Guidelines for the construction of elevated water reservoirs

1. Objective

The purpose of this guide is to establish basic criteria and construction procedures , applicable
to works of elevated storage reservoirs for drinking water.

Two . Overview

2.1 Considerations

The construction of the elevated reservoirs shall be in accordance with the approved project
plans . Any change in them, should be consulted when it modifies the base project design
giving the reasons which motivate such changes. Small changes should be included in the
construction drawings showing the final location of the works.

2.2 Technical standards to be adopted in the construction

The construction of the work shall be in accordance with the following standards

and Regulations :

- National Building Regulations .

- Norma ITINTEC (Research Institute of Technology, Industrial and Technical Standards ) .

- Concrete Peruvian standards .

- A.C.I Standards (American Concrete Institute).

- Standards A.S.T.M. (American Society for testing and Materials ) .

- Norma A.A.S.H.O. (American Association of State Highway Officials ) .

Three . Stake

The stake is to bring to the field , shafts and levels set out in the plans ; the location and
dimensions of the storage reservoir ; marks and reference signals , fixed and temporary.

When construction is to take place on a rustic land , you should match the field before setting
out. The markings shall be accurate, clear and safe . Staking should be done before or after the
excavations for the foundations .

-3-

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

April . Excavations and cuts

4.1 Cortes

The open cut excavation aims withdraw elevations , mounds and slopes cuts . Should be
performed manually or with machinery , in broad strokes and depths necessary for
construction, according to the plans staked on site and / or present in the specifications.

4.2 Classification of the land

For the purposes of the implementation of sanitation projects in rural areas , it is considered
the following basic types of land :

a) Normal Plot : Those that can be excavated without difficulty pulse and / or mechanical
equipment may include:

- Crumbly or loose Normal Plot: Composed of loose materials such as sand , silty sand , gravel ,
etc., which can not maintain a stable slope greater than 5:1 . .

- Normal Plot consolidated or compact : Composed of consolidated land such as : compact

concrete, affirmed or mixture thereof, etc. . which can be excavated without difficulty pulse
and / or mechanical equipment.

b ) semirocoso Plot: The standard consists of soil mixed with bolonería diameters up to 200
mm (* ) and / or fragmented rock volumes 4 dm3 to (** ) for extraction and use of equipment
is not required breakage and / or explosives.

c ) Plot of decomposed rock : Formed by fractured rock, being used for mechanical extraction
and is not necessary to use explosives.

d ) Plot of solid rock : Composed of igneous or bedrock , and / or boloneria of (* ) in diameter,

which necessarily required for removal using explosives or special excavation procedures .
e) saturated Plot : It is that which requires an uninterrupted drainage pumping more than one
liter per second flow rate of 10 ml ditch.

(* ) 500 mm when the extraction is done freehand or 750 mm when the extraction is
performed with front loader or similar equipment.

(** ) 66 dm3 when the extraction is done freehand or 230 dm3 when the extraction is
performed with front loader or similar equipment.

-4-

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

4.3 Excavations for foundations reservoir

Excavations for foundation structures of the reservoir will be made according to the lines ,
grades and elevations indicated on the drawings . The dimensions of the excavations shall be
sufficient in all its dimensions place the foundation structure . The foundation levels that are
indicated on the plans , may be amended by the inspector or planner if deemed necessary to
ensure a satisfactory foundation.
The excavation shall be leveled and any excess excavation shall be filled with concrete of the
same quality of the foundation. From the ground level not indicated foundation reached, it
must be affixed subzapatas concrete f'c = 100 kg/cm2 with 25 % of large stones , whose
maximum size is 200 mm.

4.4 Spacing excavations

The spacing of the excavation to the walls of the components of all sewer infrastructure will
depend on the depth , the soil type , the construction procedure , etc . ; recommending that at
the bottom of any excavation the following clearances are maintained :

- In reservoirs , tanks, pumping stations and booster : 0.60 to 1.00 m .

- In pipes and ducts: 0.15 to 0.30 m .

4.5 Drainage

At all times during the excavation to completion and final and acceptance inspection, provide
adequate means and equipment by which to extract immediately all water entering the time
of excavation in different parts of the work. Do not allow the water to rise or contact with the
structure until the concrete and / or mortar sets and obtained satisfactory in any way before
six ( 06) hours of being placed concrete and / or mortar. Water pumped or drained from the
work shall be deleted in a suitable manner without damage to adjacent properties , pavements
, sidewalks or other construction site.

