Motion in One Dimension

Chapter

3
Motion In One Dimension
Position And if a body changes its position as time passes
with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be in
Any object is situated at point O and three
motion.
observers
N O Frame of Reference : It is a system to which a set of
from three W
E coordinates are attached and with reference to which
different S
observer describes any event.
places are B
C A passenger standing on platform observes that a
looking at 4
5m
same object, 3mm A tree on a platform is at rest. But the same passenger
then all three passing away in a train through station, observes that
Fig. 2.1 tree is in motion. In both conditions observer is right.
observers will
have different observations about the position of point But observations are different because in first situation
O and no one will be wrong. Because they are observing observer stands on a platform, which is reference frame
the object from different positions. at rest and in second situation observer moving in train,
which is reference frame in motion.
Observer ‘A’ says : Point O is 3 m away in west
direction. So rest and motion are relative terms. It depends
Observer ‘B’ says : Point O is 4 m away in south upon the frame of references.
direction.
Table 2.1 : Types of motion
Observer ‘C’ says : Point O is 5 m away in east
direction.
One Two Three
Therefore position of any point is completely
dimensional dimensional dimensional
expressed by two factors: Its distance from the observer
and its direction with respect to observer. Motion of a body Motion of body Motion of body in
That is why position is characterised by a vector in a straight line in a plane is a space is called
known as position vector. Y is called one called two three dimensional
P(x,y,z
Consider a point P in xy plane  dimensional dimensional motion.
r ))
and its coordinates are (x, y). Then motion. motion.
 X
position vector (r ) of point will be
When only one When two When all three
xˆi  yˆj and if the point P is in space Z
coordinate of the coordinates of coordinates of the
and its coordinates are (x, y, z) then
 position of a the position of a position of a body
position vector can be expressed as r  xˆi  yˆj  z kˆ . body changes body changes changes with time
Rest and Motion with time then it with time then it then it is said to
is said to be is said to be be moving three
If a body does not change its position as time
moving one moving two dimensionally.
passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to
dimensionally. dimensionally.
be at rest.
Motion in one Dimension

Ex.. (i) Motion of Ex. (i) Motion of Ex.. (i) Motion of (zero displacement means that body after motion
car on a straight car on a circular flying kite. has came back to initial position)
road. turn.
(ii) Motion of i.e., Distance > 0 but Displacement > = or < 0
(ii) Motion of (ii) Motion of flying insect. (iii) For motion between two points, displacement
freely falling billiards ball. is single valued while distance depends on actual path
body. and so can have many values.
(iv) For a moving particle distance can never
Particle or Point Mass or Point object
decrease with time while displacement can. Decrease in
The smallest part of matter with zero dimension
displacement with time means body is moving towards
which can be described by its mass and position is
the initial position.
defined as a particle or point mass.
If the size of a body is negligible in comparison to (v) In general, magnitude of displacement is not
its range of motion then that body is known as a equal to distance. However, it can be so if the motion is
particle. along a straight line without Y
A body (Group of particles) can be treated as a change in direction.
particle, depends upon types of motion. For example in   B
s
(vi) If rA and rB are the P
a planetary motion around the sun the different planets  
position vectors of particle rAB
can be presumed to be the particles. rB A
initially and finally.
In above consideration when we treat body as Then displacement of the 
particle, all parts of the body undergo same    rA
particle rAB  rB  r A
displacement and have same velocity and acceleration. X
and s is the distance Fig. 2.3
Distance and Displacement travelled if the particle has
(1) Distance : It is the actual length of the path gone through the path APB.
covered by a moving particle in a given interval of time. Speed and Velocity
(i) If a particle starts from A and reach to C through (1) Speed : The rate of distance covered with time is
point B as shown in the figure. C called speed.
Then distance travelled by particle (i) It is a scalar quantity having symbol  .
 AB  BC  7 m (ii) Dimension : [M0L1T–1]
4m
(ii) Distance is a scalar quantity. (iii) Unit : metre/second (S.I.), cm/second (C.G.S.)
(iii) Dimension : [M0L1T0] (iv) Types of speed :
A 3m B
(iv) Unit : metre (S.I.) (a) Uniform speed : When a particle covers equal
Fig. 2.2
(2) Displacement : Displacement is the change in distances in equal intervals of time, (no matter how
position vector i.e., A vector joining initial to final small the intervals are) then it is said to be moving with
position. uniform speed. In given illustration motorcyclist travels
(i) Displacement is a vector quantity equal distance (= 5m) in each second. So we can say
0 1 0 that particle is moving with uniform speed of 5 m/s
(ii) Dimension : [M L T ]
(iii) Unit : metre (S.I.) .
(iv) In the above figure the displacement of the
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
particle AC  AB  BC  | AC |
1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1m/s
Tim
 ( AB ) 2  (BC ) 2  2( AB ) (BC ) cos 90 o = 5 m e
5m/ 5m/ 5m/s 5m/ 5m/ 5m/s
    Uniform Speed
s s s s
(v) If S 1 , S 2 , S 3 ........ S n are the displacements of a Fig. 2.4
body then the total (net) displacement is the vector sum (b) Non-uniform (variable) speed : In non-uniform
    
