One Dimension

CHAPTER
2 Motion in
platform itself because our positionit
or the railway However, if we
respect to them.
changing with compare
REST AND MOTION with respect to the things inside the
our position train,
many things. passengers, the walls, the roof and the f
It-we look around in our classroom, we see that is, other
they are said to it is not changing.
'Therefore,in relation
All these things do not appear to move; of the train,
it
be at rest. In physics,a body is said to be at rest if we are at rest. Thus, an object canbe
to these objects,
relation to one Object while it canbeat
surroundings. in motion in object at the same
point taken as a reference point in its rest in relation
to another instantof
disturbed rest and
For example, a book lying on a table, if not time. We can,
therefore, say that motion are
respect
by anybody does not change its position with relative terms.
of rest.
to the table. So, the book is said to be in a state
of a
Similarly, the blackboard, the walls and the desks
ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION
classroom are also at rest.
objects
We see human beings, animals and other object is said to be one-
a The motion of an
moving from one place to the other. For example, out of the three
dimensionalmotion if only one
man walking on a road, a girl playing in a playground, specifying the position
coordinates (i.e. x, y or z)
a bus moving on a road, are all in motion. These respect to time.
of the object changes with
examples show that one thing is common about every moves along a straight
In such a motion, the object
moving object, that is, it keeps changing its position of a train along a straight
line. For example, the motion
continuously.
railwaytrack, the motion of an object dropped from
A body is said to be in motion if it changes its
position with respect to a fixed point taken as a a certain height above the ground, etc. are one-
dimensionalmotion.
reference point in its surroundings.
Figure 2.1 illustrates the one-dimensional motion
Rest and motion are relative terms of a particle. Note that the motion of the particleis
Let us imagine that we are sitting in a moving train. along the x-axis.As the particle moves from PI to
x-coordinate changes from Xl to x2.
We are in motion with respect to a farmerstanding along the x-axis,
of motion.
in a field outside or with respect to the trees outside This is the simplest type
c
SYLLABUS
Scalar and vector quantities, distance, speed, velocity, acceleration;graphs of distance-time and speed-time;
equations of uniformly accelerated motion with derivations.
Examples of scalar and vector quantities, rest and motion in one dimension, distance and displacement; speed and
z
velocity;acceleration and retardation; distance-time and velocity-timegraphs; meaning of slope of the graphs;
[Non-uniform acceleration excluded). Equations to be derived: v = u + at; S = ut + hat2; S = + r? = u2 + 2aS.
[Equation for Snth is not included). Simple numerical problems.
 x:
x

b. Three coordinates
coordinate x changes
only one
One-dimensional motion Fig. 2.2 Distance travelledby the person
Fig. 2.1

and vector quantities Distance travelled = AB + BC + CD

scalar
we deal with a large number of physical = 4 km + 4 km + 3 km
physics, mass and time. All physical
such as length,
quantities into two groups:
can be classified Therefore, the distance travelled by the person is
quantities 2. Vector quantities 11 km.
quantities
Scalar
1. Note that during the calculationof the distance
quantity travelled, the direction in which the body moves is not
Scalar
physical quantity which is described completely considered. So, the distance travelled by a body is a
A (or size) only is called a scalar scalar quantity. It is denoted by the letter S.
byits magnitude
a scalar quantity has only magnitude Units of distance: In the CGS system, the unit of
quantity.'Thus,
Some examples of scalar quantities distance is centimetre (cm). In the SI system, the unit
andno direction.
time, distance, area, speed, temperature, of distance is metre (m).
arelength,
and mass.
energy,power Displacement

Vectorquantity
'k The shortest distance (straight distance) between
which requires both magnitude the initial and the final positions of a moving body
Aphysicalquantity
its complete description in a particular direction is caned its displacement.
(orsize)and direction for
quantity. Thus, a vector quantity has Suppose a person (moving body) moves from A
iscalledavector
Some examples of vector to B (4 km) towards east and from B to C (3 km) due
bothmagnitudeand direction.
are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, north (Fig. 2.3), then the distance travelled by the
quantities
person is
weightand momentum.
AB + BC = 4 km + 3 km = n km
Distanceand displacement But, the displacement of the person is AC which
Ineverydaylife,the terms distance and displacement can be calculated by using Pythagoras' theorem, i.e.
areusedasiftheseare the same. In physics, these terms AB2+BC2
describedifferent quantities.

