Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00447-0

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Design and Implementation of Overcurrent Protection Relay

Mohammed Y. Suliman2   · Mohammed Ghazal1

Received: 28 May 2019 / Revised: 15 March 2020 / Accepted: 6 May 2020

© The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2020

Abstract
Protective relays have been designed with different technologies resulting in electromechanical, solid-state, and numerical
devices. Speed and reliability are the two most important characteristics of a protective relay. Other capabilities such as
monitoring and recording are supposed to be of secondary priority. The new technology using combination of field-program-
mable analog arrays (FPAAs) and digital technologies seems to be a breakthrough and has the potential to provide better
performance than the present-day numerical relays. The use of FPAAs for designing and implementing overcurrent relay is
investigated. The modeling and simulation of a protected system using Matlab are described. Hardware implementation using
FPAAs is described. The practical test for different types of fault conditions is presented. The practical results show the ability
of the new protection to response to the steady-state fault condition fastly and also can obtain different types of Time–Cur-
rent characteristics with high accuracy. Also two types of characteristics Inverse Definite Minimum Time type IDMT type
and very-inverse type are implemented, the protection system is tested in a fault of line-to-line type and the results show the
ability to discriminate the fault condition and isolate the faulted section only, the remaining network can operate normally.

Keywords  Overcurrent relay · IDMT · TMS · TC · Peak value detector · Pickup current · Input/output port · FPAA

1 Introduction time- inversely proportional to the magnitude of a current

Overcurrent protection is one of the least expensive and
simplest types of protection that can be set on transmission
lines. The operating of relay depending on the magnitude
of the current [1]. Overcurrent protection can operate in all
possible types of fault conditions. The relay requires a set-
ting of the pickup current value that must be higher than the
maximum value of expected emergency or normal condi-
tions of load flow. Overcurrent relay is widely used in radial
distribution and transmission [2]. Such relays are relatively
easy to set so that they will protect the system from short
circuit faults in an adjacent component. There are two types
of overcurrent relay depends on the types of the relay which
are: delayed or instantaneous type the delay type may be
* Mohammed Ghazal
mohammed.ghazal1181@gmail.com
Mohammed Y. Suliman
mohammed.yahya@ntu.edu.iq
1
Department of Computer Engineering, Technical College,
Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
2
Department of Power Engineering, Technical College,
Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
or fixed time. Figure 1 shows the different types of overcur-
rent characteristics [3]. Many works have been suggested
for the implementation of overcurrent protection in the lit-
erature. A microprocessor-based overcurrent is presented
in [4]. Whereas [5] presents overcurrent based on micro-
controller. In [6] presents overcurrent protection based on
FPGA. In [7] presents Signal processing and digitization
modules. Microprocessor, microcomputer, FPGA and Signal
processing have a specific property of re-programmability
due to which multiple functions can be realized on a single
chip. However, the protection algorithm of these relay is
processed sequentially, resulting in increased computational
time and the overall performance of the relay is adversely
affected. These relays have also suffered from many limita-
tions such as computational burden, memory requirement,
limited speed, and high cost. The new design of overcurrent
relay based on Field Programmable Analog Arrays FPAA
is a high-speed response and used for the implementation of
intelligent electronic devices and high computational per-
formance, low latencies, re-programmability, and parallel
processing. The use of instantaneous power theory to calcu-
late the peak value of the line current added another feature
of small-time calculation of less than one cycle compared

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 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

Fig. 2  Time-distance characteristics of overcurrent

The instantaneous aggregated values of the two

currents i𝛼 and i𝛽 in α-β coordination where:
√
iΣ = i2𝛼 + i2𝛽 (3)

The instantaneous aggregate current iΣ is a constant value

Fig. 1  Time- current characteritics
and equal to the rms value of the line-current the peak ampli-
tude of the line current:
with previous works [4–7] that they take more than one cycle √
for peak amplitude calculations and need more peripher- ip = 2iΣ (4)
als design, in this proposed design the use of instantaneous
power theory and FPAA less than half cycle needs for peak From Eq. 4 the peak amplitude of the line current for
detector and also the hardware less electronic peripherals overcurrent relay can be detected.
needs this lead to a simple design fast response with high
efficiency.
3 Protection Modeling

