MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE

INTRODUCTION
Kinematics
Study of motion of objects without taking into account the factor which cause the motion (i.e. nature of force).
Motion
If a body changes its position with time, it is said to be moving else it is at rest. Motion is always relative to the
observer.
Motion is a combined property of the object under study and the observer. There is no meaning of rest or
motion without the viewer.
 To locate the position of a particle we need a reference frame. A commonly used reference frame is cartesian
coordinate system or x-y-z coordinate system.
The coordinates (x, y, z) of the particle specify the position of the particle with respect to origin of that frame.
If all the three coordinates of the particle remain unchanged as time passes it means the particle is at rest w.r.t.
this frame.
 If only one coordinate change with time, motion is one dimensional motion (1 - D) or linear motion.
If only two coordinates change with time, motion is two dimensional (2 - D) or motion in a plane. If all three
coordinates changes with time, motion is three dimensional (3 - D) or motion in space.
 The reference frame is chosen according to problems.
 If frame is not mention, then ground is taken as reference frame.
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Distance
Total length of path covered by the particle, in definite time interval. Let a C

body moves from A to B via C. The length of path ACB is called the distance
travelled by the body. A B


But overall, body is displaced from A to B. A vector from A to B, i.e. AB is its displacement vector or
displacement that is the minimum distance and directed from initial position to final position.
Note :
 Distance is a scalar while displacement is a vector.
 Distance depends on path while displacement is independent of path but depends only on final and initial
position.
 For a moving body, distance can't have zero or negative values but displacement may be +ive, –ive or zero.
 If motion is in straight line without change in direction then
distance = |displacement| = magnitude of displacement.
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distance > |displacement|

 Magnitude of displacement may be equal or less than distance but never greater than distance.
distance  |displacement| Y
A(x1, y1, z1)
Displacement in terms of position vector
r
Let a body is displaced from A(x1, y1, z1) to B(x2, y2, z2) rA
rB B(x2, y2, z2)

then its displacement is given by vector AB . O
X
     
From OAB rA   r  rB or  r  rB  rA Z
 
 rB  x2i  y2j  z2k and rA  x1i  y1j  z1k
 
  rr  (x2  x1)i  (y2  y1)j  (z2  z1)k or  r  xi  yj  zk

E 1
Ex. A particle goes along a quadrant from A to B of a circle radius 10m as shown in fig. Find the magnitude of

displacement and distance along path shown AB, and angle between displacement vector OC and x-axis ?

  
Sol. Displacement AB  OB OA = 10j  10i
^j
 –OA B
|AB| = 102  102  10 2 m C

O
OA 10  OB

B
From OBC tan =  =1   = 45°

–O
OB 10 ^i

A
O A

Angle between displacement vector OC and x-axis = 90° + 45° = 135°

1 1
Distance of path AB = (circumference) = (2R) m = (5) m
4 4
Ex. On an open ground a motorist follows a track that turns to his left by an angle of 60° after every 500 m. Starting
from a given turn, specify the displacement of the motorist at the third, sixth and eighth turn. Compare the
magnitude of displacement with the total path length covered by the motorist in each case.

Sol. At III turn IV 60°

C III
60°
    60° 500m
Displacement = OA AB  BC  OC 60°
V
= 500 cos 60° + 500 + 500 cos 60° B II, VIII
60° 500m
1 1 A 60°
= 500 × + 500 + 500 × = 1000 m from O to C VI
60°
2 2 O 500m I VII

Displacement 1000 2
Distance = 500 + 500 + 500 = 1500 m   
Distance 1500 3
At VI turn
 initial and final positions are same so displacement = 0 and distance = 500 × 6 = 3000 m

Displacement 0 Applying triangle's law of vector addition

  0 
Distance 3000 R= 2 2
A  B  2AB cos  = 2a cos
2
At VIII turn 
 (A = B = a) and (cos  = 2cos2 –1)
2
Displacement = 2(500) cos 
 60 
 2 2 2 2 NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65
 a  a  2a (2 cos  1)
 2  R=
2

= 1000 × cos 30° 2 2  

R= 4a cos  2a cos
2 2
3
= 1000   500 3 m
2

Displacement 500 3 3
Distance = 500 × 8 = 4000 m   
Dis tan ce 4000 8
Q. A particle starts from the origin, goes along the X-axis to the point (20m, 0) and then returns along the same
line to the point (–20m, 0). Find the distance and displacement of the particle during the trip.
Ans. 60m, 20m and direction along negative x-axis.

2 E
 Q. A person moves on semicircular track of radius 40 m. If he starts at one end of the track and B

reaches at the other end. Find the distance covered and megnitude of displacement of the person. d

Ans. Distance = R = (40)m, Displacement d = 2r = 80m from A to B A
Q. A man has to go home 50m due north, 40m due east and 20m due south to reach a cafe from his home.
(A) What distance he has to walk to reach the cafe. (B) What is his displacement from his home to the cafe.

3
Ans. (A) 110m (B) 50m,  = tan–1 = 37°
4
8km A
Q. A car moves from O to D along the path OABCD shown in fig. O

What is distance travelled and net displacement. 4km

D
Ans. Distance = 17 km, Displacement = 5 km, E 37° N 1km
4km
C B

SPEED AND VELOCITY

 Speed is related to distance and it is a scalar while velocity is related to displacement and it is a vector.
 For a moving body speed can't have zero or negative values but velocity can have.
Average speed
Speed is distance travelled per unit time. Average speed of a trip

Total travelled distance

vav =
Totaltimetaken

s
If a particle travels a distance s in time t1 to t2, the average speed is vav =
t 2  t1

If a particle travels distances s1, s2, s3 etc. with speeds v1, v2, v3 etc. respectively, then total travelled distance
s = s1 + s2 + s3 +.......... + sn

s1 s2 s3 s No sing is needed for distance or speed.

Total time taken   ..... n They are always positive quantities.
v1 v 2 v 3 vn

s1  s 2  s3 ......s n
Average speed of a trip =
s s s
( 1  2 ...... n )
v1 v 2 vn
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 Let s be the distance travelled in the time interval t to t + t. The average speed in this time interval is

s
vav =
t
Instantaneous speed
The speed at a particular instant is defined as instantaneous speed (or speed) while average speed is defined for
a time interval.
If t approaches zero, average speed becomes instantaneous speed.

lim s ds
v = t0 
t dt
i.e. instantaneous speed is the time derivative of distance.

E 3
 Average Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change of position vector or change in position per unit time.
 
Let a particle is at a point A at time t1 and B at time t2. Position vectors of A and B are r1 and r2 . The

b 
g
displacement in this time interval is the vector AB = r2  r1 . The average velocity in this time interval is,
Y
 displacement vector A
v av 
time int erval
r1
r2 B
  
 AB r r O X
v av   2 1
t 2  t1 t 2  t1
Z
    
here AB  OB OA = r2  r1 = change in position vector.


For small time interval between t and t + t, change in position is  r then average velocity in t time interval

 r
is, v av 
t
Instantaneous velocity
It is the velocity at a particular instant. If time interval approaches zero then average velocity become instantaneous
 
 Lim  r  dr
velocity. v  t0 t dt

i.e. instantaneous velocity is the time derivative of position vector.

 Magnitude of instantaneous velocity is the instantaneous speed.
Note : When a particle moves with constant velocity, its average velocity, its instantaneous velocity and its
speed all are equal.
Ex. If a particle travels the first half distance with speed v1 and second half distance with speed v2.Find its average
speed during journey. O
A s s B

ss 2s 2v1v 2 v1 v2
Sol. vavg. =  
t1  t 2 s s v1  v 2 s
t1 = v t2 = sv
 1 2
v1 v 2

Note :- Here vavg. is the harmonic mean of two speeds.

If a particle travels with speeds v1, v2, v3 etc. during time intervals t1, t2, t3 etc.

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then total travelled distance s = v1t1 + v2t2 + v3t3 +..... and total time taken = t1 + t2 + t3 .......

v1t1  v 2t 2 .....
Average speed of the trip. vavg =
t1  t 2.....

Ex. If a particle travels with speed v1 during first half time interval and with v2 speed during second half time interval.
Find its average speed during its journey. s1 s2
t v1 t v2
Sol. s1 = v1t and s2 = v2t
A O B
Total distance = s1 + s2 = (v1 + v2)t

total time = t + t = 2t then vavg. =

s1  s 2
 1
b 
g
v  v 2 t v1  v 2
tt 2t 2
Note :- here vavg is arithmatic mean of two speeds.

4 E
 Ex. A car moves at a velocity 2.24 km h–1 in first minute, at 3.60 km h–1 in the second minute and at 5.18 km h–
1
in the third minute. Calculate the average velocity in these three minutes.

1
Sol. Distance travelled in first minute s1  v1  t1  2.24  km
60

1
Distance travelled in second minute s2  v 2  t2  3.60  km
60

1
Distance travelled in third minute s 3  v 3  t 3  5.18  km
60

2.24 3.60 5.18 11.02

Total distance travelled, s = s1 + s2 + s3     km
60 60 60 60

1
Total time taken, t = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 min = h
20

s 11.02 20
 average velocity, =    3.67 kmh–1
t 60 1

Q. A man walks for 1 minute at a speed of 1m/s and then runs for 2 minute at 3m/s. What is the average speed
of the man ? Ans. 2.3 m/s
Q A bird flies due north at velocity 20 ms–1 for 15 s it rests for 5 s and then flies due south at velocity 24ms –1 for
10 s. For the whole trip find the average speed and magnitude of average velocity. Ans. 18 ms–1, 2 ms–1
Q. A table clock has its minute hand 4.5 cm long. Find the average velocity of the tip of minute hand
(a) between 12.00 a.m. to 12.30 a.m. and
(b) between 12.00 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Ans. (5 10–3 cm/s) , 2  10–4 cm/s
both have directions 12 mark to 6 mark on the clock panel.
Q. The distance travelled by a particle in time t is given by s = (2.5 m/s 2) t2. Find (a) the average speed of the
particle during the time 0 to 5.0s and (b) the instantaneous speed at t = 5.0 s.
Ans. (a) 12.5 m/s (b) 25 m/s

Q. In 1 second a particle goes from point A to point B, moving in a semicircle of radius 1m.
Find the magnitude of the average velocity. 1m
Ans. 2 m s–1 A O B
Q. Straight distance between a hotel and a railway station is 10 km, but circular route is followed by a taxi covering
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23 km in 28 minute. What is average speed and magnitude of average velocity, are they equal ?
Ans. 49.3 kmh–1, 21.4 kmh-1
Note : average speed and magnitude of average velocity are not equal.