of the individuals. S  S 1  S 2  S 3  ........  S n speed particle covers unequal distances in equal
(3) Comparison between distance and intervals of time. In the given illustration motorcyclist
st nd rd
displacement : travels 5m in 1 second, 8m in 2 second, 10m in 3
th
second, 4m in 4 second etc.
(i) The magnitude of displacement is equal to
minimum possible distance between two positions. Therefore its speed is different for every time
So distance  |Displacement|. interval of one second. This means particle is moving
(ii) For a moving particle distance can never be with variable speed.
negative or zero while displacement can be.
 Motion in One Dimension
Distance 6m 7m (c) Average velocity : It is defined as the ratio of
5m 8m 10m 4m

Tim 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec displacement to time taken by the body

e Displaceme nt  r
Variable Speed 5m/ 8m/ 10m/ 4m/ 6m/ 7m/ Average velocity  ; v av 
s s s s s s
Time taken t
Fig. 2.5 (d) Instantaneous velocity : Instantaneous
(c) Average speed : The average speed of a particle
velocity is defined as rate of change of position vector
for a given ‘Interval of time’ is defined as the ratio of
total distance travelled to the time taken. of particles with time at a certain instant of time.
 
Total distance travelled s  r dr
Average speed  ; v av  Instantaneous velocity v  lim 
Time taken t t  0 t dt
 Time average speed : When particle moves with (v) Comparison between instantaneous speed and
different uniform speed 1 ,  2 ,  3 ... etc in different instantaneous velocity
time intervals t1 , t 2 , t 3 , ... etc respectively, its average (a) instantaneous velocity is always tangential to
the path followed by the particle.
speed over the total time of journey is given as
When a stone is thrown from point O then at point
Total distance covered 
v av  of projection the instantaneous velocity of stone is v1 ,
Total time elapsed 
at point A the instantaneous velocity of stone is v 2 ,
d 1  d 2  d 3  ......  t   2 t 2   3 t 3  ......  
 = 11 similarly at point B and C are v 3 and v 4 respectively.
t1  t 2  t 3  ...... t1  t 2  t 3  ......
Y
 Distance averaged speed : When a particle

describes different distances d 1 , d 2 , d 3 , ...... with  v3
v2 
different time intervals t1 , t 2 , t 3 , ...... with speeds B v4
A
v1 , v 2 , v 3 ...... respectively then the speed of particle  C
v1
averaged over the total distance can be given as O
X
Fig. 2.6
Total distance covered d  d 2  d 3  ...... Direction of these velocities can be found out by
 av   1
Total time elapsed t1  t 2  t 3  ...... drawing a tangent on the trajectory at a given point.
d 1  d 2  d 3  ...... (b) A particle may have constant instantaneous

d1 d 2 d 3 speed but variable instantaneous velocity.
   ......
1 2 3 Example : When a particle is performing uniform
circular motion then for every instant of its circular
 If speed is continuously changing with time
motion its speed remains constant but velocity changes
then
at every instant.

v av 
 vdt (c) The magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal
to the instantaneous speed.
 dt (d) If a particle is moving with constant velocity
(d) Instantaneous speed : It is the speed of a then its average velocity and instantaneous velocity are
particle at a particular instant of time. When we say always equal.
“speed”, it usually means instantaneous speed. (e) If displacement is given as a function of time,
The instantaneous speed is average speed for then time derivative of displacement will give velocity.