Distance w
o
lheactuallength of the path travelled (or covered) displacement z
5km
bya movingbody, irrespective of its direction is 3 km
called z
the'distance' travelled by the body.
Forexample,if a person (moving body) moves
z
fromAto B (4 km), B to C (4 km) and then from C
4 km z
toD(3km),then the total length (distance) of the path
covered Fig. 2.3 Displacementof the person 35
(Fig.22) by the person is,
 TABCE 2.1 Differences between distance and displacement
Displacement
Distance
Parameter (Point of difference) displacement of a
tnoving body moving
travelled by a the shortest distance (straight body
l. Concept (definition) Abe distance travellecl
of the path between the initial position distanq)
is the actual length irrespective of and
body position of the moving body thefirial
(or covered) by the
the direction. It is a vector quantity.
quantity.
Physical quantity It is a scalar It may be positive, negativeor
zero.
3. Value It is always positive.
or Its magnitude is always less than
always greater than or
Magnitude Its magnitude is to the distance travelled. equal
equal to the displacement,

"Ibe speed of a
quantity called speed. body is
42 +32 distance travelled by it per unit time. tht

16+9 Distance travelled

"Ihatis, Speed = Time taken
= S km (positive displacement)
Units of speed
Ihe differences between distance and displacement
are given in Table 2.1.
In CGS system, the unit of speed is centimetre
second written as cm s- or cm/ s. In SI system,theunit
Zero displacement: If a body is moving in a
circular path and reaches its original position after one of speed is metre per second written as m s-l or m/s.
The speed of fast moving bodies like
revolution, then the distance travelledby the moving
body is equal to the circumference of the circularpath aeroplanes and scooters is expressed in kilometre per
(= 27tr,where r is the radius of the circular path). But hour written as km h-l or km/h.
the displacement is zero. Similarly,earth has zero Speed has only magnitude (but no direction),

displacement about its own axis after every 24 hours, therefore,speed is a scalar quantity.
i.e. after one rotation (Fig. 2.4). Kinds of speed
l. Uniform speed: A body is said to be moving
with uniform speed if it covers equal distances
in equal intervals of time irrespectiveof the
direction throughout its motion.
A (initial point)
For example, if a car travels 30 km every halfhour
(30 minutes), IS km every quarter of an hour
(15 minutes), 1 km every minute, we can say
that the car has a uniform speed of 60 km/h01
Fig. 2.4 Displacement is zero when a body completes 1 km/min.
z one revolution in a circular path. O min 3 mun
1 min 2 min
c
z

z SPEED AND VELOCITY I km I km I km

o
z Fig. 2.5 Illustrating uniform speed
z
o Speed (constant speed) of 1 km/min

When a body is in motion, the rapidityof its motion 2. Non-uniform speed: A body is said to be m
36 at a particular moment is describedby the physical with non-uniform speed if it covers unequ;
 distances in equal intervals of time irrespective
of the direction throughout its motion.
For example, if a car travels 30 km in Xominutes,
28km in next 30 minutes, 20 km in next AOminutes,
then we can say that the car has a non-uniform
speed.
min 2 min
0 mtn
0.8 km 0.6 km
non-uniform (or variable) speed
Fig. 2.6 Illustrating
Examplesof bodies possessing non-uniform speed:
a. When we
ride on our bicycle, we cover a
short distance per unit time in the beginning.
Gradually we gain speed.
when hit with a bat moves very
b. A cricket ball
fast initially but slows down gradually and
finallycomes to rest.
When an oscillating simple pendulum is left
for some time, the amplitude of its oscillations
becomes smaller and smaller and finally the
oscillation stops (Fig. 2.7).
When a body travels with a non-uniform speed, we
calculatethe instantaneous speed and the average
speedof the body to describe its motion.
3. Instantaneousspeed: If the speed of a body
changescontinuously with time, its speed at any
instantis known as the instantaneous speed. It
is obtainedby dividing the distance travelled in a
veryshort time interval by the time interval.Thus,
Fig. 2.7 A simple pendulum
Instantaneous speed
Distance travelled in a very short time
Time interval
Mie speedometer of a vehicle measures the
instantaneous speed.
O. Average speed: When a body travels with a non-
oniform speed, then the average speed of the body
min
can be obtained by dividing the total distance
travelled by the total time taken. Thus,
Average speed =
Total distance travelled
Total time taken
Velocity
We have just learnt that speed does not tell anything
about the direction of motion. The physical quantity
which gives both the distance travelled and the direction
of motion is called velocity. In other words, the velocity
of a body is its speed in a specified direction.
Ibe distance travelled by a body per unit time
in a given direction is called its velocity.
Velocity has both magnitude and direction. So,
velocity is a vector quantity. It is represented by the
symbol ü or 13. Ihe arrow specifies that it is a vector
quantity. For convenience, however, it is also written
simply as v.
Velocity (v)
Distance travelled in a specified direction (S)
Time taken (t)
Now, if a body covers a distance S in time t in a
specified direction, then its velocity v is given by
S(in a particular direction)
Units of velocity
The unit of velocity is same as that of speed, i.e. in o
CGS system, the unit of velocity is centimetre per
z
second as cm s- or cm/s. In SI system,
o
the unit of velocityis metre per second written as
in the
m s-l or m/s. Velocitymay also be expressed
or m/min; z
units of metre per minute written as m min-
km/min.
kilometre per minute written as km min-I or
km/h.
Kilometre per hour is written as km h-l or 37
 velooty
22 between speed and Velocity

