UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

KULIAH MINGGU M4
SKGP5104
PENGUATKUASAAN UNDANG-UNDANG DAN SISTEM KEADILAN JENAYAH

Edaran Dalaman Sahaja

Shamsuddinbinsuhor
Ringkasan Kuliah

PROSES PERBICARAAN

PENGENALAN
Perbicaraan merupakan suatu urusan yang melibatkan tiga pihak iaitu mahkamah dan
dua pihak yang bertelagah bagi mendapatkan suatu keputusan atau suatu tindakan
yang dilakukan bagi mencari suatu penyelesaian dengan menggunakan mahkamah
bagi mendapatkan keputusan.

Perbicaraan di mahkamah biasanya akan melibatkan TIGA PERINGKAT iaitu:

1. Sebelum bicara; (Pre-Trial);

2. Perbicaraan sebenar (Trial Proper); dan
3. Selepas bicara; (Post-Trial)

Urusan penyelesaian pertikaian yang melibatkan mahkamah disebut sebagai kes. Kes
yang dibawa ke mahkamah terbahagi kepada dua iaitu kes jenayah adan kes sivil.
Proses PERBICARAAN di mahkamah bergantung kepada JENIS KES yang dibawa
sama ada ianya kes sivil atau kes jenayah.

Oleh yang demikian perbicaraan terbahagi kepada dua iaitu:

i. Perbicaraan sivil;
ii. Perbicaraan Jenayah

PERBICARAAN SIVIL (THE CIVIL PROCESS)

Perbicaraan sivil telah diperundangkan melalui peraturan-peraturan yang telah

ditetapkan oleh statut. Statut yang dimaksudkan termasuklah:
i. Rules of Court;
a. Courts of Judicature Act 1964 (91);
b. Civil Law Act 1956 (Avt 67)
c. Akta Mahkamah Rendah 1948 (Disemak - 1972) (Akta 92)
d. Subordinate Courts Rules 1955 (Act 55)
e. Rules of the Federal Court 1995;
f. Rules of the Court of Appeal 1994;

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 g. Rules of the High Court 1980;(Mansuh)
h. Subordinate Court Rules 1980;(Mansuh)
i. Rules Of Court 2012 [P.U.(A) 205/2012]

ii. Practice Directions;

Arahan yang dikeluarkan dari semasa ke semasa oleh Pendaftar atau hakim
mahkamah atasan dan juga kes-kes yang diputuskan.

Perbicaraan Sivil Di Mahkamah Tinggi

Proses perbicaraan boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga peringkat iaitu:
1. Sebelum bicara; (Pre-Trial);
2. Perbicaraan sebenar (Trial Proper); dan
3. Selepas bicara; (Post-Trial)

Sebelum Bicara
Pemilihan proses (mode)
Terdapat empat cara untuk memulakan tindakan di mahkamah tinggi atau
ORIGINATING PROCESSES berdasarkan kepada jenis pertikaian yang berlaku.
Plaintiff perlu memilih mode yang sesuai mengikut tidakannya sama ada menggunakan:

 Writ of summons;
 Originating summons;
 Originating motion;
 Petition;

Penyampaian / service
Penyampaian atau pemberitahuan tindakan terhadap pihak defendan melalui:
Personal service;
Substituted service;
Service out of jurisdiction;

Appearance
Defendan yang mempunyai alasan terhadap tuntutan plaintif atau defendan yang mahu
menjawab tuntutan plaintif dikehendaki menyediakan jawapan balas terhadap tuntutan
plaintif dalam masa yang ditetapkan. ( a defendant who wishes to defend the plaintiff’s
action must enter an appearance within a prescribe period).

Defendan perlu melengkapkan memorandum of appearance dan memfailkannya di

Pejabat Pendaftar di Mahkamah Tinggi.