infinitesimally small time interval (i.e., t  0 ). Thus Let displacement x  A0  A1 t  A2 t 2
s ds 
Instantaneous speed v  lim   dx d
 t  0 t
Instantaneous velocity v   ( A 0  A1 t  A 2 t 2 )
dt dt dt
(2) Velocity : The rate of change of position i.e. rate 
v   A1  2 A2 t
of displacement with time is called velocity.
 For the given value of t, we can find out the
(i) It is a vector quantity having symbol v . instantaneous velocity.
0 1 –1
(ii) Dimension : [M L T ] 
e.g for t  0 ,Instantaneous velocity v   A1 and
(iii) Unit : metre/second (S.I.), cm/second (C.G.S.) 
Instantaneous speed | v |  A1
(iv) Types of velocity :
(a) Uniform velocity : A particle is said to have (vi) Comparison between average speed and
uniform velocity, if magnitudes as well as direction of average velocity
(a) Average speed is a scalar while average
its velocity remains same and this is possible only when
velocity is a vector both having same units (m/s) and
the particles moves in same straight line without
dimensions [LT 1 ] .
reversing its direction.
(b) Average speed or velocity depends on time
(b) Non-uniform velocity : A particle is said to
interval over which it is defined.
have non-uniform velocity, if either of magnitude or
direction of velocity changes or both of them change.
Motion in one Dimension

(c) For a given time interval average velocity is (v) For a moving body there is no relation between the
single valued while average speed can have many direction of instantaneous velocity and direction of
values depending on path followed. acceleration.
(d) If after motion body comes back to its initial 
  Y
position then v av  0 (as r  0 ) but vav  0 and finite as
a 2
(s  0) .  1
(e) For a moving body average speed can never be  
a a
negative or zero (unless t  ) while average velocity  g
 g g  3
can be i.e. v av  0 while v a = or < 0. X
 O
(f) As we know for a given time interval
Distance  |displacement|
Fig. 2.7
 Average speed  |Average velocity|
Ex.. (a) In uniform circular motion  = 90º always
Acceleration
(b) In a projectile motion  is variable for every point
The time rate of change of velocity of an object is of trajectory.
called acceleration of the object.
(vi) If a force F acts on a particle of mass m, by
(1) It is a vector quantity. It’s direction is same as 
 F
that of change in velocity (Not of the velocity) Newton’s 2nd law, acceleration a 
m
Table 2.2 : Possible ways of velocity change
  
 dv d 2 x   dx 
(vii) By definition a   2  As v 
dt 
When only When only When both
dt dt 
direction of magnitude of magnitude and
velocity changes velocity changes direction of i.e., if x is given as a function of time, second time
velocity derivative of displacement gives acceleration
changes
(viii) If velocity is given as a function of position,
Acceleration Acceleration Acceleration has
dv dv dx d  dx 
perpendicular to parallel or anti- two components then by chain rule a     v. as v  dt 
velocity parallel to one is
dt dx dt dx  
velocity perpendicular to (xi) Acceleration can be positive, zero or negative.
velocity and Positive acceleration means velocity increasing with
another parallel
time, zero acceleration means velocity is uniform
or anti-parallel
constant while negative acceleration (retardation)
to velocity
means velocity is decreasing with time.
Ex.. Uniform Ex.. Motion under Ex.. Projectile
circular motion gravity motion (xii) For motion of a body under gravity,
acceleration will be equal to “g”, where g is the
0 1 –2
(2) Dimension : [M L T ] acceleration due to gravity. Its value is 9 .8 m/s 2 or
(3) Unit : metre/second2 (S.I.); cm/second2 (C.G.S.) 980 cm/s 2 or 32 feet/s 2 .
(4) Types of acceleration :
Position time Graph
(i) Uniform acceleration : A body is said to have
uniform acceleration if magnitude and direction of the During motion of the particle its parameters of
acceleration remains constant during particle motion. kinematical analysis (v, a, s) changes with time. This
can be represented on the graph.
(ii) Non-uniform acceleration : A body is said to
have non-uniform acceleration, if either magnitude or Position time graph is plotted by taking time t
direction or both of them change during motion. along x-axis and position of the particle on y-axis.
y
  
 v v 2  v1
(iii) Average acceleration : aa  
Position

t t D
y2 B
The direction of average acceleration vector is the

 v 
direction of the change in velocity vector as a  y1 C
t A
 
 v d v
(iv)Instantaneous acceleration = a  lim  x
 t  0 t dt O t1 t2
Time
Fig. 2.8
 Motion in One Dimension

Let AB is a position-time graph for any moving By comparing (i) and (ii) Velocity = tan
particle v = tan
Change in position y  y1 It is clear that slope of tangent on position-time
As Velocity =  2 …(i)
Time taken t 2  t1 graph represents the velocity of the particle.
BC AD y 2  y 1
From triangle ABC, tan     ….(ii)
AC AC t 2  t1

Table 2.3 : Various position -time graphs and their interpretation

P
 = 0° so v = 0
i.e., line parallel to time axis represents that the particle is at rest.

