“FOUR QUADRANT DC MOTOR CONTROL WITHOUT

MICROCONTROLLER”

A
Dissertation
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
Of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
“ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING”

By
Anik Goyal (1204220006)
Vishal Singh (1204220056)
P Tsethong (1204220030)
Anik Goyal (1204220006)

Supervisor
Dr. K. P. Singh

Submitted in
Department of Electrical Engineering
MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
GORAKHPUR-273010
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 CONTENT
No Topic Page No.

i. Abstract 3

ii. Introduction 4

iii. Motivation 4

iv. D.C. Motor 4

v. Project Overview 5

vi. Four quadrant operation of dc motor 5

vii. 555 Timer 7

viii. Motor driver L293D 8

ix. Block diagram 9

x. Benefits 10

xi. Applications 10

xii. References 10

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ABSTRACT:

The project is designed to develop a four quadrant control system for a DC motor. The
motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise; counter clock-wise, forward brake and
reverse brake.
The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors
are used and as per requirement as they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also
apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial
environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed
system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features.
Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse
voltage across the running motor for a brief period. 555 timer used in the project develops
required pulses. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the motor which are interfaced
to the circuit that provides an input signal to it and in turn controls the motor through a driver
IC. Optionally speed control feature can be achieved (but not provided in this project) by push
button operation.
This project can be enhanced by using higher power electronic devices to operate high
capacity DC motors. Regenerative braking for optimizing the power consumption can also be
incorporated..

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INTRODUCTION:
The history of dc motor can be traced back to the 1830s when Michael Faraday did extensive
works on disc type of machine.
A dc motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It depends
for its operation on the force which is known to exist on conductor carrying a current while
situated in a magnetic field.
Dc drives are widely used in applications requiring adjustable speed, good speed regulation
and frequent starting, braking and reversing. Some important applications are rolling mills,
paper mills, mine winders, hoists, machine tools, traction, printing press, textile mills,
excavators, and cranes,
Although since late 60s, it is being predicted that ac drives will replace dc drives, however
even today the variable speed applications are dominated by dc drives because of lower cost,
reliability and simple control.
The project is designed to develop a four quadrant control system for a DC motor. The motor is
operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise; counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake.

MOTIVATION:
The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise; counter clock-wise, forward brake and
reverse brake.
The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used
and as per requirement as they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply
brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial
environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed
system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features.

DC MOTOR:
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. In any electric
motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism.
A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding with a "North"
polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (also known as armature), stator, commutator,
field magnet(s), and brushes.

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PROJECT OVERVIEW:
 The aim of the project is to develop a speed control system for DC motor using four-
quadrant chopper.
 Using four-quadrant chopper it is possible to demonstrate forward &reverse motoring
and braking.
 The speed of DC motor is directly proportional to armature voltage and inversely
proportional to flux.
 By maintaining the flux constant, the speed can be varied by varying the armature
voltage.
 The direction of rotation is reversed by reversing armature voltage.
 In this project, we use a small FHP (Fractional Horse Power) DC motor whose field
comprises of a permanent magnet.
 The armature of that is excited by a variable dc supply obtained from four-quadrant
chopper.
 The system is provided with various control keys, such as START, STOP, FORWARD,
REVERSE, FORWARD BRAKE, and REVERSE BRAKE.
 Using these keys, the user can set the motor to run in any one of the following modes,
namely Forward motoring, Reverse motoring, Forward braking and reverse braking.
The speed can be varied by varying the voltage given to the PWM converter (using
potentiometer).

FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION OF DC MOTOR:

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Torque –Speed relation:

 Quadrant I -- Driving or motoring, forward accelerating quadrant with positive speed and
torque
 Quadrant II -- Generating or braking, forward braking-decelerating quadrant with positive
speed and negative torque
 Quadrant III - Driving or motoring, reverse accelerating quadrant with negative speed and
torque
 Quadrant IV - Generating or braking, reverse braking-decelerating quadrant with negative
speed and positive torque.

Most applications involve single-quadrant loads operating in quadrant I, such as in variable-

torque (e.g. centrifugal pumps or fans) and certain constant-torque (e.g. extruders) loads.
Certain applications involve two-quadrant loads operating in quadrant I and II where the speed
is positive but the torque changes polarity as in case of a fan decelerating faster than natural
mechanical losses. Some sources define two-quadrant drives as loads operating in quadrants I
and III where the speed and torque is same (positive or negative) polarity in both directions.
Certain high-performance applications involve four-quadrant loads (Quadrants I to IV) where
the speed and torque can be in any direction such as in hoists, elevators, and hilly conveyors.
Regeneration can occur only in the drive's DC link bus when inverter voltage is smaller in
magnitude than the motor back-EMF and inverter voltage and back-EMF are the same polarity.

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555 TIMER:
 The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and
multivibrator applications.
 The original name was the SE555 (metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was
described as "The IC Time Machine".
 Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors,
2 diodes and 15 resistorson a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package
(DIP-8)

PIN DIAGRAM OF 555:

 The 555 timer IC is a simple 8 pin DIL package IC.

It can:
 be used as a monostable
 be used as an astable
 source or sink 100mA
 use supply voltages of 5v to 15v
 disrupt the power supply - use a decoupling capacitor.

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MOTOR DRIVER L293D:
 L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC).
 Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and
provide a higher-current signal.
 This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.
 L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation,
two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction.

Operation of motor driver:

L293D has 2 set of arrangements where one set has input 1, input 2, output 1 and output 2
and other set has input 3, input 4, output 3 and output 4, according to block diagram if pin no 2
& 7 are high then pin no 3 & 6 are also high.
 If enable 1 and pin number 2 are high leaving pin number 7 as low then the motor
rotates in forward direction.
 If enable 2 and pin number 10 are high leaving pin number 15 as low then the motor
rotates in forward direction.
 If enable 1 and pin number 2 are low leaving pin number 7 as high then the motor
rotates in reverse direction.
 If enable 2 and pin number 15 are high leaving pin number 10 as low then the motor
rotates in forward direction.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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BENEFITS:
Energy saving.
One drive (machine) and many purpose solved.
Regenerative braking –energy recovery.

APPLICATION:
Centrifugal pumps or fans
Extrusion
Hoists,
Elevators,
Hilly conveyors, etc.

REFERENCES:
[1] R Krishnan “Drives Modeling, Analysis and Control”, Prentice Hall of India, First Edition,
2002, Chapter 9, pp 513-615.
[2] Gopal K Dubey “Fundamentals of Electrical Drives”, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi, Second Edition, 2001, Chapter 7, pp271-277.
[3] P. S. Bimbhra, “Power Electronics”, Khanna Publications, New Delhi, 2002, Chapter 12,
pp651 – 667.
[4] M. H. Rashid “Power Electronics”, Pearson Publications , New Delhi, Third Edition, 2001,
Chapter 15, pp640-688.

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