DETERMINING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE IN STUDENTS` PERFORMANCE BASED

ON TYPE OF ACCOMODATION.

By

Stephen Kong’o O. BSSC/204J/2017

Ian kipkirui BSSC/158J/2017

Mugeci Hezron BSSC/164J/2017

Rita Waithera BSSC/170J/2017

Kevin Otieno BSSC/179J/2017

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A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPERTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

AND PHYSICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF DEGREEOF THE

BACHELORS’ OF SCIENCE IN STATISTICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE.

Supervised by Mr. Karakacha.

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 Dedication

We would like to dedicate this research to the university, the lecturers and finally our

parents for their support.

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 Acknowledgement

We wish to acknowledge our supervisor Mr.Karakacha for guiding us through the process

of proposal preparation. We would like to express our deepest gratitude to our parents for their

moral support.

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Table of Contents

Dedication..............................................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgement..................................................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................................................7
Introduction............................................................................................................................................7
Background to the study.........................................................................................................................7
Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................................7
1.4..........................................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................9
2.0 Literature review..............................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................11
3.0 METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................................11
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................11
3.2 Research design..............................................................................................................................11
3.3 Study population.............................................................................................................................11
3.5.0 Data analysis................................................................................................................................12
Ethical Consideration................................................................................................................................13
Reference.............................................................................................................................................14
Budget..................................................................................................................................................16

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 List of abbreviations

CGPA- cumulative grade points average

GPA- grade points average

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 ABSTRACT

Students’ residence is an essential component in any tertiary institution. It is a

fundamental factor in the learning process and plays a crucial role on the academic performance

of students. This study investigated academic performance with respect to type/location of

accommodation in the Kenyan Universities, a case study at Technical University of Mombasa.

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 CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
At Mombasa Technical University, a student's residence status is established by their

continued attendance on campus. A student is deemed in residence if they are on campus for

most of the days of the week or the majority of the weeks per month. If a student is not

physically present on campus, they will be classified as a non-resident student. A non-

resident student cannot access university amenities like food plans, student housing, or

sporting facilities, except library privileges. Their housing status undoubtedly influences both

undergraduate and graduate students' academic performance.

Background to the study

In order to thrive in today's workforce, having a university degree is becoming

increasingly important; as a result, more people are attending university than in previous

centuries. 3 During university, many students, particularly those attending university outside

of their hometowns, live in residence halls, apartments, or single-family houses. Universities

use residence halls to ensure high levels of student retention. Universities encourage

prospective students to live on campus by developing great living-learning environments,

constructing new residence halls, and providing enticing amenities. Residence halls can

significantly impact students at various accommodations. The accommodations can help

improve student grade point averages (GPA). Also, it fosters a strong sense of community,

ultimately increases student retention rates, and improves students' attitudes toward their

university.

Statement of the Problem

Despite rising attendance rates, university students have had significant difficulties in

obtaining a place to live. Thus, some students live in university residence halls. In contrast,

others live in hostels and rentals near the campus, and still others commute from home. All

of these living arrangements have an impact on students' academic performance in one way

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 or another. As a result, it is critical to analyze the effect of the kind of housing on students'

academic achievement.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1.4.1 General Objective

academic performance of TUM undergraduate students.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

Specifically, the study seeks to: -

a. Determine the CGPA of students at TUM with different living arrangement.

b. Assess the relationship of students` living arrangement on their mean CGPA

c. To investigate the reason behind student preference of their respective living

arrangement.

d. To assess effect of other factors on student GPA

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review

Students accommodation pays a vital role in the academic performance of the student. A

lot of studies have been done in this area of study. Accommodation is a place to live which is

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rented over a period of time during the course of pursuing a degree in the university as well as

other services enjoyed during this time (Adu-Gyamfi et al., 2014). Schrager (1986), suggests

that, “students’ accommodation is more than just a place to live; it is an organization in which

students are participants”. (Thompson et al., 1993) examined the effects of on-campus residence

on first-time college students and found that students who lived on campus had higher retention,

a greater degree of academic progress, and higher academic performance. Delucchi, (1993)

examined a ‘college town’ where most students who lived off-campus and were in close walking

distance of their lecture hall and university resources and found no statistically significant

difference in academic achievement between students that live on campus and off-campus. The

provision of students’ accommodation helps in catering for students’ housing needs in

accomplishing academic, living, and social goals during their study life span at the university

(Hassanain, 2008). Gichere (2019), concluded that students residing outside the university

perform better than those living within the university.

There is reason to conduct a study to determine the type of courses that students do and

where they live and how that affects their performance. Although previous research suggests that

living on campus promotes a variety of desirable academic outcome by enhancing students’

involvement and engagement in their institutions, research on academic performance frequently

ignores the possibility that different groups of students are differentially affected by their living

environments. Based on this fact, a National Post-secondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS found

that, for most students in most institutions, the type of residence during college does not have a

significant effect on 1st-year academic performance. However, among Black students, those who

live on campus have significantly higher GPAs than similar students at the same institution who

live off campus with family (López et al., 2010).

A study to assess the effect of students living preference as a regard to academic

performance will foster understanding of students’ trait and hindrances shall help the university

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administration and the hostel owners to infer information on location, facilities and transport

means to the students driven towards having a smooth system of running university

accommodation geared towards attaining excellence.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter provides the research design to be adopted in the study, the description of the study
population, sample size determination, data source, data analysis techniques and finally the
ethical considerations to be taken before and during the research process.