O T

P
 = 90° so v = 
i.e., line perpendicular to time axis represents that particle is changing its position
but time does not changes it means the particle possesses infinite velocity.
O T
Practically this is not possible.

P
 = constant so v = constant, a = 0
i.e., line with constant slope represents uniform velocity of the particle.
O T

P
 is increasing so v is increasing, a is positive.
i.e., line bending towards position axis represents increasing velocity of particle. It
means the particle possesses acceleration.
O T

P
 is decreasing so v is decreasing, a is negative
i.e., line bending towards time axis represents decreasing velocity of the particle. It
O means the particle possesses retardation.
T

P
 constant but > 90o so v will be constant but negative
i.e., line with negative slope represent that particle returns towards the point of
 reference. (negative displacement).
O T

P
A B Straight line segments of different slopes represent that velocity of the body changes
C
after certain interval of time.
O T
S
P
This graph shows that at one instant the particle has two positions, which is not
T
O possible.
Motion in one Dimension

P
The graph shows that particle coming towards origin initially and after that it is
moving away from origin.

T
O

here A1 and A2 are area of triangle 1 and 2

Note :  If the graph is plotted between distance
respectively and A3 is the area of trapezium .
and time then it is always an increasing curve and it
never comes back towards origin Calculation of Acceleration : Let AB is a velocity-
because distance never decrease
Distance
time graph for any moving particle
with time. Hence such type of A y
distance time graph is valid up

Velocity
to point A only, after point A, it v2 D B
is not valid as shown in the
O Time
figure. v1 
Fig. 2.9 C
A
Velocity-time Graph
The graph is plotted by taking time t along x-axis
O x
and velocity of the particle on y-axis. t1 t2
Time
Calculation of Distance and displacement : The
area covered between the velocity time graph and time Fig.in
Change 2.11
velocity
axis gives the displacement and distance travelled by As Acceleration =
Time taken
the body for a given time interval.
Total distance | A1 | | A 2 |  | A3 | v 2  v1
 …(i)
t 2  t1
= Addition of modulus of different area. i.e.
s   |  | dt BC AD
From triangle ABC, tan   
Total displacement  A1  A 2  A3 AC AC
= Addition of different area considering their v 2  v1
 ….(ii)
sign. t 2  t1
i.e. r    dt By comparing (i) and (ii)
Area above time axis is taken as positive, while Acceleration (a) = tan 
area below time axis is taken as negative
It is clear that slope of tangent on velocity-time
+
graph represents the acceleration of the particle.
1 3
t
2

–
Fig.
2.10
Table 2.4 : Various velocity -time graphs and their interpretation

 = 0°, a = 0, v = constant
Velocity

i.e., line parallel to time axis represents that the particle is moving with
constant velocity.

O
 Motion in One Dimension

 = 90o, a = , v = increasing
Velocity

i.e., line perpendicular to time axis represents that the particle is increasing
its velocity, but time does not change. It means the particle possesses
infinite acceleration. Practically it is not possible.
O
Time

 = constant, so a = constant and v is increasing uniformly with time

Velocity

i.e., line with constant slope represents uniform acceleration of the particle.

O Time
Velocity

 increasing so acceleration increasing

i.e., line bending towards velocity axis represent the increasing acceleration
in the body.
O Time
Velocity

 decreasing so acceleration decreasing

i.e. line bending towards time axis represents the decreasing acceleration in
the body
O Time
Velocit

Positive constant acceleration because  is constant and < 90 but initial

o

velocity of the particle is negative.

y

O
Time

Positive constant acceleration because  is constant and < 90 but initial

Velocit

velocity of particle is positive.

y

O
Time
Velocit

Negative constant acceleration because  is constant and > 90 but initial

o

velocity of the particle is positive.

y

O
Tim
Motion in one Dimension

Negative constant acceleration because  is constant and > 90 but initial

Velocit

velocity of the particle is zero.

y

O
Time
Velocit

Negative constant acceleration because  is constant and > 90 but initial

o
y

velocity of the particle is negative.