RELATIVE MOTION
There is no meaning of motion without reference or observer. If reference is not mention then we take the
ground as a reference of motion. Velocity or displacement of the particle w.r.t. ground is called actual velocity
or actual displacement of the body. If we describe the motion of a particle w.r.t. a object which is also moving

w.r.t. ground then velocity of particle w.r.t. ground is its actual velocity ( v act ) and velocity of particle w.r.t.

b g
moving object is its relative velocity v rel. and the velocity of moving object (w.r.t. ground) is the reference

b g
velocity v ref.

E 5
 In the fig. let S is ground frame and S' is frame of moving object. S S'
P
 r sp
Position of particle P relative to frame S is rPS while position of frame S'
rs'p

relative to frame S is rS 'S at a moment. According to vector  law
   r ss'
rPS  rPS '  rS 'S differentiate the eq. w.r.t. time,

   
drPS drPS ' drS 'S  dr
  [ but v  ]
dt dt dt dt
        
So that v PS  v PS '  v S 'S i.e. v actual  v relative  v reference or v rel  v act  v ref

Ex. Buses A and B are moving in the same direction with speed 20 m/s and 15 m/s respectively. Find the relative
velocity of A w.r.t. B and relative velocity of B w.r.t A.

Sol. Let their direction of motion of bus A is i then v A  20m / s i b g

b
vB  15m / s i g
  
(a) Relative velocity of A w.r.t. B  v AB  v A  v B = (actual velocity of A) – (velocity of B)

= (20 m/s) i – (15 m/s ) i = 5m/s i

i.e. A is moving with speed 5 m/s w.r.t B in i direction.

  
(b) Relative velocity of B w.r.t. A  v BA  v B  v A = (Actual velocity of B) – (velocity of A)

= (15 m/s) i – (20 m/s) i = (–5m/s) i = (5 m/s) (– i )

i.e. B moving in – i direction w.r.t. A, at speed 5 m/s

Ex. A person moves due east at speed 6m/s and feels the wind is blowing to south at speed
6m/s.
(a) Find actual velocity of wind blow.
(b) If person doubles his velocity then find the relative velocity of wind blow w.r.t. man.
  
Sol. (a) v act  v rel  v ref N
  
v w  v wm  v m = 6 j  6i NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65
vm= 6 ^i
 W E
v w  6i  6j 45°

 vwm= –6 ^j vw
|v| 6 2 m/s and it blowing to S – E S

(b) Person doubles its velocity then v m  12i but actual wind velocity remain unchanged.
N
  
v wm  v w  v m  (6i  6j )  12i

v wm  6i  6j W
–6 ^i
E
45°
Now relative velocity of wind is 6 2m/s to S – W. vwm
–6 ^j
S
6 E
 Ex. Three boys A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side d at t = 0. Each of the boys
moves with constant speed v. A always moves towards B , B towards C and C towards A. At what time and
where they meet each other ?

Sol. By symmetry they will meet at the centroid of the triangle. Approaching velocity of A and A
v
B towards each other is v + v cos 60° and they cover distance d when they meet.

0°
So that time taken,

6
O

os
vc
60°
d d 2d
 t= = = B C
v  v cos 60  v 3v
v
2

Ex. In a reference frame a man A is moving with velocity (3i  4j ) ms–1 and another man B is moving with velocity

(i  j ) ms–1 relative to A. Find the actual velocity of B.

  
Sol. v actual  v rel  v ref = [(i  j )  (3i  4j )] ms–1 = (4i  3j ) ms–1

Ex. A man is moving due east with a speed 1 km/hr and rain is falling vertically with a speed 3 km/hr. At what
angle from vertical the man has to hold his umbrella to keep the rain away. Also find the speed of rain drops
w.r.t. man.

1
Sol. tan = ,  = 30°
3

 
v M  (1km hr 1 )i v R  ( 3 km hr 1 )( j )

   
v RM  v R  v M  ( 3 j  i ) |v RM| ( 3 )2  12 = 2 km hr–1

Angle of relative velocity with vertical is 30° so that man has to tilt his umbrella at 30° with vertical towards the
east.

Q. Two cars are moving in the same direction with same speed 30 km/hr. They are separated by a distance of
5 km. What is the speed of a car moving in the opposite direction if it meets these two cars at an interval of
4 minutes. Ans. 45 km/hr.

Q. A police van moving on a highway with a speed of 30 km/hr. fires a bullet at a thief car which is speeding away
in the same direction with a speed of 190 km/hr. If the muzzle speed of the bullet is 150 m/s, find speed of the
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bullet the theif's car will Observe. Ans. 380 km/hr.

Q. Delhi is at a distance of 200 km. from Ambala. Car A set out from Ambala at a speed of 30 km/hr. and car B
set out at the same time from Delhi at a speed of 20 km/hr. When they will meet each other ? What is the
distance of that meeting point from Ambala? Ans. After 4 hr. at 120 km from the Ambala

Q. A man 'A' moves in north direction with speed 10 m/s and another man B moves in E–30°–N with 10 m/s.

Find the relative velocity of B w.r.t. A. Ans. 5 3 i  5j , E– 30° - S

Q. A and B are moving with the same speed 10 m/s in the direction E–30°–N and E–30°–S respectively. Find the
relative velocity of A w.r.t. B. Ans. In north direction 10m/s

Q. Two body A and B are 10 km apart such that B is in south of A. A and B start moving with same speed 20 km/
hr eastward and northward respectively then find.

E 7
 (a) Relative velocity of A w.r.t. B. (b) Minimum separation attained during motion N

(c) Time lapse, from starting to attain minimum separation. W E

km 1
Ans. 20 2 B, 10  km, 15 min. S
hr 2

SWIMMING INTO THE RIVER


A man can swim with velocity v , i.e. it is the velocity of man w.r.t. still water.
   
If water is also flowing with velocity v R then velocity of man relative to ground vm  v  vR
(i) If the swimming is in the direction of flow of water or along the downstream then

v
vm  v  vR vR

(ii) If the swimming is in the direction opposite to the flow of water or along the upstream then

v
vm  v  vR vR

 
(iii) If man is crossing the river i.e. v and v R not collinear then use the vector algebra

vR
  
vm  v  vR v vm

For shortest path :

If man wants to cross the river such that his "displacement should be minimum" B
it means he wants to reach just opposite point across the river. man should
start swimming at an angle  with the perpendicular to the flow of river towards vR
upstream. d
vm
    vcos= v
So that its resultant velocity v m  ( v  v R ) It is in the direction of displacement v m

AB. vsin= v R A
vR (for minimum displacement)
To reach at B v sin = vR  sin =
v

d d
component of velocity of along AB is = vcos  so time taken T  
v cos  v  v 2R
2

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For minimum time

To cross the river in minimum time the velocity along
B C
AB (v cos ) should be maximum.
It is possible if  = 0, i.e. swimming should start perpendicular to water current.
Due to effect of river velocity man will reach at point C along resultant velocity, vR
d
i.e. his displacement will not be minimum but time taken to cross the river will vm
v 
be minimum,

d A
t min  (for minimum time)
v
In time tmin swimmer travels distance BC along the river with speed of river v R BC = tmin vR
d
distance travelled along river flow = drift of man = tmin vR = vR
v
8 E
 Ex. A river 400 m wide is flowing at a rate of 2.0 ms–1. A boat is sailing at a speed of 10ms–1 w.r.t. water, in a direction
perpendicular to the river.
(a) Find the time taken by the boat to reach the opposite bank.
(b) How far from the point directly opposite to the starting point does the boat reach the opposite bank.

AB 400
Sol. (a) t = = s = 40s
vb 10

(b) Drifting of boat along the river = t  vR = 40  2 m = 80m

Ex. A boat moves along the flow of river between two fixed points A and B. It takes t 1 time when going downstream
and takes t2 time when going upstream between these two points. What time it will take in still water to cover
the distance equal to AB.
B C
AB AB AB
Sol. t1 = , t2 = or vb + vR = vR
vb  vR vb  vR t1 d vb vm


AB AB AB FG t  t IJ
1 2 A
and vb – vR = t
2
 2vb = t + t = AB
1 2 H tt K
1 2

FG 2t t IJ  AB
1 2
or
Ht t K v
1 2 b
= time taken by the boat to cover AB

Q. A man can swim at a speed 2ms–1 in still water. He starts swimming in a river at an angle 150° with direction of
flow of water and reaches at the exactly opposite point on the opposite bank.
(a) Find the speed of flowing water.

(b) If width of river is 1 km then calculate the time taken also. Ans. (a) 3 ms–1, (b) 1000s.
ACCELERATION
Uniform motion
If the velocity of particle remains constant with time, it is called uniform motion or motion with uniform
velocity.
If the velocity changes with time, it is said to be accelerated or non-uniform motion.
Acceleration
The acceleration is rate of change of velocity or change in velocity per unit time interval.
Velocity is a vector quantity hence a change in its magnitude or in direction or in both, will change the velocity
(or non uniform motion)
ba g
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Average acceleration av
 
Let velocity of a particle at t 1 is v1 and at t 2 it is v 2 . The change in velocity in time interval
 
   v 2  v1
(t2 – t1) is ( v 2  v1 ). Avg. acceleration a av  .
t 2  t1

For small time interval between t and t + t, change in velocity is taken v then average acceleration in the

 v
time interval t is, a av 
t
Instantaneous acceleration

If t approaches zero, the average acceleration becomes the instantaneous acceleration (or acceleration). a =
 
lim
v dv
 i.e. instantaneous acceleration is the time derivative of velocity.
t0 t dt
E 9
EQUATIONS OF MOTION

  dv  
If a particle moves with acceleration a , then by definition a  or dv  adt
dt


 
v

t

Let at starting (t = 0) initial velocity of the u and at time t its final velocity = v then 

dv   adt
0
u


 
t v

If acceleration is constant (uniformally accelerating motion)   dt or v v  

 t
dv  a a t  0

u 0
  u

  
  
or v u  a t or v  u a t ........(1)
scalar form of equation (1) is v = u + at ........(i)
 
 ds ds  
Now by definition of velocity, eq . (1) reduces to
n
v or  u  at
dt dt

z zb LM OP


  1   1 2
t
  
s t

or ds  g
u  at dt  s  ut  at 2
N2 Q 0
 s  ut  at
2
........(2)
0 0

1 2
scalar form of equation (2) is s  ut  at ........(ii)
2

b v  ug  1 a L v  u O 2

2 MN a PQ
Now substituting the value of t from eqn. (i) to eqn. (ii) s=u
a
or 2as = 2uv – 2u2 + v2 + u2 – 2uv  v2 = u2 + 2as ........(iii)

vector form of equation (iii) v 2  u 2  2a. s ........(3)