Pleadings
Pertukaran dan jawapan balas kedua-dua pihak. Ini berlaku jika defendan memasuki
appearance.
Pleadings melibatkan perkara-perkara berikut:
 Plaintiff’s statement of claim

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  Defendant’s statement of defence;
 Plaintiff’s reply; counter claim;
 Subsequent responses – tertakluk kepada kebenaran mahkamah)

Resolusi terhadap tindakan sebelum perbicaraan / resolution of action before

trial

 Default judgment – defendan tidak menjawab tuntutan plaintif;

 Summary judgment – tuntutan plaintif berjaya meyakinkan mahkamah dan
pembelaan defendan tidak dapat menafikan tuntutan plaintif dan ditolak oleh
mahkamah. Plaintif memohon kepada mahkamah untuk mendapatkan summary
judgment.
 Striking out – tindakan di pihak defendan untuk mengetepikan tuntutan plaintiff.
Ini boleh dilakukan jika tiada alasan yang munasabah terhadap tuntutan plaintiff;
scandalous, frivolous, or vexatious, or tends to prejudice, embarrass, or delay the
fair trial of the action; or is otherwise an abuse of the process of the court.

Penzahiran /Discovery
Setelah selesai pleadings, penzahiran dokumen kedua-dua pihak bermula. Maksudnya
kedua-dua pihak mula menunjukkan bukti masing-masing berkaitan dengan tuntutan
mereka. Keterangan boleh dibuat secara oral atau dokumentari.

Summons for directions

Selepas pleading didapati tiada penyelaesaian dicapai maka plaintiff hendaklah
membuat summons for direction.

Pengurusan kes Sebelum Perbicaraan / Pre-Trial case Management

Perbicaraan Sebenar / trial

Ada tiga cara perbicaraan di mahkamah Tinggi
1. Dihadapan seorang hakim / by a judge sitting alone;
2. Di hadapan seorang hakim dengan pengapit ; judge with assessors / dan
3. Dihadapan Pendaftar

Selepas Bicara / post-trial

Selepas keputusan dibuat oleh hakim, perkara seterusnya yang perlu
diselesaikan ialah mengenai :
i. Kos /costs
ii. Rayuan /Appeals
iii. Penguatkuasaan hukuman / perintah mahkamah.

Kos terbahagi kepada dua

Kos antara pihak-pihak;

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Kos antara peguam dengan anak guaman.

PERBICARAAN JENAYAH (CRIMINAL TRIAL)

Undang-undang yang terpakai
i. KANUN ACARA JENAYAH 1999 [AKTA 593]
Criminal Procedure Code (Revised - 1999)[ Act 593]

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE (REVISED - 1999)[ ACT 593]

CHAPTER XVIII - THE CHARGE
Section 152. Form of charge.
Section 153. Particulars as to time, place and person.
Section 154. When manner of committing offence must be stated.
Section 155. Sense of words used in charge to describe offence.
Section 156. Effect of errors.
Section 157.[Deleted by Act A1132: s.5]
Section 158. Court may alter or add to charge.
Section 159. When trial may proceed immediately after alteration or addition.
Section 160. When new trial may be directed or trial suspended.
Section 161. Stay of proceedings if prosecution of offence in altered charge requires previous sanction.
Section 162. Recall of witnesses when charge altered.
Section 163. Separate charges for distinct offences.
Section 164. Three offences of same kind within twelve months may be charged together.
Section 165. Trial for more than one offence.
Section 166. Where it is doubtful what offence has been committed.
Section 167. When a person charged with one offence can be convicted of another.
Section 168. Person charged with an offence can be convicted of the attempt.
Section 169. When offence proved is included in offence charged.
Section 170. When persons may be charged jointly.
Section 171. Withdrawal of remaining charges on conviction on one of several charges.
Section 171A. Outstanding offences.
Section 172. Charges to be in forms in Second Schedule.

CHAPTER XVIIIA - PRE-TRIAL PROCESSES

Section 172A. Pre-trial conference.
Section 172B. Case management.
Section 172C. Plea bargaining
Section 172D. Disposal of the case.
Section 172E. Finality of the judgment.
Section 172F. Statements of, or facts stated by, accused not to be used for any other purpose.
Section 172G. Subparagraph 172D(1)(c)(ii) to be applicable to accused who pleads guilty.

CHAPTER XIX - SUMMARY TRIALS BY MAGISTRATES

Section 173. Procedure in summary trials.
Section 173A. Power to discharge conditionally or unconditionally.
Section 174. Addresses.
Section 175. Power to award compensation.
Section 176. Particulars to be recorded.
Section 177. Transfer of cases.
Section 177A. Transmission of case to, and trial by, the High Court.