O
Time

Equation of Kinematics Motion of Body Under Gravity (Free Fall)

These are the various relations between u, v, a, t The force of attraction of earth on bodies, is
and s for the particle moving with uniform acceleration called force of gravity. Acceleration produced in the
where the notations are used as : body by the force of gravity, is called acceleration
u = Initial velocity of the particle at time t = 0 sec due to gravity. It is represented by the symbol g.

v = Final velocity at time t sec In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all
bodies (irrespective of the size, weight or composition)
a = Acceleration of the particle
fall with the same acceleration near the surface of the
s = Distance travelled in time t sec
earth. This motion of a body falling towards the earth
sn = Distance travelled by the body in nth sec from a small altitude (h << R) is called free fall.
(1) When particle moves with zero acceleration An ideal example of one-dimensional motion is
(i) It is a unidirectional motion with constant motion under gravity in which air resistance and the
speed. small changes in acceleration with height are neglected.
(ii) Magnitude of displacement is always equal to (1) If a body is dropped from some height
the distance travelled. (initial velocity zero)
(iii) v = u, s=ut [As a = 0] (i) Equations of motion : Taking initial position as
(2) When particle moves with constant origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward direction)
acceleration as a positive, here we have
u=0
(i) Acceleration is said to be constant when both
the magnitude and direction of acceleration remain 2h v
t  
constant. g g

(ii) There will be one dimensional motion if

h v 2 gh
initial velocity and acceleration are parallel or anti-
parallel to each other. 2
v
(iii) Equation of motion (in scalar from) h 
2g
  u  at
v
1 2
s  ut  at
2
Fig. 2.12
  u  2 as
2 2

u=0 [As body starts from rest]

u v 
s t a = +g [As acceleration is in the direction of motion]
 2 
v=gt …(i)
a 1 2
sn  u  (2 n  1) h  gt …(ii)
2 2
 2  2 gh …(iii)
 Motion in One Dimension

g
hn  (2 n  1) ...(iv)
2
(ii) Graph of distance, velocity and acceleration (iii) Graph of displacement, velocity and
with respect to time : acceleration with respect to time (for maximum height)
s v
:
a
s (u2/2g) v
g
tan = g +
(u/ (2u/g
O g) ) t

–
t t t
(u/ –v
Fig. 2.13 g)
t
(iii) As h = (1/2)gt , i.e., h  t , distance covered in
2 2
a
time t, 2t, 3t, etc., will be in the ratio of 12 : 22 : 32, i.e.,
square of integers. +
O t
(iv) The distance covered in the nth sec,
1 g
h n  g (2n  1)
2
–a
So distance covered in 1st, 2nd, 3rd sec, etc., will be
Fig. 2.15
in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 5, i.e., odd integers only. It is clear that both quantities do not depend upon
(2) If a body is projected vertically downward the mass of the body or we can say that in absence of air
with some initial velocity resistance, all bodies fall on the surface of the earth with
Equation of motion :   u  gt the same rate.
1 2 (4) The motion is independent of the mass of the
h  ut  gt
2 body, as in any equation of motion, mass is not involved.
 2  u 2  2 gh That is why a heavy and light body when released from
the same height, reach the ground simultaneously and
g
hn  u  (2 n  1)
2 with same velocity i.e., t  (2h / g) and v  2 gh .
(3) If a body is projected vertically upward (5) In case of motion under gravity, time taken to
(i) Equation of motion : Taking initial position as go up is equal to the time taken to fall down through the
origin and direction of motion (i.e., vertically up) as same distance. Time of descent (t2) = time of ascent (t1)
positive
= u/g
a = – g [As acceleration is downwards while motion
2u
upwards]  Total time of flight T = t1 + t2 
g
So, if the body is projected with velocity u and
after time t it reaches up to height h then (6) In case of motion under gravity, the speed with
1 2 2 g which a body is projected up is equal to the speed with
  u  g t ; h  ut  g t ;   u 2  2 gh ; hn  u  (2n  1) which it comes back to the point of projection.
2 2
(ii) For maximum height v = 0 As well as the magnitude of velocity at any point on
So from above equation u = gt, the path is same whether the body is moving in upwards or
downward direction.
1 2
h gt
2 (7) A body is thrown vertically upwards. If air
resistance is to be taken into account, then the time of
and u 2  2 gh v=0
ascent is less than the time of descent. t2 > t1
2h u Let u is the initial velocity of body then time of
t  
g g
h u u2
u ascent t1  and h 
ga 2(g  a)
u  2 gh
where g is acceleration due to gravity and a is
2 retardation by air resistance and for upward motion
u
h  both will work vertically downward.
2g