3.2 Research design.

Research design refers to the strategy for study and the plan by which the strategy is to be
carried out, specifying the methods and the procedure for data collection and analysis of data
according to Cooper and Schindler (2006).

Survey study design refers to a method of collecting data through administration of a

questionnaire to a sample population or by using a direct interview ( Kombo and Tromp, 2006).

We will apply this method to collect data from various departments in the university.

The research specifically will apply a cross-sectional study design because intend to pick a few
representative students of the entire Technical University of Mombasa without going back for
more data.

3.3 Study population

The study will involve sufficient sample size determined using the sample size formula shown
below.

The study population will be an entire Technical University of Mombasa students, specifically
those in second and third year of their studies and above, we will ignore the first year students
since we strongly believe that they are still new in the school and do not understand how place of
residents my affect their scores in the exam. A second year student and above understands both
types of residents and what is best for the when making choices on where to stay, they both have
a enough knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of their choices.

The study will not look at performance across departments as we believe that the subjects taken
do not contribute much to difference in performance as they choose what they can handle.

3.4 Sample size determination and sampling procedure.

The required sample size will be determined using the Cochran formula shown below.

N = (S2 * Z2) /e2

Where;

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n = required sample size

S = Variance in GPA

e = standard error

Z = z score value

S2 = is the estimated variance in students GPA’s and e is the degree of precision for the study.

The maximum population variance is 0.245 (S2).

Taking e to be 0.0967, we can now determine our sample size at a significance level of 0.05.

From the formula our sample size is approximated as below;

N = (0.245 * 1.96(squared)/ 0.0967(squared)

= 100

In each group we will take a sample size of 33. This will be sufficient to do the comparison and
make a significant statistical conclusion about the population parameters.

To collect this sample size required we will employ the use of a simple random sampling. We
will use both online and offline questionnaire; In both the respondent will be required to give
information about their residential location, CGPA for one full academic year (this will be based
on place of resident where the whole academic year was taken), there preferred type of
accommodation and there challenges they face based on their current residential type.

3.5.0 Data analysis

With the aid of SPSS computer software, data analysis will be carried out at two different levels
i.e

i) Univariate data analysis using descriptive statistics.

ii) Bivariate data analysis using inferential statistics.

3.5.1 Universal data analysis.

Data is to be summarized by the use of frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and
means for continuous variables.

3.5.2 Bivariate data analysis.

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It goes beyond descriptive statistics. It makes inferences about the large population from which
the sample was picked.

We will employ the use of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). With the following hypothesis.

Letting the students using school hostel to have mean 1 and those outside to be mean 2 and those
leaving with parents or relatives to have a mean of mean 3.

The hypothesis is defined as;

H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3

H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3

And the model specification for ANOVA without sampling error is;

Yij = μ + τi + ϵij

Yij = is the jth observation for GPA of the ith student residence.

μ = population mean

τi = ith treatment effect

ϵij = Random error

At a significance level of 0.05 we compute the ANOVA table using SPSS and make conclusion
and recommendation.

To compare the samples against each other we will use a two-sample z test.

The assumptions for this model include;

i. The samples from each population must be independent of one another.

ii. The populations from which the samples are taken must be normally distributed.
iii. The population standard deviations must be known, or the sample sizes must be large
enough (i.e. n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30)

Ethical Consideration
The respondents will be treated with great respect and courtesy in order to avoid misunderstand
between the researcher and the respondents. The respondents will be fully informed of the
purpose of the study. Each respondent willing to fill the questionnaire will be assured of
confidentiality with regard to his/her information.

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We will seek permission from the school and get an introduction letter to act as a reference
whenever the respondents will feel insecure with the data.

Reference

Adu-Gyamfi, Samuel & Brenya, Edward & Lamptey, Eileen. (2014). Accommodation Reforms

and Its Effects on Students: A focus on Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and

Technology from 1960 To 2013. Global Journal of Human Social Science: H-

Interdisciplinary. 14.

Afful, B., & Patricia. (2010). A Comparative Study of Residential and Non-Residential Students

Academic Performance at the University of Education, Winneba, Academic Leadership

Journal, 8(1), 2-7.

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College Residence and Academic Performance: Who Benefits from Living on Campus? Sage

Publications Journals, 45(4), 506-532. doi:10.1177/0042085910372351

Gichere, Adem, Adenya (2019). Determining the Mean Differences in Students’ Performance

Based on Type of Accommodation. International Journal of Education and Research Vol.

7 No. 1 January 2019.

Hassanain, M.A. (2008). “Performance Evaluation of Sustainable Student Housing Facilities”.

Journal of Facilities Management, 6: 212–225

Onclin, W. (2014). How Student Accomodation Impacts the International Student's

Experience.Retrieved from European Association for International

Education:https://www.eaie.org/blog/student-accommodation-impacts-experience/18/

Schrager, R. H. (1986). The Impact of Living Group Social Climate on Student Academic

Performance. Research in Higher Education,25(3), 265–276.

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 Budget

Table 1: Budget

No Item/Description Quantity Unit price Amount in

ksh
1 Internet service 1GB 100 3,000
2 Pens 10 pieces 10 100
3 Drinks 5 pet sodas 80 400
4 Paper 1 rim 500 500
5 Transport 5 50 250
6 Clip board 1 50 50
Total 4,300

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 WORK PLAN

Table 2 : Work plan

1-Jun 21-Jun 11-Jul 31-Jul 20-Aug 9-Sep 29-Sep 19-Oct

Project confirmation

Data collection

Data cleaning

Data visualization

Model building

Model evaluation

Algorithm integration

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