May . Backfill and compaction

Includes fill material removed , extracted from the area and placement perfilándola to achieve
a degree of compaction as indicated on the drawings of foundation. Necessary for the
consolidation of the landfill , which will protect buried structures projections are taken .
The filling may be made with excavated material , provided it complies with the requirements
specified in the definitions of " Select Material " and / or "Selected Material " . If the material
of the excavation was not appropriate, will be replaced by "Material Loan " .

-5-

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

5.1 select Material

It is the material used must comply with the following:

a) Physical: Must be free of organic waste or compressible or destructible material, it should

not have stones or fragments of stones greater than ¾ " in diameter , and must also have a
corresponding optimum moisture and density. The material is a combination of sand , silt and
clay well graded , of which not more than 30% will be retained in the mesh # 4 and not less
than 55 % nor more than 85% is sand that pass the mesh No.4 and will be retained on the No.
200 mesh .

b ) Chemical : Do not be aggressive to piping installed in contact with her.

5.2 Selected Material

Is the material used in the filling of the upper layers , and must meet the same physical
characteristics of selected material , with the exception that you can have stones up to 6 " in
diameter at a maximum rate of 30 %.
If the material of the excavation was not appropriate, will be replaced by "Material Loan "
previously approved in relation to the characteristics and origin.

5.3 Material loan

Named to the material that is extracted from an alien to the work area , because the volume of
suitable excavation is not sufficient to cover the fill volumes , or in some cases the volume
obtained from the excavation does not qualify physical or chemical required to be an elite or
selected material. For which you need to fill with material loan that meets the required
conditions.

5.4 Compaction Base and Sub - base

The material selected for the base and sub -base will necessarily be appropriate affirmed
according to AASHTO classification; which shall be free from vegetable matter and lumps of
earth , maintaining a fine amount of that guarantee its workability and give stability to the
surface before placing the primer or irrigation each bearing , shall be placed in layers of 0.10 m
proceeding to compaction using vibratory plates , vibratory rollers or any team that achieves
the specified density.

The percent compaction shall not be less than 100% of the maximum dry density of the
modified proctor - ( AASHTO -T -180 ) , for bases and sub - bases.

In all cases , moisture and compaction of the selected material will fall within the range of ± 1
% of optimum moisture Modified Proctor density " .

-6-

OPS/CEPIS/05.154
UNATSABAR

The material selected for the base and sub -base will necessarily be appropriate affirmed .

6. Structures comprising high reservoirs

Reinforced concrete structures that make up the high reservoirs are:

- The Foundation .

- The support structure which can be braced columns or cylindrical shaft .

- The storage Cuba .

These must meet the following requirements :

6.1 Special requirements for reinforced concrete structures

In storage reservoirs for drinking water, the most important aspects that must be controlled
during design, preparation and placed concrete are : stability , resistance , limit deflections and
cracking, good durability and low permeability . The concrete used in this type of structure
should have the following characteristics:

- Be extremely dense and impermeable.

- Have a high resistance to chemicals normally found in nature .

Concrete is particularly suitable for storage structures . They do not twist, shrinks under
service loads and where it is appropriately designed and positioned is virtually impermeable
and highly resistant to corrosion .

The same care should be taken during construction, the strictest quality control must be
maintained to obtain the compacted concrete and well healed well , so that is waterproof.

6.1.1 tightness

The seal or the ability of a structure to hold a liquid, is reasonably assured if:

- Concrete is liquid impermeable .

- The thickness of cracks have been minimized .

- The joints are sealed properly.

Generally, it is much cheaper and much safer to prevent fluid loss through the concrete , using
a good quality concrete instead of building an additional waterproof barrier .

-7-

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR
It can achieve low permeability if we use very low water - cement ratio as low as possible
without sacrificing workability and get good compaction . The impermeability of concrete
increases with the age of the concrete and is improved with a slow, wet curing . The finish
given to the surface and use the formwork with very mild forms gives better results. The
entrained air can also reduce permeability . Other additives can be useful when they allow to
obtain good workability and lower water - cement ratio .