oaf
0 body is defined as
'Ibe velocity of the dist
A
AS by a hod, per (init tijne in a
speed givend,
rev unit tinw.
is a quantity.

is a quantity
Velocity be positive, negative or
or I
y•eed be

If
4. Averagevelocity: the velocity of a
Kinds of velocity
particular direction changes continuousl
a body
1. Uniform (or constant) a uniform rate, then the arithmetic
travels in a linc (in a particular direction) the initial and the final velocities overa
mean
of
and covers equal distances in equal intervals period of time is called the averageVeb
time, it is said to have uniform velocity.
that direction.
Ihus, a body is said to have uniform (or constant)
So, average velocity in a particular direction
velocity if it covers equal distances a. in equal time Initial velocity + Final velocity
Intervals, and b. in a straightline (in a particular
direction).
If u is the initial velocity and v is the finalvelocih
For example, a car travelling with a constant speed
in a particular direction then,
in a straight line has uniform (or constant) velocity
2. Non-uniform velocity: A body is said to have Average velocity in a particular direction
non-unifonn velocity when it covers unequal 2

distances in equal intervals oftime in a particular
direction. given in Table 2.2.
For example, a car moving with non-uniform speed
in a particular dnection has non-uniform velocity.
A car taking turn at a constant speed has non-
uniform because its directionof motion
changes.
When a body travels with a non-uniform velocity,
then to describe its motion, we calculatethe
instantaneous velocity and the averagevelocity.
2c 3. Instantaneous velocity: The velocity of a body at
any particular instant during its motion is called
instantaneous velocity. It is obtained by dividing
the distance travelled in a very short time interval
z (such that the body does not change its direction
of motion during that time interval) by the time
z interval, i.e.
z Instantaneous velocity
z
c Distance travelled in a particular
direction in a very short time interval
Time interval
The differencesbetween speed and velocity
CONCEPT OF ACCELERATION
To developthe idea of acceleration, let us conside
a body moving in a straight line with a non-uniforn
velocity.For example, let a train start from rest
station A. When it starts moving, its velocity increasf
and after a certain time interval it attains a constar
velocity.As the next station approaches, its veloci
gradually decreases and finally becomes zero at station
(Fig. 2.8).
constant velocity
60
station A time stationB
Fig. 2.8 Non-uniform motion of train between
station A and station B
 hanges in the veiO("y of
nioving Positive au ejeration
in of elevation,
If the if y of the

to called its celetation.