These three equation are called equations of motion and are applicable only and only when acceleration is
constant.
distance travalled by the body in n th second
1 2 1 1 1 a
an  u  n  1  a  n  1  un  an2  un  u  an2  an 
2
Snth  Sn  Sn 1  un 
2 2 2 2 2

a
Snth  u   2n  1 .............(iv)
2

  NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65
 a
vector form of equation (iv) Sn  u  2n  1
th
.......(4)
2
VERTICAL MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
If air resistance is neglected and a body is freely moving along vertical line near the earth surface then an
acceleration acts downward which is 9.8m/s2 or 980 cm/s2 or 32 ft/s2
Freely falling bodies from a height h above the ground
Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e. downward direction) positive y axis,
as body is just released/dropped u = 0 u = 0, t = 0
acceleration along +y axis a = g
Use equations of motion to describe the motion, i.e.
v
1 y
v = u + at, y = ut + at2, v = u + 2ay
2 2
2
10 E
 Let the body acquires velocity v(downward) after falling a distance h in time t, then
1 2
v = gt .....(1) or t = v/g h= gt ....(2)
2
2h v2
or t=
g
v = 2gh
2
....(3) or v= 2gh or h =
2g
(v–t graph) (h–t graph)
a
(a–t graph) v h
at° t ht2
g v
tan=g

t t t

Body is projected vertically upward : Take initial position as origin and direction of motion

(i.e. vertically upward) as positive y-axis. y v=0

v = 0 at maximum height, at t = T,
a = – g (because directed downward)
Put the values in eq. of motion y=0 u = 0, t = 0
v = u + at  0 = u – gT or u = gT

1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
s = ut + at  h = ut – gt2 or hmax = uT – gT or hmax = (gT)T – gT = gT
2 2 2 2 2
v2 = u2 + 2as  v2 = u2 – 2gh or 0 = u2 – 2g hmax or u2 = 2g hmax

1 2 2h max
Again u = gT and hmax = gT or T = and u2 = 2g hmax or u = 2g h max
2 g

After attaining maximum height body turns and come back at ground. During complete flight acceleration is constant,
y v=0
a = –g.
Time taken during up flight and down flight are equal
h
u 2u u
Time for one side T = and total flight time = 2T =
g g
At each equal height from ground speed of body will be same either going up or coming down.
NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65

E 11
Ex. A body is freely dropped from a height h above the ground. Find the ratio of distances fallen in first one second,
first two seconds, first three seconds, also find the ratio of distances fallen in 1 st second, in 2nd second, in 3rd
second etc.
1 2 1 2
Sol. From second equation of motion, i.e. h = gt (h = ut + gt and u = 0)
2 2
1 1 1
h1 : h2 : h3 ...... = g(1)2 : g(2)2 : g(3)2 = 12 : 22 : 32 ........ = 1: 4 : 9 :..... .
2 2 2

1
Now from the of distance travelled in nth second Sn = u + a (2n –1) here u = 0, a = g
2
1 1 1 1
Sn = g (2n – 1) or S1 : S2 : S3 ........ = g (2  1 – 1) : g (2  2 – 1) : g(2  3 – 1) = 1 : 3 : 5 ........
2 2 2 2
Ex. A rocket is fired vertically up from the ground with a resultant vertical acceleration of 10m/s 2. The fuel is
finished in 1 minute and it continues to move up.
(a) What is the maximum height reached?
(b) After finishing fuel, calculate the time for which it continues its upwards motion. (Take g = 10 m/s 2)
Sol. (a) The distance travelled by the rocket during burning interval (1minute= 60s) in which resultant acceleration
is vertically upwards and 10 m/s2 will be h1 = 0 × 60 + (1/2) × 10 × 602 = 18000 m = 18 km and
velocity acquired by it will be v = 0 + 10 × 60 = 600 m/s
Now after 1 minute the rocket moves vertically up with initial velocity of 600 m/s and acceleration due
to gravity opposes its motion. So, it will go to a height h2 from this point, till its velocity becomes zero
such that 0 = (600)2 –2gh2 or h2 = 18000 m = 18 km [g = 10 ms–2]
So the maximum height reached by the rocket from the ground, H = h 1 +h2 = 18 + 18 = 36 km
(b) As after burning of fuel the initial velocity 600m/s and gravity opposes the motion of rocket, so from 1 st
equation of motion time taken by it till it velocity v =0
0 = 600 – gt t = 60 s

Ex. A ball is thrown upwards from the top of a tower 40 m high with a velocity of
10 m/s, find the time when it strikes the ground (g = 10 m/s2) +ve
u=10m/s
Sol. In the problem u = + 10 m/s, a = – 10 m/s2 and s = –40m a=–10m/s2
(at the point where ball strikes the ground)
h
1
Substituting in s = ut + at2
2
– 40 = 10t – 5t2 or 5t2 – 10t – 40 = 0or t2 – 2t – 8 = 0 NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65

Solving this we have t = 4 s and – 2s. Taking the positive value t = 4s.
Ex. A block slides down a smooth inclined plane when released from the top, while another falls freely from the
same point. Which one of them will strike the ground: (a)earlier (b) with greater speed?
Sol. In case of sliding motion on an inclined plane.

h h
 sin   s , a = g sin
s sin 

2s 2 h 1 2h t s
ts      F h
a g sin  sin  sin  g sin 


h
v s  2as  2g sin    2gh  v F
sin 
12 E
 2h
In case of free fall tF = and vF = 2gh vs = vp
g

(a)  sin<1, tF < ts , i.e.,falling body reaches the ground first.

(b) vF = vs, i.e.,both reach the ground- with same speed
Special Note : (not same velocity, as for falling body direction is vertical while for sliding body along the
plane downwards).
Ex. The acceleration of a particle moving in a straight line varies with its displacement as, a = 2s velocity of the
particle is zero at zero displacement. Find the corresponding velocity displacement equation.

dv dv ds dv
Sol. a = 2s 
dt
=2s  .
ds dt
 2s 
ds
.v  2s   vdv  2 sds
v s
 v2   s2  v2
    2     s2  v  s 2
 2 0  2 0 2

Ex. A particle moves in a straight line with a uniform acceleration a. Initial velocity of the particle is zero. Find the
average velocity of the particle in first 's' distance.

1 s2 1 s as
Sol.  s = at2   as Average velocity = 
2 t2 2 t 2
Q. If a body travels half of total path in the last second of its fall from rest, then find: (a) the time of fall and (b) the
height of its fall. (g = 9.8 m/s2) Ans. (a) 3.414 seconds (b) 57 m
Q. A ball is projected vertically up wards with a velocity of 100 m/s. Find the speed of the ball at half the maximum
height. (g = 10 m/s2) Ans. 50 2 m/s

Q. The velocity of particle moving in the posittive direction of x axis varies as v =  x , where is a positive
constant. Assuming that at moment t=0, the particle was located at the point x=0. Find
(a) the time dependence of the velocity and the acceleration of the particle.
(b) the mean velocity of the particle averaged over the time that the particle takes to cover first s meters of

t 2  s
the path. Ans. (a) v = ,a= constant, (b)
2 2 2
Q. A man standing on the edge of a cliff throws a stone straight up with initial speed u and then throws another
NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65

stone straight down with the same initial speed and from the same position.Find the ratio of the speed the
stones would have attained when they hit the ground at the base of the cliff. Ans. 1:1
Q. A ball is projected vertically up with an initial speed of 20 m/s and acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s 2 .
(a) How long does it take to reach the highest point? (b) How high does it rise above the point of projection?
(c) How long will it take for the ball to reach a point 10 m above the point of projection?
Ans. (a) t= 2 s, (b) h = 20 m, (c) 3.41s
Q. A Juggler throws balls into air. He throws one ball whenever the previous one is at its highest point. How high

g
do the balls rise if he throws n balls each second. Acceleration due to gravity is g. Ans. h=
2n2
Q. A pebble is thrown vertically upwards from a bridge with an initial velocity of 4.9 m/s. It strikes the water after
2 s. If acceleration due to gravity is 9.8m/s2 (a) what is the height of the bridge? (b) with what velocity does the
pebble strike the water ? Ans. (a) 9.8m, (b) 14.7 m/s

E 13
Q. A body is released from a height and falls freely towards the earth, exactly 1second later another body is
released. What is the distance between the two bodies 2 second after the release of the second body.
(g = 9.8m/s2) Ans. 24.5 m
Q. The retardation of a particle moving in a straight line is proportional to its displacement (proportionality constant
being unity). Find the total distance covered by the particle till it comes to rest. Given that velocity of particle is
v0 at zero displacement. Ans. v0
GRAPHS BASED ON 1-D
For constant acceleration, a/t, v/t and s/t curve from equations of motion are -

In case of constant acceleration

v (vt) v
(st )
2 motion in a straight line, scalar
(at°) linear

lic
 form of equations of motion
a u

abo
constant tan=a can be applied and problem

par
t t t becomes fairly simple.

 v   2 
t
 
As dv  adt or  vu  v  u   adt = Area between curve and time axis from t1 to t2.
t1

Area under the curve of a – t graph always gives the change in velocity.

z z
t2
   
Similarly ds  vdt or s  vdt = Area between curve and time axis from t1 to t2.
t1


Here s is the displacement of particle in time interval t1 to t2, i.e. area under the curve of v-t graph always gives
the displacement. If only magnitude of area is taken into account then sum of all area is the total distance
travelled by the particle.