Fig. 2.14
 Motion in one Dimension

For downward motion a and g will work in the particle is a circle.

opposite direction because a always work in direction  The particle speed up, that is the speed of the
opposite to motion and g always work vertically  
particle increases when the angle between a and v lies
downward. between –90° and +90°.

So h 
1
(g  a) t 22  The particle speeds down, that is the speed of the
2  
particle decreases, when the angle between a and v
u2 1 lies between +90° and 270°.
  (g  a) t 22
2(g  a) 2  The speed of the particle remains constant when
 
u the angle between a and v is equal to 90°.
 t2 
(g  a)(g  a)  The distance covered by a particle never
decreases with time, it always increases.
Comparing t1 and t2 we can say that t2 > t1
 Displacement of a particle is the unique path
since (g + a ) > (g – a)
between the initial and final positions of the particle.
Motion with Variable Acceleration It may or may not be the actually travelled path of
the particle.
(i) If acceleration is a function of time
t
 Displacement of a particle gives no information
a  f (t) then v  u   0 f (t) dt regarding the nature of the path followed by the
particle.
   f (t) dt dt
t
and s  ut   Magnitude of displacement  Distance covered.
0

(ii) If acceleration is a function of distance  Since distance  |Displacement|, so average

speed of a body is equal or greater than the
x
a  f (x ) then v 2  u 2  2  x f ( x ) dx magnitude of the average velocity of the body.
0

 The average speed of a body is equal to its

(iii) If acceleration is a function of velocity
v dv
a = f (v) then t  u and x  x 0  u
f (v)
 During translational motion of the body, there is
change in the location of the body.
 During rotational motion of the body, there is
change in the orientation of the body, while there is
no change in the location of the body from the axis of
rotation.
 A point object is just a mathematical point. This
concept is introduced to study the motion of a body
in a simple manner.
 The choice of the origin is purely arbitrary.
 For one dimensional motion the angle between
acceleration and velocity is either 0° or 180° and it
does not change with time.
instantaneous speed if the body moves with a
v vdv constant speed
f (v)
 No force is required to move the body or an
object with uniform velocity.
 Velocity of the body is positive, if it moves to the
right side of the origin. Velocity is negative if the
body moves to the left side of the origin.
 When a particle returns to the starting point, its
displacement is zero but the distance covered is not
zero.
 When a body reverses its direction of motion
while moving along a straight line, then the distance
travelled by the body is greater than the magnitude
of the displacement of the body. In this case, average
speed of the body is greater than its average velocity.
 Speedometer measures the instantaneous speed
of a vehicle.
 When particle moves with speed v1 upto half time
of its total motion and in rest time it is moving with
v  v2
speed v2 then v av  1
2

 For two dimensional motion, the angle between
acceleration and velocity is other than 0° or 180° and
also it may change with time.
 
 If the angle between a and v is 90°, the path of
 When particle moves the first half of a distance at a
speed of v1 and second half of the distance at speed v2
then

