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Allowable Stresses and Loads in Structures

The document discusses allowable stresses, factors of safety, and how to calculate allowable loads for structural members. It provides examples of calculating (1) the required cross-sectional area of a zirconium alloy member under an axial load, (2) the load on a 1m long member given its elongation, and (3) the largest load that can be applied to a rigid bar supported by steel and aluminum components. The key steps are determining allowable stresses using factors of safety and material properties, then calculating allowable loads based on those stresses and member dimensions.

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73 views8 pages

Allowable Stresses and Loads in Structures

The document discusses allowable stresses, factors of safety, and how to calculate allowable loads for structural members. It provides examples of calculating (1) the required cross-sectional area of a zirconium alloy member under an axial load, (2) the load on a 1m long member given its elongation, and (3) the largest load that can be applied to a rigid bar supported by steel and aluminum components. The key steps are determining allowable stresses using factors of safety and material properties, then calculating allowable loads based on those stresses and member dimensions.

Uploaded by

leen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ALLOWABLE STRESSES AND ALLOWABLE LOADS

Factors of Safety

In order to avoid structural failure, the loads that a


structure is capable of supporting must be greater than
the loads it will be subjected to when in service.
The actual strength of a structure must exceed the
required strength.
Ensured by the use of Factor of Safety, n

FOS is always greater than 1.0.


Allowable Stresses

For structures, its material must remain within the linear elastic
range in order to avoid permanent deformations when the
loads are removed.
the factor of safety is established with respect to yielding of the
structure.

Yield/Ultimate Stress
Allowable Stress =
Factor of Safety
σ ( yield / ultimate )
σ allowable =
FOS
Allowable Loads

After the allowable stress has been established for a


particular material and structure, the allowable load on that
structure can be determined.
direct tension and compression

direct shear

bearing
A structural member in a nuclear reactor is made of a zirconium
alloy.
a) If an axial load of 20 kN is to be supported by the member,
determine its required cross-sectional area.
b) What is the load on the member if it is 1m long and its
elongation is 5mm?
Use a factor of safety of 3 relative to yielding. The material has
elastic behavior. (Ezr = 96GPa, σy = 400MPa)

σy 400
a) σ allow = = = 133.33MPa
FOS 3
P
σ allow =
A
P 20 × 103
A= = = 0.00015m 2
= 150 mm 2

σ allow 133.33 ×106


b) Stress–Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law

δ 5
ε= = = 0 .005 mm
L 1×10 3 mm

σ
E= ⇒ σ = εE = 0.005(96 ×109 ) = 345000000Pa = 345MPa
ε

⇒ P = σA = 345 × 106 (0.00015) = 51750N = 51.8kN


P
σ=
A
The rigid bar is supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of
20 mm and an aluminum block having a cross-sectional area of
1800 mm2. The 18-mm-diameter pins at A and C are subjected to
single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and aluminum is σst-fail
= 680Mpa and σal-fail= 70MPa respectively, and the failure shear
stress for each pin is τfail=900MPa, determine the largest load P
that can be applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of 2.0.
The allowable stresses are
σ st -fail 680
σ st -allow = = = 340Mpa
FOS 2
σ 70
σ al-allow = al-fail = = 35Mpa
FOS 2
τ 900
τ allow = fail = = 450MPa
FOS 2

The allowable loads are


 π (20)2 
Pst -allow = σ st -allow Arod = 340  = 106.8kN
 4 
Pal-allow = σ al-allow Ablock = 35(1800) = 63kN

Vallow = τ fail Apin = 450 ( )


 π 18 ×10-3 2 
 = 114.5kN
4 
 
FBD of rigid bar

P =1.6FAC (1)

P =2.67FB (2)
FAC is equal to the minimum of the allowable tenisle force in
steel rod and allowable shear force in pins at A and C
∴ FAC = 106.8kN
From (1) P = 1.6(106.8) = 170.88 kN
FB is the allowable force in the aluminum block
∴FB = 63 kN
From (2) P = 2.67(63) = 168.2 kN
The stress in the aluminium block will reach the alllowable
value the earliest compared to steel rod and pins,
∴ P = 168.2 kN

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