2 Peak Detector For the system in which the fault is specified practically
by the fault position, that being substantially not affected
To detect the fault current, the maximum value of the sinu- by the changes in the impedance of power source, in this
soidal waveform current should be measured, which taken case, the favorite is to use Inverse Definite Minimum Time
from current transformers the derivation in Appendix A [8]. type (IDMT) [11]. Where gives fast tripping, even the fault
The instantaneous equation of the sinusoidal waveform cur- close to the source, that severe faults generality can happen
rent is [9]: [12]. When the impedance between protection relay and the
source ­(ZS) is small value when compared with the imped-
i(t) = Im sin(𝜔t) (1) ance of protected zone ­(ZL), there is a significant difference
between the current magnitude for a fault at the near end of
the zone (­ VS/ZS, ­VS: source voltage) and the current mag-
where ­Im is the maximum value. The conventional methods
nitude for a fault at the far end (­ VS/ ­(ZS + ZL)) [13]. The
for measuring the peak value needs more than one cycle
operating time of relay is proportional inversely with the
(20 ms) [10]. In this paper for fast measure the maximum
line current so that the overcurrent operates for a fault at the
value the instantaneous power theory or p-q theory was
end of the zone faster than the nearer to the source, and the
used. In this theory the αβ0 transformation or the Clarke
ratio of operating time for a fault current is (­ ZS/ ­(ZS + ZL))
transformation transforms the three-phase instantaneous cur-
[14]. Figure 2 shows the characteristics of the time-distance
rent from the abc phases, ­ia(t), ­ib(t) and ­ic(t) to the αβ0-axes
resultant for radial transmission with individual sections
which are denoted as i­ α, ­iβ and i­ 0. The Clarke transformation
[15–17]. By using a selective Time Coordination margin
of the three phase currents can be given:
­(TC) which is the sum of the breaker, over-travel, and factor-
of-safety times, the relay operating time can be controlled
� � � ⎡ 1 −1 −1 ⎤⎡ i ⎤
i𝛼 2⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎢ a ⎥ (increase or decrease) by using very inverse characteristic
(2)
3 ⎢⎢ √3 √3 ⎥⎢ ib ⎥ [16, 18].
=
i𝛽 ⎥⎣ ic ⎦
⎣0 2 − 2 ⎦ To calculate the operating time of overcurrent relay [19]:

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Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

( ) derive it [20]. In this study the FLC used as Fuzzy like PI

0.05
ttrip = TMS + 0.18
M 0.02 − 1
where:
ttrip = Relay operating time (seconds).
M = Multiple of pickup current.
TMS = Time Multiplier Setting.
4 Control System
The control of overcurrent protection system is shown in
Fig. 3. The input to the controller are the three current sig-
nals are taken from the three-phase line currents, these sig-
nals transform to α-β coordination using Clarke transforma-
tion Eq. 2, the peak value of the current is evaluated using
Eq. 3 and Eq. 4 respectively. The parameter I­ measured works
as a feedback input to the closed-loop control system. The
reference pickup current I­ pickup is compared with the feed-
back signal I­ measured and then generate "error signal" E
­ rrorI.
This signal is processed in the controller:
ErorrI = IPickup − Imeasured
5 Fuzzy Logic Control
Fuzzy Logic control FLC systems are appropriate for
approximate reasoning or uncertain systems, especially with
the system of a mathematical model which is difficult to
(5)
controller where:
∫ (7)
i = KP error1 + KI error1 dt
where:
I: is the control variable (the current).
Error: is the error signal for a corresponding controlled
variable,
KP and ­KI are the proportional and integral gains.
The derivative of Eq. 5 is given as:
i� = KP errorI� + KI errorI (8)
The drive a fuzzy logic that behaves like a PI controller,
the algorithm defined by Eq. (8) is then transferred into a
set of fuzzy rules. The inputs data are vectors of the error
signal, ­(errorI) and change of error (ΔerorrI) that takes by
the derivative of error, while the output is the input to over-
current relay to calculate the tripping time using Eq. 5. The
error and change of error data shown in Table 1. The choice
of membership functions depends on the problem to be
(6)
dealt with and the number of fuzzy sets. There is no stand-
ard design scheme that can be followed to obtain the most
effective number and type of membership functions [21].
In this study the input variable to the fuzzy logic controller
was split into 5 membership functions MFs (NB, NS, Z, PS,
PB) which mean (negative big, negative small, zero, positive
small, positive big). The triangular membership functions
are selected. For two inputs 25-control rule. system. The