let Velocnty Ota Iso€lyAt titne t I j'0hitjve
Velocity Ota body at tithe t 2
elera\ion (a)
and, j,
Ahen, Change in velocity
v,
and 'l'itne interval = In other words, velocity of a body
As per definition, the acceleration of the body over intTt•aseswith time, its eleraiion Jn
interval t) to t2 is given by cojnmon practice, positive acceleration sarnp!ycajied
the
acceleration. For example, a body dropped fro"' a
certajn height gains velocity as it falls down towards
the earth, So, a body failing towajd••.the cartil
Accelerationof a body in terms of its initial
positive acceleration.
and final velocities
From definition, Negative acceleration (Retardation)
Change in velocity
Acceleration = If the final velocity of a moving body is less than the
Time interval
initial velocity, i.e. v < u then,
We know,Change in velocity Negative quantity
—Final velocity —Initial velocity Acceleration(a)
Time
Final velocity —Initial velocity
Acceleration = —Negative quantity
So, Time interval In other words, when the velocity of a body
Let Initial velocity of the body = u decreases with time, its acceleration is negative.
Final velocity of the body = v Negative acceleration is also called retardation. Some
Time interval = t examples of bodies possessing retardation are as
Acceleration of the body = a follows:
l. When a ball is thrown verticallyupwards, its
Then, velocity decreases with time. So, the acceleration
of the ball thrown vertically upwards is negative.
Units of acceleration 2. The velocity of a ball rolling on the floor keeps on
Change in velocity decreasing until it stops. So, the acceleration of the
We know,Acceleration = ball rolling on the floor is negative.
Time interval
If a body has an accelerationof —Sm/s 2, then
In SI system, the unit of velocity is m s- and the
the retardation of the body is +5 m/s 2. The SI unit
unit of time is s.
-1 of retardation is metre per second square written as
lhe SI unit of acceleration is or m s-2 m s- or m/s 2. In fact, retardation is acceleration
s c
with a negative sign.
So,in SI system, the unit of acceleration is metre
per second square written as m s- or m/s 2. In CGS Uniform acceleration
z
system,the unit of acceleration is centimetre per (Constant acceleration)
secondsquare written as cm s- or cm/s 2. When a body travels in a straight line and its velocity
Theother (non SI) unit ofacceleration is kilometre changes by equal amounts in equal intervais of time,
perhoursquare written as km h-2 or km/h 2. then it is said to have uniform acceleration, In other 39
 other words, when an ob•
9.8 ni/s 2, Jn
ground under the action of
towardsthe gravity
increases at a constant rate of 9.810/8
velocity
of time durjng which it is fallin
every second
thrown vertically upward,
a body is
ground

certain height
2. When retardation of 9.8 m/s2. So,
a bail falling freely fjom a undergoes a the Velo
thrown vertically upwards will d
of a body
of 9.8 m/s for every second of time
inclined plane
at the rate
until it reaches zero at the
velocity decreases ho
point.
of 'g' on earth is maximumat
3. "Ibe value
plane
a ball moving down an inclined
and minimum at the
Fig. 29 Examples of uniform
acceleration poles (9.86 m/s2)
2
(9.80 m/s ).
acceleration if the Time
words, a body is said to have uniform
Velocity
rate of change ofits velocity remains constant. Time
35 O rn/s
0 rnjs
accelerationis
The motion of a body with uniform Is 9.8 rrvs
called uniformly accelerated motion. 9.8 m/s

Examples: 19.6 TVs

19.6 m/s
1. A body falling freely under gravity has uniform IS
29.4
acceleration [Fig. 2.9(a)]. 29.4 m/s
2. A ball moving down an inclined plane has uniform
acceleration [Fig. 2.9(b)]. ground
777777777777T77T77TT7T 777777777777777779B
b. Acceleration due
Non-uniform acceleration (Variable a. Accelerationdue to gravity, to
A gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2.
acceleration) g = -9.8 m/s2 (retardation).
thrown vertically upwards A freely falling body
body
shows decrease in its velocity at a
When the velocity of a body changes by unequal shows increase in
its
amounts in equal intervals of time, then it is said constantrate of 9.8 m/s for every velocity at a constant
second of time till it reaches zero rate of 9.8 m/s for
to have non-uniform acceleration. In otherwords,a at the highest point. second of time whileitis
body is said to have non-uniform acceleration ifthe rate falling.