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CHAPTER XX - TRIALS BEFORE THE HIGH COURT 
Section 178. Commencement of trial.
Section 179. Opening case for prosecution.
Section 180. Procedure after conclusion of case for prosecution.
Section 181. Defence.
Section 182. Reply.
Section 182A. Procedure at the conclusion of the trial.
Section 183. Sentence.
Section 183A. Victim’s impact statement.

CHAPTER XXI - TRIALS BEFORE THE HIGH COURT WITH THE AID OF ASSESSORS
Section 184 -199. (Deleted).

CHAPTER XXII - TRIALS BY JURY BEFORE THE HIGH COURT 

Section 199A-235. (Deleted).

CHAPTER XXIII - JURORS AND ASSESSORS

TATACARA
SEBELUM PERBICARAAN
Pre-trial
PART V - INFORMATION TO POLICE AND THEIR POWERS TO INVESTIGATE

CHAPTER XIII

Section 107. Information of offences.

Section 107A. Report on status of investigation.
Section 108. Procedure in non-seizable cases.
Section 108A. Admission of certified copy of information as evidence.
Section 109. Investigation in seizable cases.
Section 110. Procedure where seizable offence suspected.
Section 111. Police officer's power to require attendance of witnesses.
Section 112. Examination of witnesses by police.
Section 113. Admission of statements in evidence.
Section 114. No discouragement from making statement to police.
Section 115. [Deleted].
Section 116. Search by police officer.
Section 116A. Search and seizure without warrant.
Section 116B. Access to computerized data.
Section 116C. Interception of communication and admissibility of intercepted communications.
Section 117. Procedure where investigation cannot be completed within twenty-four hours.
Section 118. Police officer may require bond for appearance of complainant and witnesses.
Section 119. Diary of proceedings in investigation.
Section 120. Report of police officer.

CHAPTER XVIIIA - PRE-TRIAL PROCESSES

Section 172A. Pre-trial conference.

Section 172B. Case management.
Section 172C. Plea bargaining
Section 172D. Disposal of the case.
Section 172E. Finality of the judgment.

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Section 172F. Statements of, or facts stated by, accused not to be used for any other purpose.
Section 172G. Subparagraph 172D(1)(c)(ii) to be applicable to accused who pleads guilty.

ACT 593
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE (REVISED - 1999)
PART VI -PROCEEDINGS IN PROSECUTIONS
CHAPTER XVIIIA - PRE-TRIAL PROCESSES

Section 172A. Pre-trial conference.

(1) An accused who is charged with an offence and claims to be tried, shall by an advocate representing
him, participate in a pre-trial conference with the prosecution before the commencement of the case
management.
                                                                        [Subs.Act A1422 of the year 2012;]

(2) A pre-trial conference shall commence within thirty days from the date the accused was charged in
court or any reasonable time before the commencement of the case management.

(3) A pre-trial conference may be conducted by any means and at any venue as may be agreed upon by
the advocate representing the accused and the prosecution.

(4) During the pre-trial conference, an advocate representing an accused may discuss with the
prosecution the following matters relating to the case:

      (a) identifying the factual and legal issues;

      (b) narrowing the issues of contention;

      (c) clarifying each party’s position;

      (d) ensuring the compliance with section 51A;

      (e) discussing the nature of the case for the prosecution and defence, including any alibi defence that
the accused may rely on;

      (f) discussing any plea bargaining, and reaching any possible agreement thereto; and

      (g) any other matters as may be agreed upon by the advocate representing the accused and the
prosecution that may lead to the expeditious disposal of the case.

(5) All matters agreed upon in the pre-trial conference by the advocate and the prosecution shall be
reduced into writing and signed by the accused, the advocate and the prosecution.
                                                                      
                                                                                  [(3),(4),and (5) Am.Act A1422 of the year 2012;]

Section 172B. Case management.

(1) A Magistrate, Sessions Court Judge or Judge of the High Court, as the case may be, shall commence
a case management process within sixty days from the date of the accused being charged and claims to
be tried.