2v 1 v 2
v av 
v1  v 2
 When particle covers one-third distance at speed v1,
next one third at speed v2 and last one third at speed v3,
then
v av 
3 v1 v 2 v 3
v 1 v 2  v 2 v 3  v 3 v1
 For two particles having displacement time
graph with slopes 1 and 2 possesses velocities
 tan  1
and v2 respectively then 1 
 2 tan  2
 Velocity of a particle having uniform motion =
slope of displacement–time graph.
 Greater the slope of displacement-time graph,
greater is the velocity and vice-versa.
 Area under v – t graph = displacement of the
particle.
 Slope of velocity-time graph = acceleration.
 If a particle is accelerated for a time t1 with
acceleration a1 and for time t2 with acceleration a2
a t  a2 t 2
then average acceleration is aa  1 1
t1  t2
 If same force is applied on two bodies of
different masses m 1 and m 2 separately then it
produces accelerations a1 and a 2 respectively. Now
these bodies are attached together and form a
combined system and same force is applied on that
system so that a be the acceleration of the combined
system, then
a1 a 2
a
a1  a 2
 If a body starts from rest and moves with
uniform acceleration then distance covered by the
body in t sec is proportional to t (i.e. s  t 2 ).
2
So we can say that the ratio of distance covered
in 1 sec, 2 sec and 3 sec is 1 2 : 2 2 : 3 2 or 1 : 4 : 9.
 If a body starts from rest and moves with
uniform acceleration then distance covered by the
body in nth sec is proportional to (2n  1) (i.e. s n  (2n
–1))
So we can say that the ratio of distance covered in
1st, 2nd and 3rd is 1 : 3 : 5.
 A body moving with a velocity u is stopped by
application of brakes after covering a distance s. If
the same body moves with velocity nu and same
braking force is applied on it then it will come to
Motion in One Dimension
2
rest after covering a distance of n s.
u2
As  2  u 2  2 as  0  u 2  2as  s  , s  u2
2a
[since a is constant]
So we can say that if u becomes n times then s
becomes n2 times that of previous value.
 A particle moving with uniform acceleration
from A to B along a straight line has velocities 1 and
v1
 2 at A and B respectively. If C is the mid-point
between A and B then velocity of the particle at C is
equal to
 12   22

2
 The body returns to its point of projection with
the same magnitude of the velocity with which it was
thrown vertically upward, provided air resistance is
neglected.
 All bodies fall freely with the same acceleration.
 The acceleration of the falling bodies does not
depend on the mass of the body.
 If two bodies are dropped from the same height,
they reach the ground in the same time and with the
same velocity.
 If a body is thrown upwards with velocity u from
the top of a tower and another body is thrown
downwards from the same point and with the same
velocity, then both reach the ground with the same
speed.
 When a particle returns to the starting point, its
average velocity is zero but the average speed is not
zero.

If both the objects A and B move along parallel
lines in the same direction, then the relative
velocity of A w.r.t. B is given by vAB = vA – vB
and the relative velocity of B w.r.t. A is given by vBA
= vB – vA
 If both the objects A and B move along parallel
lines in the opposite direction, then the relative
velocity of A w.r.t. B is given by vAB = vA – (– vB) = vA
+ vB
and the relative velocity of B w.r.t. A is given by vBA
= – vB – vA
 Suppose a body is projected upwards from the
Motion in one Dimension

ground and with the velocity u. It is assumed that the successive distance of 1m each will then be in the
friction of the air is negligible. The characteristics of ratio of the difference in the square roots of the
motion of such a body are as follows. integers i.e.
2
(i) The maximum height attained = H = u /2g. 1 , ( 2  1 ), ( 3  2 ).......( 4  3 ),........ .
(ii) Time taken to go up (ascent) = Time taken to
come down (descent) = t = u/g.
(iii) Time of flight T = 2t = 2u/g.
(iv) The speed of the body on return to the ground =
speed with which it was thrown upwards.
(v) When the height attained is not large, that is u is
not large, the mass, the weight as well as the
acceleration remain constant with time. But its
speed, velocity, momentum, potential energy and
kinetic energy change with time.
(vi) Let m be the mass of the body. Then in going
from the ground to the highest point, following
changes take place.
(a) Change in speed = u
(b) Change in velocity = u
(c) Change in momentum = m u
(d) Change in kinetic energy = Change in potential
energy = (1/2) mu2.
(vii) On return to the ground the changes in these
quantities are as follows
(a) Change in speed = 0
(b) Change in velocity = 2u
(c) Change in momentum = 2mu
(d) Change in kinetic energy = Change in potential
energy = 0
(viii) If, the friction of air be taken into account, then
the motion of the object thrown upwards will have
the following properties
(a) Time taken to go up (ascent) < time taken to
come down (descent)
(b) The speed of the object on return to the ground is
less than the initial speed. Same is true for velocity
(magnitude), momentum (magnitude) and kinetic
energy.
2
(c) Maximum height attained is less than u /2g.
(d) A part of the kinetic energy is used up in
overcoming the friction.
 A ball is dropped from a building of height h and
it reaches after t seconds on earth. From the same
building if two balls are thrown (one upwards and
other downwards) with the same velocity u and they
reach the earth surface after t1 and t2 seconds
respectively then
t  t1 t 2

 A particle is dropped vertically from rest from a

height. The time taken by it to fall through