IMPORTANT POINTS :-

Slopes of v-t or s-t graphs can never be infinite at any point, because infinite slope v s

of v-t graph means infinite acceleration. Similarly, infinite slope of s-t graph
means infinite velocity. Hence, the following graphs are not possible.

t v
At one time, two values of velocity or displacement are not
v v s
possible Hence, the following graphs are not acceptable. v1 v1 s1

v2 v2 s2 NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65

t t t
t0 t0 t0
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
 When a body is having uniform motion along a straight line in a given direction, the magnitude of the
displacement of body is equal to the actual distance travelled by the body in the given time.
 The average and instantaneous velocity in a uniform motion are equal in magnitude.
 In a uniform motion along a st. line, the slope of position-time graph gives the velocity of the body.
 The position-time graph of a body moving along a st. line can never be a st.line parallel to position axis
because it will indicate infinite velocity.
 The speed of a body can never be negative
 The slope of velocity-time graph of uniform motion is zero.

14 E
 S.N. Different Cases V-t graph s-t graph Important Points
1. Uniform motion V (i) Slope of s – t graph =
s
v = constant
v = constant (ii) In s – t graph s = 0 at
s = vt
t=0
t

2. Uniformly accelerated V s (i) u = 0, i.e. v = 0at t = 0

motion with u = 0 at 1 (ii) u = 0, i.e., slope of s - t
s = at2
t=0 v = at 2 graph at t = u, should be zero
t t
(iii) a or slope of v - t
graph is constant

3. Uniformly accelerated V (i) u  0, i.e., v or slope

motion with u  0 at t = 0 s of s – t graph t = 0
u v = u + at 1 2 is not zero
s = ut + at
t 2 (ii) v or slope of s – t graph
t gradually goes on
increasing.

4. Uniformly accelerated v s (i) s = s0 at t = 0

motion with u  0
and s = s0 at t = 0
u 1 2
v = u + at s = s0+ ut+ at
2
t t

5. Uniformly retarded v (i) Slope of s – t graph at

motion till velocity s t = 0 gives u
becomes zero 1 2 (ii) Slope of s – t graph at
u s = ut – at t = t0 becomes zero
v = u + at 2
NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65

(iii) In this case u can't

t t be zero.
to to

6. Uniformly retarded v (i) At time t = to, v = 0 or

s
then accelerated in slope of s – t graph is zero
opposite direction (ii) In s – t graph slope or
u velocity first decreases
to
t t then increases with
o to opposite sign.

E 15
Ex. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate for some time, after which it decelerates at a constant rate , to
come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t evaluate (a) the maximum velocity attained and (b) the total distance
travelled.
Sol. (a) Let the car accelerates for time t1 and decelerates for time t2 then
t = t1 + t2 ......(i)
vmax A
and corresponding velocity-time graph will be as shown in. fig.
B
v max v max O t1 t2 t
From the graph = slope of line AB =
t 1 or t1 =  ......(ii)

v max v max
and – slope of line OB = or t2= ......(iii)
t2 

v max v max    t

From Eqs. (i),(ii) and (iii) + =t or vmax  t or vmax =
      

1 1  t
(b) Total distance = area under v-t graph = × t × vmax = ×t×
2 2  

1   t 
2

Distance =  
2    

Note: This problem can also be solved by using equations of motion (v = u + at, etc.).
Ex. A rocket is fired upwards vertically with a net acceleration of 4 m/s2 and initial velocity zero. After 5 seconds its
fuel is finished and it decelerates with f. At the highest point its velocity becomes zero. Then it accelerates
downwards with acceleration g and return back to ground. Plot velocity-time and displacement-time graphs for
the complete journey. Take g = 10 m/s2.
Sol. In the graphs, vA = atOA = (4) (5) = 20 m/s,
vB = 0 = vA – gtAB
s(m)
v (m/s) B
A 70
20 50
A
B C
t(s)
O 5 7 10.7 C
t(s)
O 5 7 10.7

v A 20
  2s NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65
 tAB =  tOAB = (5+2)s = 7s
g 10

1
Now, sOAB = area under v-t graph between 0 to 7 s = (7) (20) = 70 m
2

1 2 1
Now, sOAB = sBC = gt  70 = (10) t2BC
2 BC 2

 tBC = 14  3.7s  tOAB = 7+3.7 = 10.7s

1
Also sOA = area under v-t graph between OA = (5) (20) = 50 m
2

16 E
 Ex. Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown. Plot the corresponding displacement-time
graph of the particle.
s(m)
Sol. Displacement = area under velocity-time graph.

20
1
Hence, sOA = × 2 × 10 = 10 m
2 10
sAB = 2 × 10 = 20 m
t(s)
O 2 4 6 8
or sOAB = 10+20 = 30 m
s(m)
 10  20 
= 2 
80
sBC  = 30 m
 2  60

or sOABC = 30+30 = 60 m
40

 20  0 
and sCD = 2   = 20m
20

 2  O 2 4 6 8
t(s)

or sOABCD= 60 + 20 = 80 m
Between 0 to 2 s and 4 to 6 s motion is accelerated, hence displacement-time graph is a parabola. Between 2
to 4 s motion is uniform, so displacement-time will be a straight line. Between 6 to 8 s motion is decelerated
hence displacement-time graph is again a parabola but inverted in shape. At the end of 8 s velocity is zero,
therefore, slope of displacement-time graph should be zero. The corresponding graph is shown in figure.

Q. Velocity time graph for a particle moving in a line is given. 2

Calculate the displacement of the particle and distance travelled in first

4
4 seconds. v (m/s) sec
0 2 6
Ans. Take the upper area positive and lower area negative then displacement

–2

s =(2 – 2)m = 0
while for distance take all areas as positive the distance coveraed s = (2 + 2)m = 4m

Q. The velocity time graph of a body moving in a straight line is as follows. 2

Find the magnitude of displacement of body and distance travelled by
1
body during first 6 seconds. Ans. [4m, 6m]
v m/s

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 t
–1

–2
NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\01-KINEMATIC-E.P65

Q. A particle moves in a straight line from origin. Its velocity time curve is shown. Find the distance of particle at
t = 8 sec. from the origin and the distance travelled by the particle during first 8 seconds. Ans. [6m, 18m]

2
v m/s

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–2 t(s)

–4

Q. A particle starts with an initial velocity 2.5 m/s along the positive x-axis and it accelerates uniformly at the rate
0.5 m/s2. (a) Find the distance travelled by it in the first two seconds. (b) How much time does it take to reach
the velocity 7.5 m/s ? (c) How much distance will it cover before reaching the velocity 7.5 m/s ?
Ans. [6.0 m, 10 s, 50 m]
E 17
1. The displacement of a particle is represented by the 8. A motorcycle is moving with a velocity 80 km/hr
following equation : s = 3t3 + 7t2 + 5t + 8 ahead of a car moving with a velocity of 65 km/hr
where s is in metre and t in second. The acceleration in the same direction. What is the relative velocity
of the particle at t = 1 is :– [AIPMT 2000] of the motorcycle with respect to the car :–
(1) 14 m/s 2
(2) 18 m/s 2
[AFMC 2000]
(3) 32 m/s 2
(4) zero
(1) 15 km/hr (2) 20 km/hr
2. If for a particle position x  t2 then :–
(3) 25 km/hr (4) 145 km/hr.
(1) velocity is constant [RPMT 2000]
9. A 100 m long train crosses a man travelling at 5
(2) acceleration is constant km/hr, in opposite direction, in 7.2 seconds then
(3) acceleration is variable the velocity of train is :– [AFMC 2001]
(4) None of these (1) 40 km/hr (2) 25 km/hr

3. The relation 3t  3x  6 describes the (3) 20 km/hr (4) 45 km/hr

displacement of a particle in one direction where x 10. Initially a body is at rest. If its acceleration is 5ms–2
is in meters and t in seconds. The displacement, then the distance travelled in the 18th second is :–
when velocity is zero, is :– [AIPMT 2000]
[AFMC 2001]
(1) 24 m (2) 12 m
(1) 86.6 m (2) 87.5 m
(3) 5 m (4) zero
(3) 88 m (4) 89 m
4. A body is moving according to the equation
x = at + bt 2 – ct 3 . Then its instantaneous 11. A balloon starts rising from the ground with an
speed is given by :– [BHU 2000] acceleration of 1.25 m/s2. After 8s, a stone is
(1) a + 2b + 3ct (2) a + 2bt – 3ct2 released from the balloon. The stone will – (taking
(3) 2b – 6ct (4) None of these g = 10 ms–2) [KCET 2001]

(1) have a displacement of 50 m

5. In a straight line motion the distance travelled is
proportional to the square root of the time taken. (2) cover a distance of 40m in reaching the ground
The acceleration of the particle is proportional to :– (3) reach the ground in 4s
(1) velocity (2) v2 [UPSEAT 2000] (4) begin to move down after being released
(3) v3 (4) v 12. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Assuming the air
resistance to be constant and considerable :–
6. A particle travels 10m in first 5 seconds 10m in
[KCET 2001]
next 3 seconds. Assuming constant acceleration
what is the distance travelled in next 2 second :– (1) the time of ascent  the time of desent
(1) 8.3 m (2) 9.3 m [RPET 2000] (2) time time of ascent < the time of descent
(3) 10.3 m (4) None of these (3) the time of ascent > the time of descent
NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\02-KINEMATIC-E.P65

7. A boat which has a speed of 5km per hour in still
water crosses a river of width 1km along the shortest
possible path in fifteen minutes. The velocity of the
river water in km per hour is :–
[CET (PUNJAB) 1996, AIPMT 2000]
(4) the time of ascent = the time of descent
13. A particle moves in east direction with15 m/sec
for 2 sec then moves in northward with
5 m/s for 8 sec. A average speed of the particle
is :– [RPMT 2001]

(1) 1 (2) 2 (1) 1 m/s (2) 5 m/s

(3) 7 m/s (4) 10 m/s
(3) 3 (4) 41

18 E
  20. A stone falls freely such that the distance covered
14. A force F  6t 2 i  4tj is acting on a particle of mass
by it in the last second of its motion is equal to the
3 kg then what will be velocity of particle at t = 3
distance covered by it in the first 5 seconds. It
second and if at t = 0, particle is at rest :–
remained in air for :– [VMMC DELHI 2003]
(1) 18iˆ  6jˆ [AIPMT 2002]
(1) 12 s (2) 13 s