Fig. 3  Overcurrent relay control system block diagram Fig. 4  FLC structure

Table 1  Rules-base values for Error1/Δerorr1 NB NS Z PS PB

fuzzy logic controller
− 1 − 1/2 0 1/2 1

NB 1 NB NB NB NS Z
NS − 1/2 NB NS NS Z PS
Z 0 NB NS Z PS PB
PS 1/2 NS Z PS PS PB
PB 1 PB PS PB PB PB

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15

10

Line current in PU
5

-5

-10

-15

-20
Fig. 5  FLC validation test 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42
Time in seconds

Fig. 8  The load current of single phase fault

10
8
6

Currents in PU
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
Fig. 6  FLC validation surface -10
0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4
Time in seconds
structure type with 50% overlapping. Fig. 4 shows the FLC
structure. From Fig. 5 the error between training and testing Fig. 9  Iα and ­Iβ and peak amplitude at single phase fault
stage is very small and all the values are reached the target
the error was (2.1 × 1­ 0−6). Figure 6 shows the validation 6 Simulation and Results
surface, from the figure it’s clear that the change in the con-
troller in both directions (positive to negative) was smooth. To check the protective system design first simulated by
using Matlab/Simulink, the model shown in Fig. 7. Three
types of faults conditions tested the designed protective
system: the single-phase, two-phase and three-phase to a
ground fault. The simulation test done by applying the faults

Fig. 7  The protective model

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Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

25
1
0.8 20
0.6

Line current in PU
15
Line voltages in PU

0.4
10
0.2
0 5
-0.2 0
-0.4
-5
-0.6
-0.8 -10
-1 -15

0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42 -20
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Time in seconds
Time in seconds

Fig. 10  The line voltage at single phase fault

Fig. 14  The load current of three phase fault

15

10 20 Ia
Ib
Peak Detector
15
Line current PU

Line current in PU
10

0 5
0
-5
-5
-10 -10
-15
-15
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 -20
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Time in seconds
Time in seconds

Fig. 11  The load current of 2-phase fault

Fig. 15  Iα and ­Iβ and peak amplitude at single phase fault

15
Ia suddenly after normal operation and record the protection
Ib

10
Peak Detector
response to fault conditions. Figure 8 shows a single line to
a ground fault where the fault happens at t = 0.33 s the relay
5
action was at t = 0.37 s.
0 The time taken from detection to tripping was about
-5 (40 ms) this time included the detection and the delay time
depending on the multiple of pickup current. Figure 9 shows
-10
the quadrature components ­Iα and ­Iβ and the peak value eval-
-15
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
uated using Eq. 2. It can be noticed that fast measuring the
Time in seconds peak value of the current with good precision. Figure 10
shows the line voltage before and after the fault occurs. Fig-
Fig. 12  Iα and ­Iβ and peak amplitude at two phase fault ures: 11, 12, and 13 show the second type of fault test the

Fig. 13  The line voltage at two 1

phase fault 0.8
Line voltage in PU

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Time in Seconds

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PI
1 FLC
0.8 1.35
Line voltage in PU

0.6

Line current (pu)

0.4 1.3
0.2
0 1.25
-0.2
-0.4
1.2
-0.6
-0.8
1.15
-1
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Time in seconds Time in seconds