Fissuring can be controlled to a minimum with a good design and a good layout of the boards .
They always have some shrinkage in concrete, and seals must be designed to accommodate
these contractions and movements result of changes in dimensions by thermal change or
differential settlement . The joints allow movement along defined planes . Some types of joints
breaks - water may be used. The laying of concrete and proper curing are essential to control
the cracks of the health facilities .

6.1.2 Durability

The durability of concrete structures in health refers to the strength of the structure to the
harmful effects of the environment. In particular, the concrete must be resistant to the 1st
action of chemicals, alternate wetting and drying and exposure to wind, sun, etc. . Etching
resistance can be improved by using a good quality concrete with a smooth surface 1isa . It
must be very careful to give adequate cover to rebar and using accessories that are not
corroded and can cause damage to the concrete. Most medical facilities going to be exposed
to environmental elements and appropriate to prevent damage from atmospheric elements,
groundwater or freeze action should be taken . The structures are subject to movement
1íquidos must be resistant to erosion. In these cases achieve a very smooth surface is very
important. In some cases, adequate durability can be obtained using protective coatings.

6.2 Reinforced Concrete

All reinforced concrete structures that constitute a large reservoir must comply with the
current National Building Regulations and considering the following titles :

- VII : Requirements for materials and methods of construction, Chapters I, II and III.

- VIII: Structures .
- Reinforced Concrete Standard E.060 .

6.2.1 Foundation

Foundation design will depend on the nature of the soil , of the height of the tower and of the
capacity of the reservoir. The depth and thickness of the foundation should be according to
what is specified on the structural drawings of the project.

-8-

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

When reservoirs have little capacity and supporting structures are braced columns , the
foundation footings are the constant slope. If the ground is poorly resistant or are required to
give greater stability to the reservoir , especially in the presence of seismic forces , beams can
be added to the foundation connecting pads to connect columns together.

For reservoirs of large capacity audiences is the foundation or foundation rings , may be
necessary in some cases building subzapatas with lean concrete .

Concrete and reinforcing steel shall conform to the specifications of the structural drawings of
the project, usually used with a concrete compressive strength ( f'c ) between 210-280 kg/cm2
and steel with a tensile creep fy = 4200 kg/cm2.
It is recommended , in all cases , will bathe the foundation with an asphalt emulsion to protect
it from rain water seepage or leaks that could arise in the pipes entering or leaving the
reservoir.

6.2.2 Support structure

Support structures for small capacity reservoirs constituent columns with cross bracing .

The connections of the bracing should be designed to be stronger than the braces themselves .
This will allow the brace to stretch , develop your fluency and absorb energy; in this way , the
overall charge on the concrete structure and the reinforcing steel is reduced .

The columns which are not braced to resist buckling , are a weak link in the structure .

When the reservoirs are of large capacity , the support structure is constituted by cylindrical
shafts , instead of columns braced .

The height of the support structure and the concrete and steel used for construction shall be
according to the specifications in the drawings of structures. The type of concrete and the
amount of reinforcement will vary according to the height of the structure and the weight of
the storage Cuba .

6.2.3 Storage Cuba

In reservoirs of small capacity ( less than 50 m3 ) , the Cuba be a cylindrical tank with a flat
bottom slab arranged on supporting beams , which are not required if the reservoir is very
small , since in this case the walls of the fulfill the tank role in supporting the bottom slab .

 
-9-

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

In reservoirs of larger capacity (up to 250 m3 ) , it is recommended that the tank bottom is
domed avoiding the use of flat slabs for which it is essential to place support beams . In the
bottom of the tank armed belt absorbs side thrust generated by the dome will be placed. Such
tanks have diameters of 12 to 14 m slab thicknesses up to 15 cm.

If the reservoir is larger in size , it can be used with spherical tanks funds . In this way the thrust
generated by the inner dome is offset by the thrust generated by the outer bottom . The load
on the belt and shaft diameter are decreased with consequent savings in the amount of
concrete . This type of reservoir is called Intze tank .

6.3 Materials and mixing ratios

6.3.1 Cement

The cement to be used is the standard Type I Portland cement, or other type specified on the
drawings ( type , IA , II , IIA , IIIA, or V ) , it being necessary to meet the requirements of ASTM
-C150 specifications for Portland Cement .

The cement will be transported from the factory to the building site , so that is not exposed to
moisture and sunlight . As soon arrives cement work will be stored in a dry , covered and well
insulated from the weather place , broken and / or lumpy cement bags (not arrumará to a
height of 10 sacks ) will be rejected.