(2) 18iˆ  12jˆ (3) 25 s (4) 26 s

21. Which graph represents the uniform acceleration :–
(3) 12iˆ  6jˆ [DCE 2003]

(4) none
15. Starting from rest ,the acceleration of a particle is s s
a = 2(t –1). The velocity of the particle at t= 5 s (1) (2)
is :– [RPET 2002]
t t
(1) 15 m/s (2) 25 m/s
(3) 5 m/s (4) None of these s s
16. There different objects of masses m1, m2 and m3 (3) (4)
are allowed to fall from rest and from the same
point 'O' along three different frictionless paths. The t t

speeds of the three objects on reaching the ground, 22. Which of the following velocity-time graphs
will be in the ratio of :– [AIIMS 2002] represent uniform motion :– [KERALA PMT 2004]

(1) m1 : m2 : m3 (2) m1 : 2m2 : 3m3 v v

1 1 1
(3) 1 : 1 : 1 (4) : : (1) (2)
m1 m2 m3
t t
17. A body starts from rest is moving under a constant
v v
acceleration up to 20 sec. If it moves S1 distance in
first 10 sec., and S2 distance in next 10 sec. then S2
will be equal to : [AIPMT 2009, RPMT 2003] (3) (4)
(1) S1 (2) 2S1 t t

(3) 3S1 (4) 4S1

23. The numerical ratio of displacement to the distance
18. If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with speed u,
covered is always :– [BHU 2004]
the distance covered during the last ‘t’ seconds of
its ascent is :– [AIPMT 2003] (1) Less than one

1 2 (2) Equal to one

(1) ut (2) gt (3) Equal to or less than one
2
(4) Equal to or greater than one
1
(3) ut – gt2 (4) (u + gt)t 24. Which of the following velocity–time graph shows a
2
realistic situation for a body in motion :-
19. A man throws ball with the same speed vertically [AIIMS 2004]
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upwards one after the other at an interval of 2

seconds. What should be the speed of the throw so
that more than two balls are in the sky at any time ?
(1) (2)
(Given g = 9.8 m/s2) [AIPMT 2003]

(1) More than 19.6 m/s.

(2) At least 9.8 m/s.
(3) Any speed less than 19.6 m/s.
(3) (4)
(4) Only with speed 19.6 m/s.

E 19
25. A particle moves for 20 seconds with velocity 30. Velocity-time curve for a body projected vertically
3m/s and then moves with velocity 4 m/s for another upwards :– [EAMCET 1995, AIIMS 1999,
20 seconds and finally moves with velocity 5 m/s PB. PMT 2004, BHU 2004]
for next 20 seconds. What is the average velocity
(1) Parabola (2) Ellipse
of the particle ? [MH-CET 2004]
(3) Hyperbola (4) Straight line
(1) 3 m/s (2) 4 m/s
31. A particle is thrown vertically upward. Its velocity
(3) 5 m/s (4) zero
at half of the height is 10m/s. The maximum height
26. A body starts from rest and with a uniform
attained by it is (g=10 ms–2) :–[AIPMT 2001, 2005]
acceleration of 10 ms– 2 for 5 seconds. During the
next 10 seconds it moves with uniform velocity, the (1) 8m (2) 20m
total distance travelled by the body is :– (3) 10m (4) 16m
[UP PMT 2004]
32. Velocity-time (v-t) graph for a moving object is shown
(1) 100 m (2) 125 m in the figure. Total displacement of the object during
(3) 500 m (4) 625 m the time interval when there is non-zero acceleration
and retardation is :–
27. An object travels 10 km at a speed of 100 m/s
and another 10 km at 50 m/s. The average speed [KERALA PMT 2005]

over the whole distance is :– [UP PMT 2004] v(m/s)

4
(1) 75 m/s (2) 55 m/s (1) 60 m 3
(3) 66.7 m/s (4) 33.3 m/s (2) 50 m 2
1
28. A body starting from rest moves along a straight (3) 30 m
0
line with a constant acceleration. The variation of 10 20 30 40 50 t(sec)
(4) 40 m
speed (v) with distances (s) is represented by the 33. When a ball is thrown up vertically with velocity v0,
graph :– [AIIMS 2003, ORISSA PMT 2004]
it reaches a maximum height of 'h'. If one wishes to
triple the maximum height then the ball should be
thrown with velocity – [AIIMS-2005]
(1) (2)
(1) 3 v0 (2) 3v0

(3) 9v0 (4) 3/2v0

(3) (4) 34. A particle moves along a straight line OX. At a

time t (in seconds) the distance x (in metres) of the
particle from O is given by x = 40 + 12t – t3. How
29. Acceleration-time graph of a long would the particle travel before coming to
a
body is shown. rest :- [AIPMT-2006]

The corresponding velocity- (1) 24 m (2) 40 m

time graph of the same body t (3) 56 m (4) 16 m
is : [DPMT 2004] 35. Two bodies, A (of mass 1 kg) and B (of mass 3 kg),
are dropped from heights of 16 m and 25 m
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v v
respectively. The ratio of the time taken by them
to reach the ground is :- [AIPMT-2006]
(1) (2)
t t 5 12
(1) (2)
4 5
v v

5 4
(3) (4) (3) (4)
12 5
t t

20 E
 36. A particle is moving along x-axis has acceleration 41. A bus is moving with a speed of 10 ms–1 on a straight
road. A scooterist wishes to overtake the bus in 100

f, at time t, given by f = fo 1 
FG t IJ s. If the bus is at a distance of 1 km from the
H T K
, where fo and scooterist, with what speed should the scooterist
chase the bus :- [AIPMT-2009]
T are constants. The particle at t = 0 has zero
(1) 10 ms–1 (2) 20 ms–1
velocity. In the time interval between t = 0 and the
(3) 40 ms–1 (4) 25 ms–1
instant when f = 0, the particle's velocity (vx) is :-
42. A particle moves a distance x in time t according
[AIPMT-2007]
to equation x = (t + 5)–1. The acceleration of particle
1 is proportional to :- [AIPMT-2010]
(1) f T (2) foT (1) (velocity)2/3 (2) (velocity)3/2
2 o
(3) (distance)2 (4) (distance)–2
43. A ball is dropped from a high rise platform at
1
(3) f T2 (4) foT 2
t = 0 starting from rest. After 6 seconds another
2 o
ball is thrown downwards from the same platform
37. The position x of a particle with respect to time t with a speed v. The two balls meet at t = 18s.What
is the value of v ? (take g = 10 m/s2)
along x-axis is given by x= 9t2–t3 where x is in
[AIPMT-2010]
metres and t in seconds. What will be the position
of this particle when it achieves maximum speed (1) 60 m/s (2) 75 m/s
along the + x direction ? [AIPMT-2007] (3) 55 m/s (4) 40 m/s
44. A boy standing at the top of a tower of 20 m height
(1) 24 m (2) 32 m
drops a stone. Assuming g = 10 ms–2, the velocity
(3) 54 m (4) 81 m with which it hits the ground is :- [AIPMT-2011]
38. The distance travelled by a particle starting from (1) 10.0 m/s (2) 20.0 m/s
(3) 40.0 m/s (4) 5.0 m/s
4
rest and moving with an acceleration ms 2 , in 45. A body is moving with velocity 30 m/s towards east.
3
After 10 seconds its velocity becomes 40 m/s
the third second is :- [AIPMT-2008] towards north. The average acceleration of the body
is :- [AIPMT-2011]
10 19
(1) m (2) m (1) 1 m/s2 (2) 7 m/s2
3 3
(3) 6m (4) 4m (3) 7 m / s2 (4) 5 m/s2
39. A particle moves in a straight line with a constant 46. The motion of a particle along a straight line is
acceleration. It changes its velocity from 10ms–1 to described by equation x = 8 + 12t – t3 where x is
20 ms –1 while passing through a distance in metre and t in second. The retardation of the
135 m in t second. The value of t is :- particle when its velocity becomes zero is :-
(1) 12 (2) 9 [AIPMT-2008] [AIPMT Pre.-2012]
–2
(3) 10 (4) 1.8 (1) 6ms (2) 12ms–2
40. A particle shows distance-time curve as given in (3) 24ms–2 (4) zero

this figure.The maximum instantaneous velocity of 2iˆ  3jˆ 

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47. A particle has initial velocity and

the particle is around the point :- [AIPMT-2008]
acceleration  0.3iˆ  0.2jˆ  . The magnitude of
Distance

D velocity after 10 seconds will be :

S C
[AIPMT Pre.-2012]
(1) 5 units (2) 9 units
A B
t Time (3) 9 2 units (4) 5 2 units
(1) D (2) A
(3) B (4) C
E 21
BRAIN TEASERS EXERCISE-II
1. The velocity of a particle moving with constant 6. A ball is thrown upward with a velocity of 100 m/s.
acceleration at an instant t0 is 10 m/s After 5 seconds It will reach the ground after :–
of that instant the velocity of the particle is (1) 10 s (2) 20 s
20m/s. The velocity at 3 second before t0 is :– (3) 5 s (4) 40 s

(1) 8 m/s (2) 4 m/s 7. A person is moving in a circle of radius r with constant
speed v. The change in velocity in moving from
(3) 6 m/s (4) 7 m/s
A to B is :–
2. A stone is dropped into a well in which the level B
(1) 2 v cos 40°
of water is h below the top of the well. If v is velocity 40°
(2) 2 v sin 40° O A
of sound, the time T after which the splash is heard (3) 2 v cos 20°
is given by. (4) 2 v sin 20°
8. A stone falls from a balloon that is descending at
2h 2h h a uniform rate of 12 ms–1. The displacement of
(1) T  (2) T  
the stone from the point of release after 10 sec
v g v
is :–
(1) 490 m (2) 510 m
2h h h 2h (3) 610 m (4) 725 m
(3) T   (4) T  
v g 2g v 9. A man walks for some time 't' with velocity (v) due
east. Then he walks for same time 't' with velocity
3. A man walks 30 m. towards north, then 20 m. (v) due north. The average velocity of the man is :–
(1) 2v (2) 2v
towards east and in the last 30 2 m. towards south
- west. The displacement from origin is :– v
(3) v (4)
(1) 10 m. towards west 2
10. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius
(2) 10 m. towards east
5m. and with uniform speed 5 m/s.
What will be the average acceleration when the
(3) 60 2 m. towards north west
particle completes half revolution :–
(1) zero (2) 10 ms–2
(4) 60 2 m towards east north
10
4. A stone is thrown upwards with a speed 'u' from (3) 10 ms–2 (4) ms–2

the top of the tower reaches the ground with a
11. A drunkard is walking along a straight road. He
velocity '3u'. The height of the tower is :–
takes 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, followed
by 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward and so
3u2 4u2
(1) (2) on. Each step is one meter long and takes one second.
g g
There is a pit on the road 11 meter away from
the starting point then drunkard will fall into the
6u2 9u2 pit after :–
(3) (4)
g g
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(1) 29 s (2) 21 s
5. The engine of a train passes an electric pole with (3) 37s (4) 31 s
a velocity 'u' and the last compartment of the train 12. A stone is dropped from a height h. Simultaneously,
crosses the same pole with a velcoity v. Then the another stone is thrown up from the ground which
velocity with which the mid-point of the train passes reaches a height 4h. The two stones will cross each
the pole is :– other after time:-