Fig. 16  The line voltage at three phase fault Fig. 20  The Step change in line current

25
two phase fault condition. Figures: 14, 15, and  16 show
Trip signal and measuring signal

Ia
Ib
20 Measuring signal
Trip signal the third type of fault test the three phase fault condition.
15
Figure 17 shows the quadrature components with peak value
10
and trip signal. Figure 18 shows the trip signal with delay
5
time depending on the value of fault current (multiple of
0
pickup current) as in Eq. 5. Figure 19 shows time current
-5
characteristic for two TMS. To validate the FLC Figure 20
-10
shows the results of the control system response to step
-15
0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44 change in the active power. From the results, it is clear that
Time in seconds the Fuzzy controller has a smoother in response and reaches
the steady state faster than the conventional PI controller.
Fig. 17  Iα and ­Iβ, peak value and trip signal

7 Practical System
Trip signal verses Detecting signal

2
To validate, the protection designs a Field Programmable
Ia
Ib
1.5 Ic

Analog Arrays (FPAA) is used. (FPAA) give the designer

Trip signal
Detecting signal
1
new possibilities in analog circuits design. There are several
0.5
vendors of the FPAA circuits that offer different amounts of
0
resources and principles of operation. This research work is
-0.5
based on AN221E04 circuit from the Anadigm company.
-1 The circuit operates on switched capacitor (SC) principle.
-1.5
0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44
It contains four Configurable Analogue Blocks (CAB).
Time in seconds
Each CAB consists of two operational amplifiers, a voltage
comparator, eight capacitances of programmable values, a
Fig. 18  The trip signal versus detecting signal
network of analog switches, successive approximation reg-
ister (SAR) and look-up also has 4 analogue input and two
outputs with 16 MHz clock [22]. The non-overlapping clock
102
TMS=1
signals required for the SC cells are generated internally.
TMS=0.75
The configuration for the AN221E04 device can be created
using a CAD tool named AnadigmDesigner2. This tool cre-
Time in seconds

1
10
ates several source files that can be used in an application
managing the FPAA. It can also download the configuration
10
0
directly to the FPAA. The configuration data are stored in an
internal SRAM memory, that is divided into two areas: the
configuration memory (CM) and the shadow configuration
10-1
0 5 10 15 memory (SM) [23]. FPAA Implementation of overcurrent
Multiple of Pickup current
protection circuit is shown in Fig. 21, the three input cur-
rents are filtered and then the peak value is calculated by
Fig. 19  Time–Current characteristic

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Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

Fig. 21  FPAA Implementation of overcurrent protection

flow chart arrangement for the computer algorithm of the

overcurrent relay, the program is written in C language.

Fig. 22  Block diagram of the practical system

implementing the Eqs. 2, 3 and 4, this value then compared

with pickup current (stored in memory) the delay time cal-
culated using Eq. 5, where the delay depends on the multiple
of pickup current.
The block diagram arrangement of the practical system
shown in Fig. 22. the FPAA interface controls the input/out-
put of the system, which provides interfacing via program-
ming input/output ports by enabling the control register. The
hardware system starts with initial input channels to enable
the inputs data from the CTs by taking samples for the three-
phase line then the components of current ­Iα and I­ β are cal-
culated using Eq. 2, the peak current amplitude (­ IP) is calcu-
lated using Eq. 4, then compared with a specified adjustable
current magnitude (set point), Ipu (pickup current) where
the pickup value takes bigger than the maximum rated cur-
rent of the line. Tripping signal sends to the tripping circuit
(after delay time obtained from Eq. 5) when the measured
value exceeds the pickup value. The execution time of the
measuring peak amplitude was 10 ms. Figure 23 shows the

Fig. 23  Flow chart for the computer algorithm

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 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

respectively as shown in Fig. 26 and Fig. 27 at TMS = 1, the

constants of Eq. 1, included in Table 2.
practical results noticed that a good agreement is accom-
plished when compared with published overcurrent curves
[2]. The advantages of the new design are fast measurement
to the peak amplitude of the line current with high accuracy
to make the relay sensitive to any abnormal condition also
from the algorithm design show that can obtain any shape
of inverse characteristics only by changing the constants
in Eq. 5, in the software program without need to change
1
10
TMS=1