If the case of using different types of cement are given, shall be stored so that the mixture or
the wrong use of cement is avoided.
If the cement to be used remain stored for a period longer than 30 days, you will have to check
its quality by testing.

6.4 Materials

6.4.1 Cement

The cement to be used is ordinary Portland cement Type I or another type specified on the
drawings , it being necessary to meet the requirements of ASTM -C150 specifications for
Portland Cement

The cement will be transported from the factory to the building site , so that is not exposed to
moisture and sunlight . As soon arrives cement work will be stored in a dry , covered and well
insulated from the weather place , broken and / or lumpy cement bags (not arrumará to a
height of 10 sacks ) will be rejected.

If the case of using different types of cement are given, shall be stored so that the mixture or
the wrong use of cement is avoided.

- 10

If the cement to be used remain stored for a period longer than 30 days, you will have to check
its quality by testing.
6.4.2 Water

The water used for mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils ,
alkalis , salts, organic materials and other substances that may be harmful to concrete.

Non-potable water may be used in the manufacture of concrete, provided it is shown that
concrete strength obtained from use , not less than 90 % of the strength that would be
expected of concrete made with potable water.

6.4.3 Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate shall be natural sand having clean uncoated grains , tough, strong and hard ;
free from injurious amounts of dust, lumps , soft or flaky particles , shale , alkali, acids , organic
matter, clay or other harmful substances . Must not have more than 5 % clay or silt or more
than 1.5 % organic matter .

Its particles must be smaller than ¼ " and gradation must meet ASTM- C -33- 99th
specifications.

6.4.4 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate consists of granitic , dioritic and syenitic rocks. Heading may be used stone
crusher or tossed in the river beds or natural gravel deposits . It should be clean and free from
dust, clay or other deleterious substances and shall not contain disintegrated stone , mica or
free lime . Must not contain more than 5 % clay or more than 1.5% organic matter. It is
desirable that the maximum size is less than 1/ 5 of the distance between the walls of the
formwork , the free distance ¾ in armor and 1/3 the thickness of the slabs (ACI- 3.3.2 ) .

6.4.5 Additives

Additives are substances which, added to concrete, alter their properties both fresh and
hardened state . They are used considering determinants of the work, such as strength and
workability of concrete, weather, frosts , etc. .
To improve the strength and workability of concrete is recommended to use plasticizers and
super plasticizers . If you want to increase the reaction time of the cement during emptying of
large structures or counteract fast forge that occurs in warm climates retardant additives
should be used . Finally , in areas where it is common the presence of frost , to avoid damaging
the concrete strength , use of air- entraining admixtures .

- 11 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

The use of additives in the works can not be made without the prior permission of the
supervision.

6.5 Proportion and mix of materials

The concrete mixing process involves coating the aggregate with the cement paste to a
uniform mass ; said process is carried out using a mixer. The size of the mixer is determined by
the volume of concrete to beat.

In the structures of a large reservoir of drinking water, the concrete should be developed so
that all materials are provided to produce a well-graded mixture of high density , high
workability , with a compressive strength between 210-280 kg / cm2.
Concrete materials should be mixed sufficiently to produce a particular uniform color and
consistency , with the required slump and additives required content .

6.6 Transportation, placing and curing of concrete

6.6.1 Transport

Concrete can be successfully carried by several methods: trucks , chutes , buggies , hoists ,
buckets , belts and pumps. The decision of which method to use depends mainly on the
amount of concrete to transport , distance and direction (vertical or horizontal) transport and
economic considerations.

The basic requirements of a good transportation are:

a) No segregation should occur , ie separation of the components of the concrete ; this occurs
when part of the concrete allows to move faster than the adjacent concrete . For example ,
when concrete is dropped from a height greater than 1 m, tends to produce the largest
aggregate sinking while the grout up to the surface.

b ) should not occur loss of materials, mainly from the cement paste .

c ) The carrying capacity should be commensurate to the amount of concrete to be placed ,

avoid the occurrence of cold joints by excess material transported . It should be noted that the
concrete should be placed in horizontal layers not more than 60 cm thick, each layer must be
attached when the bottom is still plastic , allowing penetration of the vibrator.

