International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]

Multi Area Load Frequency Control of Power

System Involving Renewable And Non-Renewable
Energy Sources
Pradeepthi Pavani A Abhilash T
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
St. Ann’s College of Engineering &Technology St. Ann’s College of Engineering &Technology
Chirala, A.P, India Chirala, A.P, India
andedeepthi@gmail.com abhyudhayateja001@gmail.com

Abstract— Due to the increase in population and industrial I. INTRODUCTION

growth, the need for power generation also increases. But
generation of power using conventional sources is not at all Now a day’s load demand is going on increasing man is
sufficient to meet the increased load demand. So generation of in the need of power generation sources. so he keeps on
power using renewable sources like Wind, Hydro, Solar and generating power from all the available sources he had in
biogas...etc. is also going on increasing. But generation of the way, generally at present we have 65 percent of energy
power by these sources cannot be controlled unlike thermal generation from the non-renewable energy sources i.e., from
power plants. The irregular nature of these sources increases coal and fossil fuels, but the cost impact is high when using
the frequency deviations caused by load variation. Therefore, non-renewable energy sources and they will exhaust one
in this paper Load frequency control (LFC) including PI, PID day. So now we are generating power using renewable
and Fuzzy Controllers is proposed in order to minimize energy sources such as solar, wind and water. According to
frequency deviations, tie line power interchange and to ensure the increase in power demand the size and complexity of
steady state errors to be zero involving renewable and non- electric power systems also increasing which necessitates
renewable energy sources. the use of intelligent systems. It is observed that research
work is going on with multiple sources [1]. Interconnection
Keywords— Load frequency control (LFC), Thermal unit,
of two area thermal system was analyzed with conventional
Hydro unit, Wind unit, PI, PID, Fuzzy controllers
and intelligent controllers and different parameters were
NOMENCLATURE observed in [2]. Interconnection of three area hydro thermal
system was analyzed by Syamala & Naidu with fuzzy
Variable De¿nition
controllers [3], Hassan& Khalfan [4]. Gondaliya & Krishan
ǻPC(s) input command signal Arora analyzed hydro thermal wind interconnection with
ǻYE Changes in steam valve opening PID controller [5].
R Speed Regulation of the governor In this paper interconnection of both renewable and non-
ǻF(s) Change in Frequency renewable sources was analyzed with different controllers
KSg Gain of the Speed Governor i.e., interconnecting four thermal areas and one hydro area
TSg Time constant of the speed governor and one wind area. The utilization of energy by the
Kt gain constant consumers goes on increasing corresponding to the change
in load the area frequency, tie line power interchange also
Tt Time constant changes. So to maintain the frequency constant Load
Kr reheat coefficient Frequency Control (LFC) is necessary to the power systems.
Tr reheat Time Constant
Simply LFC can be defined as “maintaining the
Kps gain of the power system frequency constant irrespective of load variations”. The two
Tps time constant of the power system objectives of Load Frequency Control (LFC) are two fold
TSg Time constant of the speed governor which are
TR reset time i. To maintain constant frequency against load
variations.
RT Temporary droop ii. To maintain tie-line power within the specified value
RP, eq Permanent droop for each area. Some of the reasons to use load frequency
TW water Time constant control are:
Kgt Governor Gain (1) The speed and frequency of a.c. motors are directly
Tgt Governor Time Constant related.

978-1-5090-5682-8 /17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]
(2) Turbine blades may get damaged
(3) increase in core flux due to below rated frequencies
leads to overheating of transformer windings.
In this paper interconnection of renewable and non-
renewable sources i.e., four thermal, one hydro unit and one
wind system with different controllers was analyzed.
II. TRANSFER FUNCTION MODEL OF THERMAL UNIT
Generally, in every power system the main essential
elements are 1. Fuel as input 2. A turbine that converts input
energy given into mechanical energy 3. A Generator that
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy [6].
A. Governor
In case of thermal power system governor acts as speed
controller. Prime movers driving the generators are fitted
with governors, which are regarded as primary control
elements in the LFC system. Governor adjusts the steam
valve position correspondingly the speed of the turbine. The
transfer function of the governor is
ଵ
ቂοେ ሺ•ሻ െ ο ሺ•ሻቃ ൈ
୏౏ౝ