(2) At the case management, the Magistrate, Sessions Court Judge or Judge shall—

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         (i) take into consideration all matters that have been considered and agreed to by the accused and
his advocate and the prosecution during the pre-trial conference; and where a plea
             bargaining has been agreed between the accused and his advocate and the prosecution during
the pre-trial conference, the Magistrate or the Sessions Court Judge or the Judge
             trying the case shall decide on the voluntariness of the accused in the plea bargaining according
to the provisions of section 172C;

         (ii) where no pre-trial conference has been held on the ground that the accused is unrepresented,
discuss with the accused and the prosecution any matter which would have been
              considered under section 172A;

         (iii) assist an accused who is unrepresented to appoint an advocate to represent the accused;

         (iv) determine the duration of the trial;

         (v) subject to subsection (3), fix a date for the commencement of the trial;

         (vi) subject to the consent of the accused and his advocate, and the prosecution, admit any exhibits;
and

         (vii) give directions on any other matter as will promote a fair and expeditious trial.

(3) A subsequent case management, if necessary, may be held not less than two weeks before the
commencement of the trial.

(4) The trial shall commence not later than ninety days from the date of the accused being charged.

(5) Notwithstanding subsections (1) and (4), a failure for the case management or the trial to commence
according to the time period specified in the subsections shall not—

     (a) render the charge or prosecution against the accused as defective or invalid; or

      (b) be considered as a ground for appeal, review or revision.

(6) Notwithstanding the provisions of the Evidence Act 1950, all matters that have been reduced into
writing and duly signed by the accused, his advocate and the prosecution under subsection 172A(5) shall
be admissible in evidence at the trial of the accused;

                                                                                                            [Subs. Act A1422 of the year 2012]

Section 172C. Plea bargaining

1) An accused charged with an offence and claims to be tried may make an application
for plea bargaining in the Court in which the offence is to be tried.

                                                                           [(1) Am. Act A1422 of

the year 2012]

(2) The application under subsection (1) shall be in Form 28A of the Second Schedule
and shall contain—

      (a) a brief description of the offence that the accused is charged with;

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      (b) a declaration by the accused stating that the application is voluntarily made by
him after understanding the nature and extent of the punishment provided under the law
for the offence
           that the accused is charged with; and

      (c) information as to whether the plea bargaining applied for is in respect of the
sentence or the charge for the offence that the accused is charged with.

(3) Upon receiving an application made under subsection (1), the Court shall issue a
notice in writing to the Public Prosecutor and to the accused to appear before the Court
on a date fixed for the hearing of the application.

(4) When the Public Prosecutor and the accused appear on the date fixed for the
hearing of the application under subsection (3), the Court shall examine the accused in
camera—

      (a) where the accused is unrepresented, in the absence of the Public Prosecutor; or

      (b) where the accused is represented by an advocate, in the presence of his

advocate and the Public Prosecutor,

as to whether the accused has made the application voluntarily.

(5) Upon the Court being satisfied that the accused has made the application
voluntarily, the Public Prosecutor and the accused shall proceed to mutually agree upon
a satisfactory disposition of the case.

(6) If the Court is of the opinion that the application is made involuntarily by the
accused, the Court shall dismiss the application and the case shall proceed before
another Court in accordance with the provisions of the Code.

(7) Where a satisfactory disposition of the case has been agreed upon by the accused
and the Public Prosecutor, the satisfactory disposition shall be put into writing and
signed by the accused, his advocate if the accused is represented, and the Public
Prosecutor, and the Court shall give effect to the satisfactory disposition as agreed upon
by the accused and the Public Prosecutor.

(8) In the event that no satisfactory disposition has been agreed upon by the accused
and the Public Prosecutor under this section, the Court shall record such observation
and the case shall proceed before another Court in accordance with the provisions of
the Code.

(9) In working out a satisfactory disposition of the case under subsection (5), it is the
duty of the Court to ensure that the plea bargaining process is completed voluntarily by
the parties participating in the plea bargaining process.

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                                                                                        [Ins.Act
A1378 of the year 2010]

Section 177. Transfer of cases.

In any trial before a Magistrate in which it appears at any stage of the proceedings that
from any cause the case is one which in the opinion of the Magistrate ought to be tried
by some Court of higher jurisdiction than his own, or if before or during the trial
application is made by the Public Prosecutor, the Magistrate shall stay proceedings and
transfer the case to a higher Court.