If pumping is chosen as a means of transportation , consider the following:

a) You can not pump concrete over 3 " slump : segregate and will clog the pipe .
- 12 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

b ) can not pump concrete with less than seven ( 7) bags of cement per m3 . Cement lubricate
driving; below this limit will clog the pipe .

c ) It must lubricate the conveyor pipe before pumping. Use grout pumping and sand or a rich
mix cement .

d ) The pipe blockage can occur for the following reasons : pocket of air, very dry or very
specific fluid , poorly mixed concrete , lack of sand in concrete, concrete with much time in the
drain pipe and grout joints .

6.6.2 Placement

It should consider the following recommendations for placing concrete in the formwork ,
avoiding segregation of the same :

From the top of a narrow shape

a) is correct discharging concrete into a hopper from a flexible chute , this prevents
segregation ; and steel and formwork will remain clean until being covered by concrete.

b ) It is wrong to allow the concrete discharged shock or bounce against the formwork and
reinforcement , segregation will occur and crabeater concrete at the bottom .

 
Chute or

bugor

buggy

Consistency of concrete forms in deep and narrow

You must use a particular drier every time (using variable slump ) goes under the concrete in
the formwork. If a constant slump is used, excess water occurs at the top of the filled , with
loss of strength and durability in the high parts .

Placement of concrete in columns and walls

The placement of concrete in columns and walls using pumps should be as shown in the figure
below:

 13 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

Placement slabs

right Wrong
a - . concrete placement is right against the face of the concrete filling

Pockets of coarse aggregates

a - . When a pocket of stones occurs, correct move them to a more sandy area and compacting
with vibration or heavy footsteps

b - . 's wrong placing concrete away from the concrete and fil

b - . Whether it's solving the problem by adding mortar to the pocket of coarse aggregate

- 14 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

6.6.3 Consolidation and curing

As quickly as possible after the concrete has been deposited , should be consolidated in a
manner appropriate to accommodate the concrete around rebar and void formation is
avoided. Each horizontal layer should be consolidated using suitable mechanical equipment
vibration. The vibration must be entered within the previous layer in order to weld the two
layers together. Should not be allowed to use the vibrator to move concrete horizontally.
Should not be vibrated concrete more than necessary to prevent segregation of the aggregat
a - . Vibrator must penetrate vertically about 10 cm. in prior filled . The location of the
vibrators should be to regulate , Systematic distance for proper compaction

b - . penetrates If randomly, at different angles and spacings without reaching the pre- filled ,
obtaining monolithic concrete is prevented.

The concrete hardens and gains strength due to chemical reaction between cement and water
( hydration of cement ) . Thus the concrete hardens it not be wet but dry . Furthermore , at
higher temperatures faster hydration .

Curing of concrete shall start as soon as possible without damaging the concrete surface and
extend continuously for a minimum of seven days, the concrete must be protected from
premature drying , excessively hot or cold temperatures , mechanical stresses , must be
maintained with the less moisture loss and a relatively constant temperature for the period
necessary for hydration of cement and hardening of concrete. The cast in concrete and the
work must be kept constantly wet either frequent risks or covering with a surface layer of sand
or other material. In the case of vertical surfaces ; columns and walls , the curing is carried out
by applying a sealing membrane.

6.7 Formwork

The forms will be used wherever necessary to confine the concrete , shaping according to the
required dimensions. Shall have good strength to support the weight, lateral pressure and
heavy loads . They should have good rigidity, to ensure alignment of the sections and finished
concrete remain within tolerances .

 
- 15 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

Before placing concrete , verify that the formwork is aligned and clean. The surfaces of the
formwork in contact with concrete should be treated with an agent that breaks the bond
between the formwork and concrete. Storage reservoirs , the membrane coating should be
non-toxic molds after 30 days .

6.8 Smoothing the inside of Cuba

The inner faces of the slabs or vaults line, circular walls and chimneys of Cuba , will be
plastered using waterproofing additive approved by the responsible for overseeing the work.
The work shall be subject to the positive outcome of the hydraulic test .

The plaster consists of two layers: the first 1 cm thick , prepared with cement mortar 1:3 sand
and waterproofing additive and second mortar 1:1 also prepared with the additive.

7. Supply piping

The pipes shall be galvanized iron or ductile iron. In the drawings of hydraulic systems material
and diameter of the pipes is specified. Table 1 shows the specifications mentioned pipes .

