Course Lecturer: Mr.T.C.

MACHOLO

S Block Level 3, Faculty of Engineering

email: macholdt@dut.ac.za

Tel. No. : Extension 2658

Lectures : online

Practicals : 2 Periods (Per Student)

Practical Venue : Strength of Material Laboratory, S5 – Level 1

Duration : +/- 14 Weeks Per Semester

NOTE : You will be supplied tables and
charts (tests & the main examination).
DO NOT NOTE bring : You any in to tables
will be supplied theandexam
charts (tests & the main examination).
venue as this would contravene
DO NOT bring any in to the exam venue
examination protocol
as this (G13 examination
would contravene (1) (p) (x))
protocol (G13 (1) (p) (x)) and lead to
and lead todisciplinary
disciplinary
action. action.
Prescribed Text Book

Mechanics of Materials by R.C HIBBELER, 9th edition

Subject Librarian: Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment

Mr. M. Omar Saib

Direct Tel. line : +27 031 373 2356

e-Mail Address : mousino@dut.ac.za

Skype ID : momarsaib
Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA) Graduates
Attributes (GAs) as per ECSA document E-02-PT:
Qualification Standard for Bachelor of Engineering
Technology: NQF Level 7

The following GAs are developed in this subject:

Graduate Attributes (GAs)

GA 1: Problem solving
GA 2: Application of scientific and engineering knowledge
GA 8: Individual and team work
GA 9: Independent Learning
 Stress and Strain
Direct Stress and Strain

All the forces acting on a body, including the reactive forces caused by
supports are considered external forces

Direct stress

Stress is defined as force per unit area. This is one of the most basic
engineering quantities

σ =Force/Area
Tensile stress
Direct/Normal Stress
Compressive stress
Shear stress

Bending stress
 Direct / Normal Stress

The sign convention for normal stress is as follows:

• A positive value for σ indicates tensile stress, that is, the

stress due to a force ΔF that pulls on the area on which it
acts.

• A negative value for σ indicates compressive stress

Assumptions

The bar is homogenous

The axial force acts through the centroid

Stress is distributed uniformly

Direct strain

When loads are applied to a body, some deformation will

occur resulting to a change in dimension

Direct Strain ( ε ) = Change in Length

Original Length
Strain is the change in length per unit length. It is normally computed
as (Lf - L0) / L0 where Lf is the final length and L0 is the initial length.
Ductile material
These materials are characterized by their ability to
yield and undergo significant deformation.

Brittle material
These materials are characterized by the fact that
rupture occurs with little deformation
 Tensile testing machine

A computer-controlled hydraulically
actuated testing machine
Undeformed specimen.

Deformed specimen
 Stress vs Strain

A -Limit of proportionality F - Fracture

B - Elastic limit

C - Upper yield stress

D – Lower yield stress

E - Ultimate tensile strength

Hooke's Law (Young ‘s modulus or Modulus of elasticity)


E

Poisson's Ratio
This is the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain.
 Maximum load
Ultimate tensile stress 
Original cross sec tional Area

load at fracture
No min al Fracture stress 
Original cross sec tional Area

load at fracture
True fracture stress 
Final cross sec tional Area
 Brittle materials

Proof Stress
An approximation for the Yield point/Elastic limit for materials that don't have a
definite one due to their structure.
To find the approximation, a tangent is produced from the Proportional Limit. The
points of intersection between the graph and the tangent defines the Proof Stress
of the material.
The line may be moved slightly to accommodate for certain materials.
Examples are 0.1%/0.2% Proof Stress, where the tangent is produced from a point
slightly (0.001) to the right of the Proportional Lim
Design Properties

