, nu b, 0.26 counter =1
*set,dens b,3750 *do, j, -b/2,+b/2-v numb z,v numb z
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 K. Bendine et al.

! MATERIAL BOT z coord = j

*set, E t, 105.70e9 ! [Pa] counter = counter + 1
*set, nu t, 0.29 *use, mat fgm K,, z coord
*set,dens t,4429 mp, ex, counter, E fgm
! FGM gradation law mp, prxy, counter, nu fgm
*set, a z, 1./b ! [m∧ -1] mp, dens, counter, den fgm
*set, n z, 0.2 VSEL,S,volu,,counter
! MESH VATT,counter,,1,0
*set, v numb z, b/8 ! 20, 40 vsel,all
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!!! mat fgm K MACRO !!! *enddo

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! VSEL,S,LOC,Z, + b/2, + b/2 + bpe
*create, mat fgm K VSEL,A,LOC,Z,-b/2,-b/2-bpe
/nopr VATT,1,,2,0

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z coord = arg2 VSEL,S,LOC,Z,-b/2,-b/2 + v numb z
grad common = (z coord + 0.5)**n z VATT,2,,1,0
196-IJCM

E fgm = (E t-E b)*grad common + E b vsel, all

nu fgm = (nu t-nu b)*grad common + nu b ebig = 2e-2
den fgm = (dens t-dens b)*grad common + ESIZE,ebig
dens b vmesh, all
/gopr nsel,all
*end !mat fgm K
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nummrg,node,1e-5
/prep7 ALLSEL
et, 1, solid186
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 et,2,solid5 ! =============================
! ============================= !!!Define upper electrodes on piezos!!!!!!!!
! Define problem parameters - Piezo ! =============================
!=============================
s11=16.4e-12 !Piezo1
s22=s11 asel,s,loc,z,+b/2+bpe
s12=-5.74e-12 nsla,s,1
s13=-7.22e-12 *get,p1,node,0,num,min
s23=s13 cp,1,volt,all
s33=18.8e-12 d,p1,VOLT,0,0
s44=47.5e-12 allsel
s55=47.5e-12
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!Piezo2
s66=44.3e-12 asel,s,loc,z,+b/2
pidns=7700 ! Density of Piezo nsla,s,1
d31=-179e-12 ! Piezoelectric strain coefficients, *get,p2,node,0,num,min
C/N cp,2,volt,all
d32=-179e-12 d,p2,VOLT,0,0

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d33=350e-12 allsel
196-IJCM

d24=584e-12
d16=584e-12 ! =============================
ept11=1730 ! Relative permittivity at constant !!!!!!!!!!!!!!Clamp left end of beam!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
stress ! =============================
ept22=1730 nsel,s,loc,x,0 ! Clamp left end of bimorph
1750042

ept33=1700 d,all,ux,0,,,,uy,uz ! Defines DOF constraints,

!Piezo Properties APC 850 clamp the end
et,1,SOLID5,3 ! 3-D piezoelectric element
MP,DENS,1,pidns nsel,all
MP,PERX,1,ept11! Permittivity at constant stress NSEL,ALL
MP,PERY,1,ept22 finish
MP,PERZ,1,ept33
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K. Bendine et al.

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