Section 177A. Transmission of case to, and trial by, the High Court.
(1) A prosecution in respect of an offence which is to be tried by the High Court in accordance with
Chapter XX, shall not be instituted except by or with the consent of the Public Prosecutor:

Provided that a person may be arrested, or a warrant for his arrest may be issued and executed, and any
such person may be remanded in custody notwithstanding that the consent of the Public Prosecutor to
the institution of a prosecution for the offence has not been obtained, but the case shall not be further
prosecuted until the consent has been obtained.

(2) In any prosecution pursuant to subsection (1), the accused shall be produced before the Magistrate's
Court which shall, after the charge has been explained to him, transmit the case to the High Court and
cause the accused to appear or be brought before that Court as soon as may be practicable:

Provided that when the accused is brought before the Magistrate's Court before the Public Prosecutor
has consented to the prosecution, the charge shall be explained to him but he shall not be called upon to
plead thereto.

(3) When the accused appears or is brought before the High Court in accordance with subsection (2), the
High Court shall fix a date for his trial which shall be held in accordance with the procedure under Chapter
XX.

Perbicaraan sivil
Mahkamah Rendah Mahkamah Tinggi
Prosedur perbicaraan diperuntukkan dalam a. Rules of the Federal Court
Kaedah Mahkamah Rendah 1980 1995;
a. Civil law Act 1956 (Avt 67) b. Rules of the Court of Appeal
b. Subordinate Courts Rules 1955 1994;
(Act 55)
c. Rules of the High Court
c. Akta Mahkamah Rendah 1948
(Disemak - 1972) [AKTA 92]
1980; (mansuh)
Suatu Akta yang berhubungan dengan d. Subordinate Court Rules
mahkamah bawahan Semenanjung Malaysia. 1980 (mansuh)
e. Rules Of Court 2012 [P.U.
(A) 205/2012]
d. Courts of Judicature Act
1964 (91); Suatu Akta yang
berhubungan dengan Mahkamah

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 Kehakiman Atasan.

PROSES PERBICARAAN
CHAPTER XIX - SUMMARY TRIALS BY MAGISTRATES
CHAPTER XX - TRIALS BEFORE THE HIGH COURT
CHAPTER XXI - TRIALS BEFORE THE HIGH COURT WITH THE AID OF ASSESSORS

KEPUTUSAN
CHAPTER XXVI - JUDGMENT

Section 273. Mode of delivering judgment.

Section 274. (Repealed).
Section 275. Sentence of death not to be passed on pregnant woman.
Section 276. Judgment in the alternative.
Section 277. Judgment of death.
Section 278. Judgment not to be altered.
Section 279. Judgment to be explained to accused and copy supplied.
Section 280. Judgment to be filed with record.

CHAPTER XXVII - SENTENCES AND THE CARRYING OUT OF IT 

Section 281. Provisions as to execution of sentences of death.

Section 282. Provisions as to execution of sentences of imprisonment.
Section 283. Provisions as to sentences of fine.
Section 284. Suspension of execution in certain cases.
Section 285. Warrant by whom issuable.
Section 286. Place for executing sentence of whipping.
Section 287. Time of executing such sentence.
Section 288. Mode of executing such sentence.
Section 289. Sentence of whipping forbidden in certain cases.
Section 290. Medical Officer's certificate required.
Section 291. Procedure if whipping cannot be inflicted.
Section 292. Commencement of sentence of imprisonment on prisoner already undergoing imprisonment.
Section 293. Youthful offenders.
Section 294. First offenders.
Section 294A. Conditions of bonds.
Section 295. Sentence of police supervision.
Section 295A. Rehabilitative counseling.
Section 296. Obligations of persons subject to supervision.
Section 297. Penalty for non-compliance with section 296.
Section 298.[Deleted]. 
Section 299. Return of warrant.

RAYUAN
The appeal system
PART VII - APPEAL AND REVISION
CHAPTER XXX - APPEALS  TO THE HIGH COURT

SEMAKAN
CHAPTER XXXI – REVISION

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PART VIII - SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS
CHAPTER XXXII - INQUIRIES OF DEATH 

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