Strength—There are three strength values of interest,

- yield strength
- Ultimate strength
- fracture stress,
- Stiffness
- Ductility

Allowable Stress and Allowable Load

Factor of safety = Ultimate strength /allowable stress

Factor of safety

Engineers calculate the stress, either to design a new

machine or structure or to analyse an existing one in
order to predict its behaviour under specified loading
conditions. In design, if the ultimate strength (the
maximum stress which the material can sustain before
failure) of the material used is known the calculated
stresses should be limited to an allowable limit
(allowable stress or permissible stress) which is
smaller than the ultimate strength by a factor, called
the factor of safety (F.O.S.). However in most
mechanical engineering applications, it is also
important to limit the displacements/deformations. It is
a common practice to apply a safety factor to the yield
stress.
Factor of safety must be greater than one, and its magnitude is
determined by
considering factors such as:

variation in material properties

quality of production, tolerance, geometric imperfections etc.

inaccuracy in assessing the loading (in many situations the

loading has to be estimated)

types of failure:
ductile materials ..gradual failure, brittle material …abrupt failure

cyclic loading (may result in sudden failure of ductile materials

(fatigue)

possibilities of other sudden failures, instability (buckling) etc.

consequences of failure: if there is any potential danger to people

must use a high F.O.S.
A specimen of a methacrylate plastic is tested in
tension at room temperature producing the stress-
strain data shown below in the accompanying table.
Plot the stress-strain curve and determine the
proportional limit, modulus of elasticity, and yield
stress at 0.2% offset. Is the material ductile or brittle?

Stress (MPa) Strain

8.0 0.0032
17.5 0.0073
25.6 0.0111
31.1 0.0129
39.8 0.0163
44.0 0.0184
48.2 0.0209
53.9 0.0260
58.1 0.0331
62.0 0.0429
62.1 Fracture
The data shown in the accompanying table were obtained from a tensile test of high-
strength steel. The test specimen had a diameter of 13 mm and a gage length of 50 mm
(see figure for Prob. 1.3-3). At fracture, the elongation between the gage marks was 30
mm and the minimum diameter was 10.7 mm. Plot the conventional stress-strain curve
for the steel and determine the proportional limit, modulus of elasticity (i.e., the slope
of the initial part of the stress-strain curve), yield stress at 0.1% offset, ultimate stress,
percent elongation in 50 mm, and percent reduction in area.

Load (kN) Elongation (mm)

5 0.005
10 0.015
30 0.048
50 0.084
60 0.099
64.5 0.109
67.0 0.119
68.0 0.137
69.0 0.160
70.0 0.229
72.0 0.259
76.0 0.330
84.0 0.584
92.0 0.853
100.0 1.288
112.0 2.814
113.0 fracture
Hoooke ‘s Law states that the deformation in a body is
directly proportional to the load producing it
𝜎
𝐸=
𝜀
∆𝑙
𝜀=
𝑙
𝜎
𝐸=
∆𝑙
𝑙
𝜎𝑙
∆𝑙 =
𝐸
𝐹𝑙 𝐹
∆𝑙 = 𝐴𝐸 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜎 = 𝐴
 Axially loaded members

෍ 𝑃𝑥 = 0

−𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 − 𝑃4 − 𝑃5 = 0 ∆𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝑙𝐴𝐵 + ∆𝑙𝐵𝐶 + ∆𝑙𝐶𝐷 + ∆𝑙𝐷𝐸

𝑃1 𝑙
∆𝑙𝐴𝐵 =
𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐸𝐴𝐵

(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝑙
∆𝑙𝐵𝐶 =
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝐵𝐶
 A hollow shaft( E =200GPa) tube A with an outside diameter of
65mm and an inside diameter of 50 mm is fastened to an
aluminium ( E = 70GPa) bar B that has a 50 mm diameter over
one half of its length and a 25 mm diameter over half. The bar
is loaded and supported as shown. Calculate ;
(a) the change in length of the steel tube
(b) the overall elongation of the composite member