of change of velocity is different at different points of Fig, 2.10 Accelerationdue to gravity

time during its motion. For example,an autorickshaw
4. The value of 'g' decreases as we go awayfrom
or car driven on a crowded city road with frequent
application of brakes has non-uniform acceleration.
the surface of the earth. The value of 'g' on the
surfaceof the earth is almost 9.8 m/s 2 whereas it
Acceleration due to gravity is 0.13 m/s 2 at an altitude of 50,000 km abovethe
All objects when dropped from a certain height fall surfaceof the earth.
towards the earth. This happens due to the gravitational S. Ihe value of 'g' decreases as we move, belowthe
z
force exerted by the earth on these objects. surface of the earth. At the centre of the earth,the
c z
The uniform acceleration produced in a freely value of 'g' becomes zero.
z
o
falling body due to the gravitational pull of the
z earth is known as the acceleration due to gravity. It Numericals
z
o is denoted by the letter 'g'. EXAMPLE 1 A cyclist covers a distance of SOm in
1. value of accelerationdue to gravity,'g' taken 10 s. Calculate the speed of the cyclist in a. m/s
into considerationfor most of the purposesis b. km/h.
 Case i: When the
car is •noving witli a speed of
Pistance travelled = SO
'I*itne taken -— 10 s I)istance travelled (S)
ZOhr)
cyclist can be calculated by
speed of the using "J"me taken (q) = ?
foonula: Speed = km/h
the By using the
Distance travelled formula,
Speed —
Time taken
Speed = Distance travelled
SOm Time taken
= S m/s
10 s So, 20 km
40 km/h
speed of the cyclist is S m/s.
Illus, the
in km h 20 km I
b. Speed to find the speed in kilometre
In order per hour, Case Il: When the car
should be converted into kilometres, is moving with a speed of
thedistance 20km/h
into hours.
andtime Distance travelled (S) = 40 km
so
Distance travelled = SO m = Time taken (t2) = ?
1000
Speed = 20 km/h
Time taken = 10 s = 10 By using the formula,
60 X 60
cyclist can be calculated by using Speed = Distance travelled
fie speedof the Time taken
the formula:
So, 40 km
Distance travelled 20 km/h =
Speed =
Time taken
40 km
so 20km/h
1000 Averagespeed
10
h Total distance travelled by the car
60 x 60
= 20 km + 40 km = 60 km
so
km/h 1
1ooo 10 Total time taken = ti + t2 = —h + 2 h = 2 —h
2 2
= 18km/h By using the formula,
Thus,the speed of the cyclist is 18 km/h. Total distance travelled
Average speed =
Total time taken
2 A car travels 20 km at a uniform speed of
EXAMPLE
40km/hand the next 40 km at a uniform speed of 60 km
20km/h.Find the average speed of the car. 2-h z
SOLUTION
60 km 60 x 2 km z
Concept:

40 km/h 20 km/h 2
z
20 km 40km = 24 km/h
c Thus, the averagespeed of the car is 24 km/h.
 I travelled
taken
YOUR PROGRESS
- 90 km "h
Choose (he most appropriate answer.
Iberefore.the tram should travel at the A bait from a certain height i'
in of
speed b monon
90 km,h for the next km. both rest
quantity b) scalar quant•rv
A car If its ve vet tor quanoty
An ant travels O distance of g cm from P to
to km h LnS s, then tind the Q and then a cm to
Its resuitont
ot the m SI units.
ear
10 cm
SOLUTION SI unit of acceleration is 4. A boy starts from his house and travels 5 km to reach
meth the market. Atter purr-ha•ung to
i. the entin iour•ev per second square. So, we should first calculate house The displacement of the boy
Total distance covered the tram 120km veloouesunthe units of metre per second. a. 10 km. b. 5 km. c. IS km
aver. speed 60 km 'h A body falling freely under gravity has
Here, Initial velocity (u) = S4 km/h 5.
Time requtrediot the entire journey a. uniform acceleration. b. uniform retardauor,. c. non-uniform acceleratjorvdu none
By us•ng the formula, km
Find the odd-one out. Give reasons for your choice.
Total distancetravelled Energy, Speed. Force, Mass, Temperature
Average speed z: x 1000 m
Total tametaken 2. Weight. Acceleration, Velocity, Distance, Momentum
60 X 60 s 2
3. m, rn/S, km/h, rn/s
120 km S40 m
So, = IS m/s 4. A body falling freely, A ball moving down an inclined plane, A bail thrown vertically
Total tune taken upwards, car •n
36 s market place
120 km
Total time taken Final velocity (v) = 72 Ian/h C. Answer these questions.
60 km/h
72 x 1 km A book is lying on a table. Examine its state. Define that state.
A bird is flying in the sky. What is its state? Define its state.
X For the first part of the journey 3. Give an example to show that rest and motion are relative terms.
72 x 1000 m
Dastarvcecovered = 30 km 4. When is the motion of an object said to be one-dimensional?Give two examples.
60 X 60 s
Speed = 30 kmyftl 5. Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities.
By using the formula, 720 m
6. Distinguish between distance and displacement.
36 s
7. State the CGS and Sl units of distance.
Speed = Distancetravelled = 20 m/s
Timetaken 8. Distinguish between speed and velocity.
Time taken = S s
Time taken = Distancetravelled 9. Statethe CGS and Sl unitsof speed.
By using the formula,
Speed 10. Distinguish between uniform speed and non-uniformspeed.
Acceleration(a)
30 km 11. Distinguish between instantaneous speed and average speed.
Final velocity (v) —Initial velocity (u)
30 km/h 12 Distinguish between uniform velocity and non-uniform velocity.
Time (t) 13. Distinguish between average speed and average velocity.
2
3. For the second part of the journey 14. Define the term acceleration.
Time requred = (2 —I ) h 15. Statethe CGS and Sl units of acceleration.
20 m/s—lS m/s S m/s 16. Distinguish between acceleration and retardation.
Dustance to be covered = (120 —30)
17. Distinguish between uniform acceleration and non-uniform acceleration.
= 90 km = I m/s 2
By usa.ngthe formula,
18. The acceleration of a body is 9.8 m s-2. What do you understandby this statement?
So,the accelerationof the car in SI units is I m/s2. 19. Define the term 'acceleration due to gravity.
 20. due to
a few e.ampies
on the
21. suppose jar one
a a