7.1 Supply and storage

During the reception and storage of pipes shall address the following elements :
a) They must take precautions to avoid damage to the pipe during transport and delivery to
the job site .

b ) extreme care when loading and unloading the pipe and fittings , for which you must
implement the following measures should be taken :

- Work slowly using sliders ( ramps ) and keep the pipe under perfect control at all times.

- Under no circumstances allow the pipe to fall, crash , drag , push or move so that the pipe is
damaged.

c ) If during transport, handling or laying, any pipe or coupling is damaged , you must replace
or repair the pipe.

d ) If the pipe storage warehouse, should provide an appropriate lock , installing stakes to
prevent the pipe from rolling. Store pipe on a level floor , placing stakes or wedges to lock so
they do not roll .

- 16 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

7.2 nipler
Pipe nipples only be allowed in special cases such as: splices existing lines to accessories and
valves . Also at intersections with existing services.

For the preparation of nickels routers cutters and / or tarrajas be used , not allowing the use of
impact tools .

Table 1. Specifications for drinking water pipes in elevated reservoirs

Material Standards

Hoses Accessories

HFD coating ANSI / AWWA C150/A21.50 ;

outer metallic zinc ANSI / AWWA C151/A21.51 ANSI / AWWA C110/A21.10 ;

ISO 8179 Part 1 -

ISO 2531 ANSI / AWWA C153/A21.53 . ISO

1995

2531

The amount of zinc not

will be < 200 g/m2

F ° GVDO . ISO 1 ISO 1

Threaded ends 11

yarns.
8. Supply and installation of accessories

8.1 Accessories pipe connector

These kinds of accessories is formed by elbows, tees , reducers , crosses, transitions, etc. . The
type of accessories and equipment to be installed during the construction of a large reservoir
are specified in the plans for water facilities project .

Materials accessories include: galvanized iron or ductile iron. The specifications of the
accessories of such materials are described :

8.1.1 Ductile Iron

Flanged ductile iron fittings , elbows, tees , reducers, crosses, transitions are made according
the Peruvian Technical Standard ISO 2531 1997 NTP - 50 mm. ( 2 " ) to 600 mm . (24 ") .

Ductile iron fittings for ISO 4422 PVC pipe , elbows, tees , reducers, crosses, transitions are
made according the Peruvian Technical Standard ISO 2531 NTP - 1997 snaps and flexible ,
which requires no transition and 50 mm diameters . ( 2 " ) to 300 mm . ( 12 ") .

- 17 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

The materials must meet all standards ITINTEC case, ensuring life and duly approved by
supervision.
8.1.2 Galvanized Iron

Accessories and connections Galvanized Iron Standard ISO 11 I will wire with screw
connections , as indicated by levels. It must be ensured at the time of the corresponding
hydraulic tests for leaks in the joints, for which it must appropriate sealant such as Teflon or
the like used.

Accessories terminated must not contain material that affects its use. They should be smooth ,
free of sand, blowholes , cracks and any harmful defect. They must submit their painted
surface to cover such effects .

If you have to be installed on the wall, will be accommodated in a way that does not interfere
with concrete mortar .

The materials must meet all standards INDECOPI case, ensuring life and duly approved by the
Supervisor .

The size of the accessories is as specified on the plans.

8.2 Valves and other

The type and material of the valves will be according to the specifications in the drawings of
hydraulic systems . The main types of valves that are installed in a large reservoir are:

8.2.1 Gate Valve

Gate valves are accessories for regulating or preventing the passage of a fluid flowing through
a pipe. They must be installed in pipes : input, output and bypass .
The valve material is preferably threaded mouths heavy brass . It also includes the provision of
the nipler necessary for installation. They must meet the requirements outlined in the NTP 350
030 , 341 066 and NTP NTP 341.005 .

The materials and parts for use in contact with water should be obtained bronze with no lower
percentages of 85 % copper and 5% tin, lead and zinc , respectively , according to ASTM B61 or
ASTM B62 . In no case lead constitute more than 5% of the alloy.

- 18 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

Washers , rings and gaskets which are used to provide hermeticity and seal between the
constituent parts of the valve interior , and sealing should be of elastomeric material which
meets the standards of hardness , compression , aging indicated in Standards or Peruvian ISO
48, ISO 815 and ISO 188 standards .

The fully assembled valves shall support both open and closed position , low assay 2 MPa ( 20
kg/cm2 ) hydrostatic pressure for one minute without observing water filtration .