ୖ ଵାୗǤ୘౏ౝ
B. Steam turbine
There are two types of turbines in case of thermal power
plant. They are
1. Non –Reheat Turbine
2. Reheat Turbine
In case of Reheat type steam turbine there is an
additional reheater system along with the turbine. This
increases the overall the thermal efficiency of the system.
The transfer function of the reheat turbine is
୏౪ ୏୰୘୰Ǥୱାଵ
ቄ ቅ (2)
ଵାୗǤ୘೟ ୱǤ୘୰ାଵ
C. Generator
The generator load model gives the relation between the
change in frequency as a result of the change in generation
when the load changes by a small amount. The transfer
function of the generator is given by
୏୮ୱ
ଵାୱǤ୘୮ୱ
D. Entire thermal unit
The block diagram of thermal unit is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Transfer function model of Thermal unit
III. TRANSFER FUNCTION MODEL OF HYDRO UNIT
Hydro power plant is similar to the thermal power plant
where as an additional block is added known as a transient
droop compensation blocks. The necessity of this block is
that initially we get the drooping characteristics in case
hydro power plant due to the variation in penstock pressure,
such that to compensate those Transient droop
compensation block is added [7]. The main parts of the
hydro power plant are
A. Hydro Governor
In case of hydro power plant, the governor is nothing but
the speed controller or pressure controller of water i.e.,
penstock. The transfer function of the governor is
ଵ
(4)
ଵାୱǤ୘ౝ
The transfer function of governor with transient droop
compensation block is given by
ଵାୱǤ୘౎
(5)
(1) ሺଵାୱǤ୘ృ ሻሺଵାୗǤሺୖ౐൘ୖ ሻ୘ ሻ
ౌǡ౛౧ ౎
B. Hydro Turbine
As the input energy given to the turbine is water i.e.,
hydro so called Hydro Turbine. The transfer function of the
turbine is
ͳെ•Ǥ™
 (6)
ͳ൅ͲǤͷǤ•Ǥ™
C. Hydro Generator
The generator transfer function for the hydro generator
is similar to the thermal power plant, i.e.,
୏౦౩ ଵ
= (7)
ଵାୱǤ୘౦౩ ଶு೐೜ Ǥ௦ା஽
D. Entire hydro unit
The block diagram of hydro unit is shown in Fig. 2, [7].
(3)
Fig. 2. Transfer function model of Hydro unit
IV. TRANSFER FUNCTION MODEL OF WIND UNIT
Of all the available resources wind resource is very
intermittent in nature i.e., we can’t say that wind is available
at a particular time. For security concern, wind turbines are
expected to provide frequency response. So that, frequency
control is essential in case of wind system also. The main
blocks in case of wind system are
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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]

A. Governor B. PID – Controller

In case of wind system, the transfer function of governor The response and stability can be improved by including
is given by derivative mode to the PI controller, which diminish
୏୥୲
oscillatory behavior and hence the speed of response. It can
(8) be further enhanced by adjusting the controller settings like
ଵା୘୥୲Ǥୱ
gain K, integral time Ti and derivative time TD, which is
B. Wind Turbine commonly known as controller tuning [10].
The transfer function of the turbine is given by
୊୲୦Ǥ୘ୖ୦Ǥୱାଵ
(9)
ሺ୘ୡ୦Ǥୱାଵሻሺ୘ୖ୦Ǥୱାଵሻ
C. Wind Generator
The generator transfer function is common for all the
plants
୏౦౩
(10)
ଵା୘౦౩ Fig. 5. Structure of PID Controller