Time in Seconds
0
10

Fig. 24  Peak value versus 3-ph input current

-1
10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
8 Discussion of The Results Multiple of Pickup current

To validate the instantaneous power theory to measure the Fig. 26  Time current characteristic for normal inverse
peak amplitude Figs. 24 and 25 show the peak level and the
quadrature components calculated using FPAA. The param-
eters of the overcurrent relay shown in Table 2. The experi-
mental results for the overcurrent relay consist of two types 10
1
TMS=1
Multiple of Pickup current

time–current characteristics normal inverse and very inverse

0
10

-1
10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Time in seconds

Fig. 27  Time current characteristic for very inverse

Fig. 25  Peak value versus I­ α and ­Iβ

Table 2  The coefficients of Relay type k a c

Eq. 1
Normal inverse 0.14 0.02 0
Very inverse 13 1 0
Fig. 28  Practical test of overcurrent relay

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Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology

Appendix A

CT’s are in wyes connected (phases and ground relays). The

phase currents Ia, Ib, and Ic are the vector currents, and the
CT ratio is 1/1 to simplify the mathematics. The connec-
tion of the C.Ts of designed three phase overcurrent relay
shown below, the resistance (burden) that connect across the
secondary of C.T.:

Burden (in VA) = Is2 R.

Where:

R: resistance.

Fig. 29  Phase currents when B-C phase fault occurs

Is: secondary current.

The resistance connected across the secondary to convert

the hardware system. The second advantage all three-phase the line current to voltage in the range of analog to digital
current is common in comparison with the multiple pick converter (± 5 V).
up value and one characteristic curve is representing all
three-phase lines. Figure 28 shows the practical test to the
relay, the response same as the designed relay in simula-
tion. Figure 29 shows the practical test of operation of the Ia
overcurrent relay under fault condition, the fault occurred Ib
at t = 100 ms. The relay responds to the fault phase-phase
(Phase B and Phase C). From the figure, it’s clear that the Ic
Ic Ib Ia
designed system responds less than one cycle to measure
peak amplitude after the fault occurs. Compared with pre- Ground Phase
vious work in [4–7] that takes measuring time more than Relays Relays

one cycle and also more accurate and less peripheral design
needs.

9 Conclusion
Appendix B
In this paper the technique of overcurrent protection relay
based on FPAA was presented, the use of FPAA shows the The rules of Fuzzy logic control system like a PI controller
simple design with high efficiency and fast process com- shown below. The controller inputs were split into 5 trian-
pared with the previous works in [4–7]. The peak amplitude gular membership functions MFs (− 1, − 0.5, 0, 0.5, 1) with
detector of phase current using instantaneous power theory 50% overlapping, as shown below:
gives fast-tracking response to any change in the current
amplitude where the measuring time less than one cycle with
high accuracy of error less than 2%, the use of Fuzzy logic
control gives more smooth in response also different type of
characteristics were obtained practically only by changing
the constants of Eq. 5 in the algorithm program with wide
range of TMS, compared with the traditional protection in
reference [1], also the protection design has a response time
of less than one cycle after the fault occurs to isolate the
faulted area.
The rules were 25-control rules as shown:

13

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Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Mohammed Y. Suliman  received his BSc, M.Sc., and Ph. D. degrees
from the University of Mosul, Iraq in 1995, 1998, and 2014 respec-
tively. Currently, he is an assistant professor, at the Technical College,
Northern Technical University. currently, he is head of Technical power
engg. dept. His research interests include protection, power electronics,
FACTS, Renewable energy.
Mohammed Ghazal  obtained his M.Sc. degree from Computer Engi-
neering Technology, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq in
2016. His M.Sc. thesis entitled: “Wheelchair Robot Control Using
EOG signals” and his current research focuses on the development of
face recognition algorithm.
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