(1) u (2) v h
(1) (2) 8gh
8g
uv u2  v 2 h
(3) (4)
2 2 (3) 2gh (4)
2g

22 E
 13. A body moves along a curved path of a quarter 18. A train accelerates from rest at a constant rate 
circle. Calculate the ratio of distance to for distance x1 and time t1. After that is retards
displacement:– at constant rate  for distance x2 and time t2 and
comes to the rest. Which of the following relation
(1) 11 : 7 (2) 7 : 11
is correct :–

(3) 11 : 2  7 (4) 7 : 11 2 t1
x1  t1 x1 
(1)
14. A graph between the square of the velocity of a x2 =  = t (2)
x2 =

=
t2
2
particle and the distance (s) moved is shown in figure.
The acceleration of the particle in kilometers per x1 x1
 t2  t2
(3)
hour square is :– x2 =  = t (4)
x2 =  = t
1 1

4600 19. A car runs at constant speed on a circular track

of radius 10 m. taking 6.28s on each lap. The
2
average speed and average velocity on each
v
(km/hr)2 complete lap is :–
900
(1) Velocity 10 ms–1, speed 10 ms–1
s(km) 0.6 (2) Velocity zero, speed 10 ms–1
(3) Velocity zero, speed zero
(1) 2250 (2) 3084 (4) Velocity 10 ms–1 speed zero
(3) – 2250 (4) – 3084
20. Position of a particle moving along x–axis is given
15. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of
by x = 2 + 8t – 4t2. The distance travelled by the
velocity. Unit of rate of change of aceleration is :–
particle from t = 0 to t = 2 is :–
(1) m/s2 (2) m/s3
(1) 0 (2) 8
(3) m/s (4) m2/s3
(3) 12 (4) 16
16. Three particles P, Q and R
P 21. A particle is thrown up vertically with a speed 'v1',
are situated at point A on the Q in air. It takes time t1 in upward journey and
O
circular path of radius 10 m. A t2 (> t1) in the downward journey and returns to
All three particles move along R the starting point with a speed v2.Then:–
different path and reach at B
(1) v1 = v2 (2) v1 < v2
point B shown in figure. Then
the ratio of distance traversed (3) v1 > v2 (4) Data is insufficient
by particle P and Q is :– 22. A jet air plane travelling at a speed of 500 km/h
ejects its products of combustion at a speed of
3 1
(1) (2) 1500km/h relative to the jet plane. The speed of the
4 3
latter with respect to an observer on the ground is :–
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(1) 1500 km/h (2) 2000 km/h

3 
(3) (4) (3) 1000 km/h (4) 500 km/h
4 3

17. A person walks up a stalled escalator in 90 sec. 23. A particle of mass 3 kg. moves under the force
When standing on the same escalator now moving, 
of 4 i +8 j +10 k N. If the particle starts from rest
he is carried in 60s. The time he would take to
and was at origin initially. Its new co–ordinates after
walk up the moving escalator will be :– 3 second is :–
(1) 27 s (2) 72 s (1) (4, 8, 10) (2) (6, 12, 15)
(3) 18 s (4) 36 s (3) (2, 4, 5) (4) (3, 6, 7.5)
E 23
24. Fig. shows the displacement of a particle going 27. A person walks along an east-west street and a
along x-axis as a function of time. The acceleration graph of his displacement from home is shown in
of the particle is zero in the region :– figure. His average velocity for the whole time
interval is :–
(a) AB

displacement
(b) BC B C
E
40
(c) CD
A D 20

x (meter)
(d) DE time 15 18 19 21
0
(1) a, b (2) a, c 3 6 9 12 t (sec)
–20
(3) b, d (4) c, d
–40
25. A car starts from rest accelerates uniform by for
4 second and then moves with uniform velocity which
of the x-t graph represent the motion of the car :–
(1) 0 ms–1 (2) 23 ms–1
(3) 8.4 ms–1 (4) None of above
x
(1) 28. In the following velocity time graph of a body the
distance travelled by the body and its displacement
t
during 5 second in meter will be :–

x
(2) 40
t 30

20
x
velocity

10
(3)
0
t 1 2 3 4 5 t (in sec)
–10
–20
x
(4) –30

t –40

26. The fig. shows the displacement time graph of a

particle moving on a straight line path. What is the
magnitude of average velocity of the particle over (1) 75, 75 (2) 110, 70
10 seconds ? (3) 110, 110 (4) 110, 40
29. A rocket is fired vertically from the ground. It moves
60
upwards with a constant acceleration 10 m/s2 after
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40 30 sec the fuel is finished. After what time from

x (in metre)

30 the instant of firing the rocket will attain the

maximum height ? g = 10 m/s2 :–
20
(1) 30 s
10
(2) 45 s
0
2 4 6 8 10 t sec) (3) 60s
(1) 2 ms –1
(2) 4 ms –1
(4) 75 s
(3) 6 ms –1
(4) 8 ms –1

24 E
 30. A body is projected vertically upward from the 36. In above question the acceleration of rocket is :–
surface of the earth, then the velocity-time graph (1) 50 ms–2 (2) 100 ms–2
is :–
(3) 10 ms–2 (4) 1000 ms–2
37. In above question the rocket goes up and get down
v v on the following parts respectively :–
(1) (2) t
(1) OA and AB (2) AB and BC
t (3) OA and ABC (4) OAB and BC
38. For motion of a particle acceleration time graph
v v is shown in figure then the velocity time curve for
(3) (4) the duration of 0-4 sec is :–

t t
3
31. A body is projected upwards with a velocity u. It 2

a(in m/s )
2
passes through a certain point above the ground 1
after t1 second. The time after which the body passes 0
1 2 3 4 t(s)
through the same point during the return journey is –1
–2
:–
–3
u 2 u
(1) (  t1 ) (2) 2(  t1 )
g g 6
5

velocity
4
u2 u2 3
(3) 3(  t1 ) (4) 3(  t1 ) (1)
g g2 2
1
32. A rocket is launched upward from the earth surface 0 t
1 2 3 4
whose velocity time graph shown in figure. Then
maximum height attained by the rocket is :– 6
5
A 4
1000 3
2
v(ms–1)

(2)
velocity

B 140 1
0 t(s) 0 t
20 40 60 80 100 120 –1 1 2 3 4
C
–2
(1) 1km (2) 10km –3
(3) 100km (4) 60 km

33. In above question covered height by the rocket 3

before retardation is :– 2
a(in m/s )
2

(1) 1 km (2) 10 km 1
0
(3) 20 km (4) 60 km (3) –1
1 2 3 4 t(s)
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–2
34. In above question mean velocity of rocket during –3
it attained the maximum height :–
(1) 100 ms–1 (2) 50 ms–1
3
(3) 500 ms–1 (4) 25/3 ms–1 2
1
35. In above question the retardation of rocket is :–
0
(1) 50 ms–2 (2) 100 ms–2 (4) t(s)
–1
(3) 500 ms–2 (4) 10 ms–2 –2
–3

E 25
39. A ball is dropped from the certain height on the 42. A body is released from the top of the tower of
surface of glass. It is collide elastically the comes height H. It takes t time to reach the ground. Where
back to initial position. If this process it repeated
t
then the velocity time graph is :– is the body time after release :–
2

H
velocity

(1) At metres from ground

2
(1) T 2T t
H
(2) At metres from ground
4

3H
velocity

T 2T (3) At metres from the ground

t 4
(2)
H
(4) At metres from the ground
6
43. A body dropped from the top of the tower covers a
velocity

T 2T distance 7x in the last second of its journey, where

(3) t x is the distance covered in first second. How much
time does it take to reach the ground ?
(1) 3s (2) 4s
(3) 5s (4) 6s
velocity

2T
T 44. A body is falling from height 'h' it takes t1 time to
(4) t
reach the ground. The time taken to cover the first
half of height is :–
40. A particle start from rest and move with constant
acceleration. Than velocity displacement curve is :– t1 t2
(1) t2 = (2) t1 =
2 2
v v
(1) (2) (3) t2 = 3 t1 (4) None of these

s s 45. A particle located at x = 0 at time t = 0, starts

moving along the positive x–direction with a velocity

v v 'v' which varies as v   x then velocity of particle

(3) (4) varies with time as :– ( is a constant)
s s (1) v  t (2) v  t2
41. For a body of 50 kg. mass, the velocity time graph
is shown in figure. Then force acting on the body (3) v  t (4) v = constant
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is :– 46. Two balls are dropped from different heights at

different instants. Second ball is dropped 2 sec.
2
velocity (m/s)

after the first ball. If both balls reach the ground

1 simultaneously after 5 sec. of dropping the first ball,
then the difference of initial heights of the two balls
will be:– (g=9.8m/s2)
1 2 t(s)
(1) 25N (2) 50 N (1) 58.8 m (2) 78.4 m

