See Explanation

"BE" PRESENT: SHORT ANSWERS

USE:
To answer a yes/no question.

FORM:
[YES + SUBJECT + BE]
(never with contractions)

[NO + SUBJECT + BE + NOT]

(often with contractions)

  AFFIRMATIVE
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is.
Yes, it is.
 
Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
    Yes, they are.

  NEGATIVE
  No, I'm not.    
  No, you're not.   No, you aren't.
  No, he's not.   No, he isn't.
  No, it's not.   No, it isn't.
       
  No, we're not.   No, we aren't.
  No, you're not.   No, you aren't.
  No, they're not.  No, they aren't.
EXAMPLES:
"Is this your dog?"
"Yes, it is."

"Is this your dog?"

"No, it isn't."
THIS/THAT THESE/THOSE

USE:
To indicate specific nouns.

FORM:
"This"/"That"
used with singular nouns

"These"/"Those"
used with plural nouns

"This"/"These"
for nouns near the speaker

"That"/"Those"
for nouns not near the speaker

EXAMPLES:
"Is this your hat?"
(A specific hat that is near the speaker.)

"No, that is my hat."
(A specific hat that is further away.)

"Are these your gloves?"
(Specific gloves nearby.)

"No, those are my gloves."
(Specific gloves further away.)

"I'm going to visit friends this Friday."

(The specific Friday, nearest in time.)

ESTE ESE ESTOS ESOS

UTILIZAR:

Para indicar sustantivos específicos.

FORMAR:

"Esto que"
usado con sustantivos singulares

"Estos aquellos"

usado con sustantivos plurales

"Este Estos"

para sustantivos cerca del hablante

"Que aquellos"

para sustantivos no cerca del hablante

EJEMPLOS

"¿Es este tu sombrero?"

(Un sombrero específico que está cerca del orador).

"No, ese es mi sombrero".

(Un sombrero específico que está más lejos).

"¿Son estos tus guantes?"

(Guantes específicos cerca).

"No, esos son mis guantes".

(Guantes específicos más lejos).

"Voy a visitar amigos este viernes".

(El viernes específico, más cercano en el tiempo).

"BE" PRESENT: TAG QUESTIONS

USE:
To ask a yes/no question when a certain answer is already expected.

FORM:
Add a short, two-word question-tag to the end of the statement.

If "yes" is expected:
[AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + BE + N'T + SUBJECT]

If "no" is expected:
[NEGATIVE SENTENCE + BE + SUBJECT]

EXAMPLES:
"Today is your birthday, isn't it?"
"Yes, it is." (Expect the answer to be "yes".)

"Today isn't your birthday, is it?"

"No, it isn't." (Expect the answer to be "no".)
NOUNS: SINGULAR/PLURAL

USE:
To indicate two or more of the same object.

FORM:
Add an "s" to the noun.
  a dollar   two dollars
  a guitar  many guitars

Many nouns have spelling changes in their plural forms.

When a noun ends in "s", "ss", "x", "sh", or "ch", add "es".
  a watch  watches

NOTE: "es" is pronounced "ez"

When a noun ends in a consonant + "y" change the "y" to "i" and add "es".
  a baby  babies

When a noun ends in "o", sometimes add "es".

  a potato  potatoes

BUT
  a radio  radios

When a noun ends in "f" or "fe", change the "f" to "v" and add "es" or "s".
  a shelf  shelves

Sometimes the noun plural looks completely different:

a foot / feet
a woman / women
a man / men
a mouse / mice
a person / people
a child / children