O. Solve these
numeric a's.
A in a. SI unit', b.
a distance ot km in 2 S minutes,calculatehis speed
h
2. A starts from rest and covers a distanceof 450 m in 2 minutes. Calculate the speed of

A train travels a distance of 20 km with a uniform speed of 60 km/h. It travels another distant
40 km with a uniform speed of 80 km/h.Calculatethe averagespeed of the train. e
4. An aeropjane flies 200 and then another 200 km Witha uniform
km with a uniformspeedof 300 km/h
(Ans.
S. The distance between km at a speed of 20 km/h.
two stations A and B is 160 km. A train covers first 40
should the train travel while covering the remainingdistance,so that its average speed for the entirejournf
40 km/h?
[Ans. 60
6. A scooterist has to of 10 km. He covers the first 4 km at a speed of 40 km/h.
cover a distance How
should he run his scooter for the remainingjourney,such that his average speed for the
entirejourney fast
is
(Ans. 90
7. A car is traveliing at 36 km/h. If its velocity increasesto 72 km/h in 5 s, then find the acceleration of the
carin
[Ans.2rrvs
8. A car travelling at a uniform velocityof 60 km/hretardsin 10 seconds and reaches a velocity of 45 i)
km/h. find
(Ans. 0.42
m/s 21

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION Ihe distance—time graph of a body can be dra

OF LINEAR MOTION
A moving body changes its position continuously
with time. The simplest way to describe the motion the time taken, therefore, the slope of the
of a moving body is by using a graph. A graph is very
useful in studying the linear motion of a body.A graph
presents data in a compact form. It also makes the
comparison of different sets of data easier.
The linear motion of a body can be studied with
the help of the following graphs:
I. Distance—time graph
2. Displacement—time graph
3. Velocity—timegraph
2 Distance-time graph for a body at rest
Distance-time graph
The geometrical relationship between the distance
travelled by a body and the time taken is called the
distance—timegraph.
by plotting the distance travelled by the body on
the
y-axis and the time taken on the x-axis.
Since, speed is the ratio of the distance travelled
and
distance-
time graph gives the speed of a body, i.e. the speedof
a body can be calculated from the distance—time graph
Ihe distance—time
graphs for a body underthe
following three conditions are described below:
1. When the body is at rest.
2. When the body is moving with a uniform speed.
3. When the body is moving with a non-uniform
speed.
When a body does not change its position relativeto
a fixed referencepoint, it is said to be in the stateof
rest. Let us consider a body at a distance of IS m from
a referencepoint. If the body is at rest, then it will