D. Entire wind unit C. Fuzzy Controller

The block diagram of wind unit is shown in Fig. 3, [8]. Fuzzy control system, which is based on multiple input
and output sources, is very quick, robust. It can be easily
manipulated and most economical. The control
methodology is based on three stages namely, fuzzification,
the inference rules engine and the defuzzification interface.
Generally, there are 7 membership functions and 49 rules
can be framed here only 5 membership functions and 25
rules are framed where the inputs are e(error) and ce
(change in error) [9], [10], [11], [12].
TABLE I. Rules framed for fuzzy controller
CHANGE IN ERROR(Ce)
ce
NB NS Z PS PB
Fig. 3. Transfer function model of wind unit e

V. CONTROLLER DESIGN E NB PB PB Z PS Z

R NS PB PB PS PS Z
Generally, from the starting itself we have different R
types of controllers for load frequency control (LFC) where O
Z PB PS Z NS NB
due to the increased needs and development in technology
day-to-day usage of controllers has also been changing. So R PS PS Z NS NB NB
some of the controllers used in this paper are (e)
PB Z NS NB NB NB
A. PI-Controller
PI controller offers better control over that of on-off and
Proportional controller, by elimination of steady state error. VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
But it induces oscillatory behavior and hence leads to delay Simulations have been conducted for four thermal areas
in the response, affecting the overall stability of the system with one hydro unit and four thermal areas with one hydro
[9]. unit and one wind system with PI, PID and fuzzy
controllers. Fig. 6 shows the simulation circuit of four
thermal areas with one hydro and one wind system. Fig. 7
shows one reheat type thermal unit. Fig. 8 shows the
simulation model of hydro system. Fig. 9 shows the
simulation of wind system. The simulation results with PI,
PID and Fuzzy controllers for four thermal areas with one
hydro system are shown in Fig. 10, 11 and 12.

Fig.4. Representation of PI controller

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]

And also the simulation results for four area thermal by

interconnection of hydro and wind units with different
controllers are shown in Fig. 13, 14 and 15.

Fig.10. Simulation result with PI controller

Fig. 6. Simulation circuit for hydrothermal wind system

Fig. 11. Simulation result with PID controller

Fig. 7. Simulation circuit for Thermal system

Fig. 12. Simulation result with Fuzzy controller

Fig. 8. Simulation circuit for Hydro system

Fig.13.Simulation result with PI controller

Fig. 9. Simulation circuit for wind system

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]

From the results comparison Table III. the peak value of

the frequency deviation, time taken to reach the steady state
position are decreased and the number of oscillations get
reduced to a lot when compared PI Controller with fuzzy
and PID controller.
VII. CONCLUSION
The load frequency control became an important issue in
case of any power system. The performance of various
controllers on the control of frequency change due to the
dynamic variation in the load was analyzed for multi area
Fig.14. Simulation result with PID controller power system with interconnection of renewable and non-
renewable energy sources. By observing all the simulation
results, the frequency oscillations, peak overshoot in case of
PI controller are more and the time taken for the wave to
come to steady state is more. Whereas peak overshoot,
oscillations and the time taken to reach steady state get
reduced with the PID controller compared to PI Controller.
Similarly, those parameters when compared between the
fuzzy controller and PID Controller fuzzy controller gave
the better performance than the PID controller.
REFERENCES
[1] N.Kiran Kumar, I.E.S. Naidu, “Load Frequency Control for A Multi
Area Power System Involving Wind, Hydro and Thermal Plants,” ICETS,
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TABLE II. RESULTS COMPARISON TABLE OF HYDRO [2] Sateesh Kumar Vavilala, R S Srinivas, Machavarapu Suman “Load
THERMAL AREA Frequency Control of Two Area Interconnected Power System Using
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deviation state position
[4] Hassan A. Yousef, Khalfan AL-Kharusi, Mohammed H. Albadi, “Load
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0.61Hz More 41 Sec Frequency Control of a Multi-Area Power System: An Adaptive Fuzzy
controller
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TABLE III. RESULTS COMPARISON TABLE OF
[7] Ashwin Kumar Sahoo, Chitra V and Kanagapriya T, “Load Frequency
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[8] Le-Ren Chang-Chien, Wei-Ting Lin, Yao-Ching Yin,” Enhancing
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