TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

PROJECT PROPOSAL ON FOUR QUADRANT DC MOTOR CONTROL SYSTEM

NAME: ONDUKO STANLY MASI

REG NO: DTEE/259J/2019

TELEPHONE: 0710893124

ABSTRACT
The project is designed to develop a four-quadrant control system for a DC motor.
The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clockwise,
forward brake and reverse brake. The four-quadrant operation of the dc motor is
best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement
as they can rotate in clockwise counter clockwise and also apply brakes
immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial
environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario this
proposed system is very suitable as forward brake and reverse brake are its
integral features.
Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a
reverse voltage across the running motor for a brief period. 555- timer used in the
project develops required pulses. Switches are provided for the operation of the
motor which are interfaced to the circuit that provides an input signal to it and in
turn controls the motor through bridge. Optionally speed control feature can be
achieved (but not provided in this project) by push button operation.
This project can be enhanced by using higher power electronic devices to operate
high capacity DC motors. Regenerative braking for optimizing the power
consumption can also be incorporated.

INTRODUCTION
The main goal of the project is to develop a speed control system for a dc motor
for all quadrants with the help of a four-quadrant unity to control clockwise,
counter clockwise, forward brake and reverse brake modes of a dc motor. The
system is very useful for industries operation since industries usually require dc
motor to operate in all four quadrants for various operational cases.
The four-quadrant operation of the dc motor is best for industries where motors
are used and as per requirement as they can rotate in clockwise, counter
clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both directions. In case of a
specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped
immediately. In such scenarios this proposed system is very important as forward
brake and reverse brake is its integral feature.
Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a
reverse voltage across the running motor for a short period. 555 timer used in the
project develops required pulse. Push button are provided for the operation of
the motor which are interfaced to the circuit that provides an input signal to it
and in turn controls the motor through a driver IC. Optionally speed control
feature can be achieved but not provided in this project by push button
operation. This project in future can be improved by using high power electronic
devices to operation high capacity dc motors. Regenerative braking for optimizing
the power consumption can also be incorporated. The system is very useful for
industrial operation since industries usually require dc motor to operate in all four
quadrants for various operational cases. This system enables to operate motors in
all four quadrants.

OVERALL AND SPECIFIC PROJECT OBJECTIVES

This project study seeks to develop a speed control system for a DC motor for all
quadrants with the help of a four quadrant unity control. The four quadrants that
the motor can work are;
 Motor going clockwise, controller applying clockwise drive
 Motor going anti-clockwise, controller applying anti-clockwise drive
 Motor going clockwise, controller applying anti-clockwise drive
 Motor going anti-clockwise, controller applying clockwise drive
Objectives
 To develop a system that controls all directions of motor rotation
 To develop instant braking in any direction by applying a reverse voltage
across the running motor

PROBLEM STATEMENT
In most traditional motor control applications, the deceleration of the motor has
been addressed either through the innate friction resistance within the
application or through the use of brakes. At its simplest a brushed DC or AC motor
was simply switched off and the system would naturally reduce to a stop. Where
more active braking was required this would be achieved through the use of
brakes, either mounted directly on the motor shaft or sometimes in other parts of
the system. The major benefit of four quadrant control over simply relying on the
friction or resistance in the specific application is that it provides more control
over deceleration. The critical advantage of four quadrant over braking is that it
can be more accurately applied than a brake to reduce the motor speed over a
specific ramp. A brake system based on friction can obviously get very near this
with trial and error but it will not be able to be applied in the same way. The four-
quadrant control will reduce the risk of current spikes which can occur when a
brake is suddenly applied to a system running at relatively high speed. One of the
most exciting opportunities created with the four-quadrant control is the
possibilities of regenerative braking. As the motor is slowed down, the kinetic
energy of the motor turning transfers into electrical energy which if the controller
is setup correctly can be used to charge the battery.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Four quadrant operation of DC motor means that the machine operates in four
quadrants, the system uses H bridge motor drive for controlling the dc motor
from a corresponding switch used by the user for pressing. The two switches are
connected to the circuit for controlling movement of the motor and one switch
for controlling speed.
Dc motor controls have been used for speed and position control applications. In
the past few years, the use of the ac motor servo control in these applications is
increasing. In spite of that in applications where an extremely low maintenance is
not required Dc control continues to be used because of their low initial cost and
excellent drive performance.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
SPECIFICATIONS
ESTIMATED COST
ITEM NAME QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST
NUMBER
1 Resistors 25 10 250
2 Capacitors 10 40 400
3 IC 555 2 50 100
4 L293D 1 100 100
5 16 Pin BASE 1 100 100
6 14 Pin BASE 1 100 100
7 08 Pin BASE 2 300 300
8 1N4007 Diode 4 400 400
9 Transistors 2 200 200
(BC547,
BC557)
10 LED(Red) 4 80 100
11 Transformer 1 500 500
0-12V
12 Power cord 1 200 200
13 Relay 2 300 600
14 12V High 1 500 500
speed motor
15 Miscellaneous 1500 1500
TOTAL 5500

DURATION
PERIOD/ SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
ACTIVITY
Project selection
Proposal writing
and defending it
Defending
proposal
Methodology
Expected results
writing
Project build up
Binding and
printing
Presentation of
project

REFERENCES