The outer surface of the body and the other components of the valve must be free of burrs
and must not flakes , blisters, blowholes , cracks, etc. . The inner surface of the body and the
other components of the valve should not present obstacles to the movement of the liquid
and must be free of metal debris , scale and excess lubricant.

8.2.2 Valves floaters

Is fully open when the level reached by a fluid is the minimum and closes when fluid has
reached the maximum level .

They are used to control the entry of water storage tanks , settling over them.

They are of two types:

- Mechanic with a floating element that closes up input pipe diameter up to 2 " (50 mm).

- Balloon - type diaphragm diameter from pipe 3 " ( 75 mm ) .

8.2.3 Flowmeters

Elements of flow measurement and consumption that help provide control data immediately
( must be installed on the outlet pipe of the reservoir ) . Must have a magnetic transmission
indicator , instant reading Liters per second counter in M3 and cumulative record of 8 digits ,
with a margin of error of +2 %.

9. Hydraulic testing and disinfection

The purpose of disinfection and hydraulic tests is to verify that all water lines and storage
structures , have been properly installed , leak tested and disinfected , ready to serve.

 
- 19 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154

UNATSABAR

9.1 Hydraulic testing

Before proceed to the interior plaster , the Cuba will be subject to a hydrostatic test to verify
the waterproofing, will be filled with water to its highest level for a period of at least 24 hours .
If not submitted leaks enlucirlo order and download .

If the test is not successful , will be repeated after performing the you repair many times as
necessary to achieve impermeability Cuba .

Likewise , when leaks are present in any part of the water lines shall be immediately repaired
by the manufacturer , they must necessarily make the hydraulic test again and disinfecting it,
until positive results are achieved.

9.2 Disinfection

9.2.1 Reservoirs
The structures, before being placed in service, will be completely disinfected in accordance
with the procedure that follows this specification and in any case according to the
requirements that might point the Ministry of Public Health.

A whole inner surface of the structures , they were spread with a solution of 0.1% chlorine , so
that all parties are fully wetted. Then the structure will be filled with a solution of 50 ppm
chlorine to a height of 0.30 m . deep, allowing it to stand for a time of 24 hours; . the Cuba
then be filled with clean water up to the maximum operating level , adding a chlorine solution
of 25 ppm , and must remain so for a period of 24 hours; finally the residual chlorine test , the
result must be not less than 5 ppm is made .

For disinfection may use calcium hypochlorite having a concentration of 30 % .

For the addition of these products , an amount of 5 % volume of water to be disinfected to

dilute calcium hypochlorite is used , the use amounts determined by the following formula :

PCV

(% Cl2) x10

where :

P = weight in grams required hypochlorite

C = Concentration applied in ppm or mg / liter

Chlorine % = Percentage of free chlorine in the product , in our case 30 %

V = volume of the installation to be disinfected in Liters

- 20 -

OPS/CEPIS/05.154
UNATSABAR

9.2.2 Pipes

All water lines before being put into service , it will be completely disinfected in accordance
with the procedure specified in this specification and in any case , according to the
requirements that might point to the Ministry of Health.

The applied dosage of chlorine for disinfection is 50 ppm . The minimum time of contact of the
chlorine with the pipe will be 4 hours .

In the period of disinfection , all valves and other accessories will be operated repeatedly to
ensure that all parts in contact with the bleach solution .

After the test , the chlorine water is completely removed from the pipe and injecting with
drinking water up to 0.2 ppm of chlorine .

The amount of hypochlorite used can be calculated using the above equation.

10. REFERENCES

- Design of reinforced concrete structures . 3rd Edition Theodore E. Harmsen . 2002.Pontificia

Lima Catholic University of Peru .

- Pumping Stations , Pumps and motors used in water supply , N. Ferreccio Antonio. Lima, 1985
CEPIS - . Protection Program Environmental Health .

- Records of water supply projects . SEDAPAL . Lima 2005 .

- New regulations drafting of water and wastewater for urban allotments of Lima and Callao.
SEDAPAL . Lima , 1994 .

- Design standards for projects of drinking water for rural populations. Ministry of Health,
Digesa .

- Potable Water and Sewerage Lima ( 1994). Technical specifications for Execution of Works .

- Peruvian Chamber of Construction ( 2002). National Building Regulations .