(3) 12.5 N (4) 100 N (3) 98.0 m (4) 117.6 m

26 E
 47. Drops of water falls from the roof of a building 9m. 53. Two cars are moving in the same directions with
high at regular intervals of time. When the first drop the same speed of 30 km/hr. They are separated
reaches the ground, at the same instant fourth drop by 5 km. What is the speed of car moving in the
opposite direction if it meets the two cars at an
starts to fall. What are the distances of the second
interval of 4 minute :–
and third drops from the roof :–
(1) 45 km/hr. (2) 60 km/hr
(1) 6 m and 2 m (2) 6 m and 3 m
(3) 105 km/hr (4) None
(3) 4 m and 1 m (4) 4 m and 2 m
54. A stone is thrown upwards and it rises to a height
48. Two balls are thrown simultaneously, (A) vertically
of 200 m. The relative velocity of the stone with
upwards with a speed of 20 m/s from the ground
respect to the earth will be maximum at :–
and (B) vertically downwards from a height of 40 m
(1) Height of 100 m
with the same speed and along the same line of motion.
(2) Height of 150 m
At which point the balls will collide :–
(3) Heighest point
(take g = 10 m/sec2)
(4) The ground
(1) 15 m above from the ground
55. A bus starts from rest moving with acceleration
(2) 15 m below from the top of the tower
2ms –2. A cyclist 96 m. behind the bus starts
(3) 20 m above from the ground simutaneously towards the bus at 20 m/s. After what
(4) 20 m below fromt the top of the tower time he will be able to overtake the bus :–
49. A train of 150m length is going towards north (1) 8 s (2) 10 s
direction at a speed of 10 ms–1. A parrot flies at a (3) 12 s (14) s
speed of 5ms towards south direction parallel to
–1
56. A body is projected vertically up at t = 0 with a
the railway track. The time taken by the parrot to
velocity of 98 m/s. Another body is projected from
cross the train is equal to :– the same point with same velocity after time
(1) 12 s (2) 8 s 4 seconds. Both bodies will meet after :–
(3) 15 s (4) 10 s (1) 6 s (2) 8 s

50. A river is flowing from east to west at a speed of (3) 10 s (4) 12 s

5m/min. A man on south bank of river, capable of 57. A bird is flying towards south with a velocity
swimming 10 m/min in still water, wants to swim 40km/hr and a train is moving with a velocity
40 km/hr towards east. What is the velocity of the
across the river in shortest time; he should swim :–
bird w.r.t. an obserber in train :–
(1) due north
(2) due north-east (1) 40 2 km/hr. North – East
(3) due north-east with double the speed of river
(4) none of the above (2) 40 2 km/hr. South – East
51. Two trains, each 50m long, are travelling in opposite
(3) 40 2 km/hr. South – West
directions with velocity 10 m/s and
15 m/s. The time of crossing is :–
(4) 40 2 km/hr. North – West
(1) 2 s (2) 4 s
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58. A train moves in north direction with a speed of

(3) 2 3 s (4) 4 3 s
54 km/hr. and a monkey running on the roof of
52. A boat is sailing at a velocity (3iˆ  4ˆj) with respect the train, against its motion with a velocity of
18 km/hr. with respect to the train, then the velocity
to ground and water in river is flowing with a velocity
of monkey as observed by a man standing on the
(3iˆ  4ˆj) . Relative velocity of the boat with respect ground :–
to water is :– (1) 5 ms–1 due south
(1) 8 j (2) 5 2 (2) 25 ms–1 due south
(3) 10 ms–1 due south
(3) 6 i  8 j (4) 6i  8 j
(4) 10 ms–1 due north
E 27
59. Two trains each of length 50 m. are running with 64. A boat takes 2 hours to go 8 km and come back
constant speeds on parallel tracks. While moving in still water lake. With water velocity of 4km/hr,the
in same direction one over takes the other in time taken for going upstream of 8 km and coming
40 seconds and while moving in opposite direction
back is :–
one crosses the other in 20 seconds. The speeds
of trains will be :– (1) 140 min (2) 150 min

(1) 2.25 ms–1 and 2.75 ms–1 (3) 160 min (4) 170 min

(2) 2.15 ms–1 and 2.85 ms–1 65. A river is flowing at the rate of 6km/hr. A swimmer
(3) 3.75 ms–1 and 1.25 ms–1 swims across with a velocity of
9 km/hr w.r.t. water. The resultant velocity of the
(4) 4.25 ms–1 and 0.75 ms–1
man will be in (km/hr) :–
60. A bird is flying with a speed of 40 km/hr. in the
north direction. A train is moving with a speed of (1) 117 (2) 340
40 km/hr. in the west direction. A passenger sitting
in the train will see the bird moving with velocity :– (3) (4) 3
17 40
(1) 40 km/hr in NE direction
66. A man wishes to swim across a river 0.5 km. wide.
(2) 40 2 km/hr in NE direction
If he can swim at the rate of 2 km/h. in still water
(3) 40 km/hr in NW direction and the river flows at the rate of 1 km/h. The angle
(w.r.t. the flow of the river) along which he should
(4) 40 2 km/hr in NW direction
swim so as to reach a point exactly opposite his starting
61. A man is walking on a road with a velocity 3 km/hr.
point, should be :–
Suddenly rain starts falling. The velocity of rain is
10 km/hr in vertically downward direction. the relative (1) 60° (2) 120°
velocity of the rain with respect to man is :– (3) 145° (4) 90°

(1) 13 km/hr (2) 7 km/hr 67. A boat man can row with a speed of 10 km./hr.
in still water. The river flow steadily at 5 km/hr.
(3) 109 km/hr (4) 13 km/hr and the width of the river is 2 km. If the boat man
62. A boy is running on the plane road with velocity cross the river with reference to minimum distance
(v) with a long hollow tube in his hand. The water of approach then time elapsed in rowing the boat
is falling vertically downwards with velocity (u). At will be :–
what angle to the vertical, he must incline the tube
so that the water drops enters in it without touching 2 3 2
(1) hour (2) hour
its side :– 5 5 3
1  v 1  v
(1) tan   (2) sin  
  u  u 3 2 5 2
(3) hour (4) hour
 u  v 5 3
1 1
(3) tan  v  (4) cos  u 
63. A man standing on a road has to hold his umbrella 68. A boat covers certain distance between two spots
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at 30° with the verticle to keep the rain away. He on a river taking 't1' time, going down stream and
throws the umbrella and starts running at 't2' time going upstream, what time will be taken
10 km/hr then he finds that rain drops are hitting by the boat to cover the same distance in still water :–
his head vertically, then speed of rain drops with
t1  t 2 t1 3
respect to moving man :– (1) (2)  t
2 2 4 2
(1) 20 km/hr. (2) 10 3 km/hr.
2t1t 2 t1  t 2
(3) t  t (4) 2t t
10 1 2 1 2
(3) km/hr. (4) 10 km/hr.
3
28 E
 69. If an iron ball and a wooden ball of the same radius 77. The magnitude of average velocity is equal to the
are released from a height h in vacuum then time average speed when a particle moves :–
taken by both of them to reach ground will be :– (1) one a curved path
(1) unequal (2) exactly equal
(2) in the same direction
(3) roughly equal (4) zero
(3) with constant acceleration
70. A particle moving in a straight line covers half the
distance with speed of 3 m/s. The other half of the (4) with constant retardation
distance is covered in two equal time intervals with 78. A body covers one-third of the distance with a velocity
speed of 4.5 m/s and 7.5 m/s respectively. The v1 the second one-third of the distance with a velocity
average speed of the particle during this motion v, and the last one-third of the distance with a velocity
is :– v3. The average velocity is :–
(1) 4.0 m/s (2) 5.0 m/s
(3) 5.5 m/s (4) 4.8 m/s v1  v 2  v 3 3v1 v 2 v 3
(1) (2) v v  v v  v v
71. If x denotes displacement in time t and x = a cost, 3 1 2 2 3 3 1

then acceleration is :–
(1) a cos t (2) – a cos t v1 v 2  v 2 v 3  v 3 v 1 v1 v 2 v 3
(3) (4)
(3) a sin t (4) –a sin t 3 3
72. The coordinates of a moving particle at time t are 79. A car travels a distance d on a straight road in two
given by x = ct2 and y = bt2. The speed of the hours and then returns to the starting point in next
particle is given by :– three hours. Its average speed is :–
(1) 2t  c  b  (2) 2t c2  b2 d 2d
(1) (2)
5 5
(3) t c2  b2 (4) 2t c2  b2

73. The velocity-time relation of an electron starting d d

(3)  (4) none of these
from rest is given by u = kt, where k = 2 m/s2. The 2 3
distance traversed in 3 sec is :– 80. The velocity acquired by a body moving with uniform
(1) 9m (2) 16 m acceleration is 30 ms–1 in 2 seconds and 60 ms–1 in
(3) 27 m (4) 36 m 4 seconds. The initial velocity is :–
74. If displacement of a particle is zero, the distance (1) zero (2) 2 ms–1
covered :–
(3) 4 ms–1 (4) 10 ms–1
(1) must be zero
(2) may or may not be zero 81. If a body starts from rest, the time in which it covers a
(3) cannot be zero particular displacement with uniform acceleration is :–
(4) depends upon the particle (1) inversely proportional to the square root of the
75. If the distance covered is zero, the displacement :– displacement
(1) must be zero (2) inversely proportional to the displacement
(2) may or may not be zero (3) directily proportional to the displacement
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(3) cannot be zero (4) directly proportional to the square root of the
(4) depends upon the particle displacement
76. The location of a particle is changed. What can we
82. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate of
say about the displacement and distance covered
2 m/s2 for some time. Then, it retards at a constant
by the particle :–
rate of 4 m/s2 and comes to rest. If it remains in
(1) Both cannot be zero
motion for 3 second, then the maximum speed
(2) One of the two may be zero
attained by the car is :–
(3) Both must be zero
(1) 2 m/s (2) 3 m/s
(4) If one is positive, the other is negative and vice-
(3) 4 m/s (4) 6 m/s
versa
E 29
83. The water drops fall at regular intervals from a tap 90. A particle moves along a straight line such that its
5 m above the ground. The third drop is leaving displacement at any time t is given by
the tap at the instant the first drop touches the s = t3 – 6t2 + 3t + 4 metres.
ground. How far above the ground is the second The velocity when the acceleration is zero is :–
drop at that instant ?
(1) 3ms–1 (2) –12ms–1
(1) 1.25 m (2) 2.50 m
(3) 42 ms–1 (4) –9ms–1
(3) 3.75 m (4) 4.00 m
91. The displacement of a particle starting from rest
84. If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with 40 m/s. (at t=0) is given by s = 6t2 – t3
its velocity after two second will be :– The time at which the particle will attain zero velocity
(1) 10 m/s (2) 20 m/s again, is :
(3) 30 m/s (4) 40 m/s (1) 4s (2) 8s
85. A body released from a height falls freely towards (3) 12s (4) 16s
earth. Another body is released from the same 92. The x and y co-ordinates of a particle at any time t
height exactly one second later. The separation are given by
between the two bodies two second after the release x = 7t + 4t2 and y = 5t
of the second body is :–
where x and y are in m and t in s. The acceleration
(1) 9.8 m (2) 49 m of the particle at 5s is :–
(3) 24.5 m (4) 19.6 m (1) zero (2) 8 m/s2
86. The instantaneous speed of a body can be (3) 20 m/s2 (4) 40 m/s2
measured :–
93. With what speed should a body be thrown upwards
(1) Graphically (2) By speedometer
so that the distances traversed in 5th second and
(3) Both of above (4) Vectorially
6th second are equal ?
87. A stone dropped from the top of a tower of height
(1) 58.4 m/s (2) 49 m/s
h. After 1 second another stone is dropped from
the balcony 20 m below the top. Both reach the
(3) 98 m/s (4) 98 m/s
bottom simultaneously. What is the value of h ?
take g = 10 ms–2 :– 94 The velocity of a body depends on time according
(1) 3125 m (2) 312.5 m to the equation v = 20 + 0.1 t2. The body is
undergoing :–
(3) 31.25 m (4) 25.31 m
(1) uniform acceleration
88. A stone is dropped from a certain height which can
(2) uniform retardation
reach the ground in 5 seconds. It is stopped after 3
second of its fall and then is again released. The (3) non-uniform acceleration
total time taken by the stone to reach the groud (4) zero acceleration
will be :–
95. The displacement of a particle is given by
(1) 6 s (2) 6.5 s
y = a + bt + ct2 – dt4
(3) 7 s (4) 7.5 s
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The initial velocity and acceleration are