𝐹𝐷𝑐 𝑙 10 × 103 × 500 × 10−3

∆𝑙𝐷𝐶 = = 𝜋 = 145.51 × 10−6 𝑚
𝐴𝐷𝐶 𝐸𝐷𝐶 0.0252 × 70 × 109
4
𝐹𝐸𝐷 𝑙 60 × 103 × 500 × 10−3
∆𝑙𝐸𝐷 = = 𝜋 = 218 × 10−6 𝑚
𝐴𝐸𝐷 𝐸𝐸𝐷 2
0.05 × 70 × 10 9
4
𝐹𝐹𝐸 𝑙 90 × 103 × 400 × 10−3
∆𝑙𝐹𝐸 = = = 132.84 × 10−6 𝑚
𝐴𝐹𝐸 𝐸𝐹𝐸 𝜋 (0.0652 −0.052 ) × 200 × 109
4
∆𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝑙𝐷𝐶 + ∆𝑙𝐸𝐷 + ∆𝑙𝐹𝐸 =145.51 × 10−6+218 × 10−6 + 132.84 × 10−6 = 496.55 × 10−6 𝑚
 Materials in series

FAB  FBC  FCD OR  AB AAb   BC ABC   CD ACD

LT  LAB  LBC  LCD

 Materials in parallel

LT  L2  L3

PT  F1  F2  F3
OR
PT  1 A1   2 A2   3 A3
A weight of 10 kN is suspended by ropes as shown below. Find stresses in the ropes and downward
movement of the weight if the diameter of the ropes is 25 mm.

∆𝑙𝐴𝐵 = ∆𝑙𝐶𝐷

𝜎𝑙 𝜎𝑙
=
𝐸 𝐴𝐵 𝐸 𝐶𝐷

𝜎𝐴𝐵 × 6 𝜎𝐶𝐷 × 4
9
=
200 × 10 200 × 109
Take E = 200 GPa
2
𝜎𝐴𝐵 = 𝜎𝐶𝐷
3
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝐶𝐷

10 × 103 = 𝜎𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐵 + 𝜎𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐶𝐷

2 2
3 2 𝜋 25×10−3 𝜋 25×10−3
10 × 10 = 𝜎𝐶𝐷 +𝜎𝐶𝐷
3 4 4

𝜎𝐶𝐷 = 12.22 𝑀𝑃𝑎

2
𝜎𝐴𝐵 = (12.22 × 106 )= 8.15 MPa
3
𝜎𝑙 8.15×106 ×6 𝜎𝑙 12.22×106 ×4
∆𝐿𝐴𝐵 = = 244.5 × 10−6 𝑚 or ∆𝐿𝐶𝐷 = = 244.5 × 10−6 𝑚
𝐸 𝐴𝐵 200×109 𝐸 𝐶𝐷 200×109

𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 244.5 × 10−6 m

The figure below shows a steel rod supported in a recess and surrounded by a
coaxial brass tube. The upper end of the rod is 0.1 mm below that of the tube
and an axial load is applied to a rigid plate resting on the top of the tube

(a) Determine the magnitude of the maximum permissible load if the stress in the
rod is not to exceed 105 MPa and that in the tube is not to exceed 80 MPa.

(b) Determine the amount by which the tube will be shortened if the stress in the
tube is the same as that in the rod.

Take Esteel= 200 GPa and Ebrass= 100 GPa

(a) ∆Lst + 0.1 × 10−3 = ∆L𝐵𝑟
𝜎𝑙 𝜎𝑙
+ 0.1 × 10−3 =
𝐸 𝑠𝑡
𝐸 𝑏𝑟
Assume 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 105 𝑀𝑃𝑎
105 ×106 ×0.3999 𝜎 ×0.3
+ 0.1 × 10−3 = 100×10
𝑏𝑟
200×109 9

𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 103.316 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙

Assume 𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑠𝑡 ×0.3999 80×106 ×0.3
+ 0.1 × 10−3 =
200×109 100×109
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 70.018 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑠𝑡 + 𝐹𝐵𝑟 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝐴𝑏𝑟 𝜎𝑏𝑟
𝐹𝑇
𝜋 𝜋
= 70.018 × 106 × 30 × 10−3 2 + 80 × 106 50 × 10−3 2 − 45 × 10−3 2
4 4
𝐹𝑇 = 79.338 𝑘𝑁
b ∆Lst + 0.1 × 10−3 = ∆L𝐵𝑟
𝜎𝑠𝑡/𝑏𝑟 𝑙𝑠𝑡 −3
𝜎𝑠𝑡/𝑏𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑟
+ 0.1 × 10 =
𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑏𝑟
𝑙𝑏𝑟 𝑙𝑠𝑡
𝜎𝑠𝑡/𝑏𝑟 − = 0.1 × 10−3
𝐸𝑏𝑟 𝐸𝑠𝑡
0.3 0.3999
𝜎𝑠𝑡/𝑏𝑟 9
− 9
= 0.1 × 10−3
100 × 10 200 × 10
𝜎𝑠𝑡/𝑏𝑟 = 99.950 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑙 99.950 × 106 × 0.3

∆𝐿 = =
𝐸 𝑏𝑟 100 × 109
= 299.85 × 10−6 𝑚
 Shear stress

This is different from normal stress which acts perpendicular

(normal) to the cross section.

V

A
Single shear

Double shear

V

2A
 Hooke’s law in shear


G  shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity

 shear strain ( radians)

shear stress Pa

E
G
2(1  )
 Free Body Diagrams

1. Select the free body to be used

2. Detach this body from its supports and separate it from any
other bodies.(If internal force resultants are to be found, use the
method discussed below.)

3. Show on the sketch all of the external forces acting on the body.
Location ,magnitude and direction of each force should be
marked on the sketch.

4. Label significant points and include dimensions. Any other

detail, however, should be omitted.
 From 2

a. Sketch the isolated body and all external forces acting on it

b. Apply the equations of equilibrium to the diagram to determine the
unknown external forces.
c. Cut the body at a section of interest by an imaginary plane, isolate one
of the segment. If the entire body is in equilibrium, any part of it must
be in equilibrium. That is there must be internal forces transmitted
across the cut sections
Members ACE and BCD are connected by a pin at C and by the
link DE. For the loading shown, calculate the shear stress in pins
A and C, if both 10 mm in diameter. Pin A is subjected to a double
shear and C to a single shear.
 RAX RAY

RBX

+ve ෍ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑉 566.04
𝑅𝐴𝑌 − 480 = 0 𝜏𝐴 = =
RAY = 480 N 𝐴 2 × 𝜋 (10 × 10−3 )2
4
𝜏𝐴 = 3.6 MPa
+𝑣𝑒𝑀𝐵 = 0
−𝑅𝐴𝑋 × 160 − 480 × 60 + 480 × 160 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑋 = 300 𝑁

𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴𝑌 2 + 𝑅𝐴𝑋 2
𝑅𝐴 = 4802 + 3002 = 566.04 𝑁
 RBX
RCY
RCX 80
α 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
150
FDE
𝛼 = 28.07°

+𝑣𝑒𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑋 × 60 + 480 × 100 − 𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛28.07 × 250 = 0
300 × 60 + 480 × 100 − 𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛28.07 × 250 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 561 𝑁
𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅𝐶𝑋 2 + 𝑅𝐶𝑌 2
𝑅𝐶 = 795.32 + 216.022
+ve ෍ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 𝑅𝐶 = 823.81 𝑁
R𝐵𝑋 + 𝑅𝐶𝑋 + 𝐹𝐷𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠 28.07° = 0
300 − 𝑅𝐶𝑋 + 𝐹𝐷𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠 28.07° 𝑉𝐶
𝜏𝐶 =
𝑅𝐶𝑋 = 795.3 𝑁 𝐴𝐶

+ve ෍ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 823.81
𝜏𝐶 = 𝜋
10 × 10−3 2
RCY -480 + FDEsin28.07 = 0 4
𝜏𝐶 = 10.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
RCY = 216.02 N
A beam AB is supported by a strut CD and carries a load P = 11kN
as shown in the figure below. The strut, which consists of two bars, is
connected to the beam by a bolt passing through each of the bars at
joints C. If the allowable average shear stress in the bolt is 96 MPa,
what is the minimum required diameter of the bolt?

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 15,56 × 10−3 𝑚