89. The position x of a particle varies with time (t) as respectively :–
x = at2 – bt3. The acceleration at time t of the (1) b, – 4d (2) –b, 2c
particle will be equal to zero, where t is equal to :–
(3) b, 2c (4) 2c, – 4d
2a a 96. An athlete completes one round of a circular track
(1) (2)
3b b of radius R in 40 seconds. What will be his
displacement at the end of 2 minute 20 second?
a (1) Zero (2) 2R
(3) (4) zero
3b (3) 2R (4) 7R
30 E
 97. The displacement-time graph 102. Which of the following four statements is false?

displacement
of a moving particle is shown. D (1) A body can have zero velocity and still be
accelerated
The instantaneous velocity of E
C F
the particle is negative at the (2) A body can have a constant velocity and still
point :– have a varying speed
time
(1) D (2) F (3) A body can have a constant speed and still have
a varying velocity
(3) C (4) E
(4) The direction of the velocity of a body can change
98. A scooter going due east at 10 m s–1 turns right
when its acceleration is constant.
through an angle of 90°. If the speed of the scooter
remains unchanged in taking this turn, the change 103. One car moving on a straight road covers one thirds
in the velocity of the scooter is : of the distance with 20 km/hr and the rest with
60km/hr. The average speed is :–
(1) 20.0 m s–1 in south-western direction
(1) 40 km/hr (2) 80 km/hr
(2) zero
2
(3) 10.0 m s–1 in south-east direction (3) 46 km/hr (4) 36 km/hr
3
(4) 14.14 m s–1 in south-western direction
104. Figure below shows the velocity-time graph of a
99. A body is imparted motion from rest to move in a one dimensional motion. Which of the following
straight line. It is then obstructed by an opposite characteristic of the particle is represented by the
force, then :– shaded area?

(1) the body may necessarily change direction (1) Speed

(2) the body is sure to slow down (2) Displacement
(3) the body will necessarily continue to move in the (3) Acceleration
same direction at the same speed
(4) Momentum
(4) none of the above. 105. If a car at rest accelerates uniformly to a speed of
100. A train covers the first half of the distance between 144 km/h in 20 second, it covers a distance of :–
two stations at a speed of 40 km/h and the other (1) 20 m (2) 400 m
half at 60 km/h. Then its average speed is :– (3) 1440 m (4) 2980 m

(1) 50 km/h (2) 48 km/h 106. A body starts from rest, what is the ratio of the
distance travelled by the body during the 4th and
(3) 52 km/h (4) 100 km/h 3rd second ?
101. A particle is moving with a velocity of 10m/s towards 7 5
east. After 10 s its velocity changes to 10m/s (1) (2)
5 7
towards north. Its average accelaration is :-
7 3
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(1) zero (3) (4)

3 7
(2) 2 m/s towards N-W
2
107. The initial velocity of a particle is u (at t = 0) and
the acceleration is given by f = at. Which of the
1 following relations is valid ?
(3) m/s2 towards N-W
2
at2
(1) v= u + at2 (2) v  u 
2
1
(4) m/s2 towards N-W (3) v= u + at (4) v= u
2

E 31
 115. A particle starts from rests and travels a distance
108. If a body starts from rest and travels 120m in the
S with uniform acceleration, then it travels a distance
8th second, then acceleration is :–
2S with uniform speed, finally it travels a distance
(1) 16 m/s2 (2) 10 m/s2
3S with uniform retardation and comes to rest. If
(3) 0.227 m/s 2
(4) 0.03 m/s2
the complete motion of the particle is a straight
109. If a train travelling at 72 km/h is to be brought to
line then the ratio of its average velocity to maximum
rest in a distance of 200 m, then its retardation
velocity is :–
should be :–
(1) 20 m/s2 (2) 2 m/s2 6 4
(1) (2)
(3) 10 m/s2 (4) 1 m/s2 7 5
110. A car moving with a speed of 40 km/hr can be 3 2
stopped by applying brakes after at least 2m. If the (3) (4)
5 5
same car is moving with a speed of 80 km/hr., what
 
is the minimum stopping distance ? 116. The position vector of a particle is given by r  r0
(1) 2 m (2) 4 m

(3) 6 m (4) 8 m (1-at)t, where t is the time and a as well as r 0 are
111. If a body starts from rest and travels 120cm in the constant. After what time the particle returns to
6th second then what is the acceleration ? the starting point ?
(1) 0.20 m/s2 (2) 0.027 m/s2
(3) 0.218 m/s2 (4) 0.003 m/s2 1
(1) a (2)
112. A car moving with a velocity of 10 m/s can be a
stopped by the application of a constant force F in a
1
distance of 20m. If the velocity of the car is 30 m/s. (3) a2 (4)
a2
It can be stopped by this force in :–
117. In the Q.122 what will be the velocity of the particle
20 when it returns to the starting point ?
(1) m (2) 20 m
3 

(3) 60 m (4) 180 m (1) r 0 (2)  r 0
113. A body is dropped from a tower with zero velocity,  
reaches ground in 4s. The height of the tower is (3) 2 r 0 (4) 2 r 0
about :– 118. In the Q.122, how much distance is covered by the
(1) 80 m (2) 20 m particle in returning to the starting point?
(3) 160 m (4) 40 m
2r0 r0
114. The graph between the displacement x and time t (1) (2)
a a
for a particle moving in a straigh lin eis shown in
figure. During the interval OA, AB, BC and CD, r0 r0
(3) (4)
the acceleration of the particle is : 2a 4a
119. The deceleration experienced by a moving motor
boat, after its engine is cut off is given by
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dv
 kv 3 , where k is constant. If v 0 is the
dt
magnitude of the velocity at cut off, the magnitude
OA, AB, BC, CD
of the velocity at a time t after the cut-off is :–
(1) + 0 + +
v0
(2) – 0 + 0 (1) (2) v 0
2
(3) + 0 – +
v0
(4) – 0 – 0 (3) v 0 ek 1 (4)
(2v kt  1)
2
0

32 E
 120. A body is thrown vertically upwards from the top A 124. A body slides on an inclined plane. If height of inclined
of a tower. It reaches the ground in plane is 'h' and length is '' and angle of inclination
t1 seconds. If it is thrown vertically downwards from is  then time taken for travelling from upper point
A with the same speed it reaches the ground in t2,
to lower point :–
seconds. If it is allowed to fall freely from A, then
the time it takes to reach the ground is given by :– 2h 2
(1) (2)
g g
t1  t2 t1  t2
(1) t  (2) t 
2 2
1 2h 2h
(3) (4) sin
t1 sin  g g
(3) t  t1 t 2 (4) t  t2
125. A bead is free to slide down A
121. A particle is dropped vertically from rest, from a a smooth wire tightly stretched

height. The time taken by it to fall through successive between points A and B on a O
B
distances of 1 km each will then be :– verticle circle of radius R. If the
bead strats from rest at 'A', the
2 highest point on the circle, its
(1) all equal, being equal to second.
g velocity when it arrives at B is :–

(2) in the ratio of the square roots of the integers (1) 2 gR (2) 2 gR cos 
1: 2: 3
2 R
(3) in the ratio of the difference in the square roots (3) (4) None of these
of the integers, g

i.e., 1,,( 2  1),( 3  2),( 4  3) ....... 126. Three person P, Q and R of same mass travel with
same speed u along an equilateral triangle of side
(4) in the ratio of the reciprocals of the square roots 'd' such that each one faces the other always. After
1 1 1 how much time will they meet each other
of the integers, ie., , , .....
1 2 3 d Q
(1) seconds
u
122. A body is released from the top of an inclined plane
u u
of inclination (). It reaches the bottom with velocity 2d
(2) seconds u
(v). If keeping the length same the angle of inclination 3u P R
is doubled, what will be the velocity of the body
2d
on reaching the ground :– (3) seconds
3u
(1) v (2) 2v
(3) [2cos]1/2 v (4) [2sin]1/2 v (4) d 3u seconds

123. A disc in which several grooves are cut along the 127. A particle starts from rest with constant
acceleration. The ratio of space–average velocity
chord drawn from a point 'A', is arranged in a vertical
to the time average velocity is :–
plane, several particles starts slipping from 'A' along
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the grooves simultaneously. Assuming friction and 1 3

(1) (2)
resistance negligible, the time taken in reaching the 2 4
edge of disc will be :– A
4 3
(1) Maximum in groove AB (3) (4)
3 2
(2) Maximum in groove AD D F
(3) Same in all groove C E
B
(4) According to the heights of B, C, D, E, F

E 33
 Directions for Assertion & Reason questions
These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
A. If both Assertion &Reason are True &the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
B. If both Assertion &Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
C. If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
D. If both Assertion &Reason are false.

1. Assertion : A body can have acceleration even if 7. Assertion : A negative acceleration of a body can
its velocity is zero at a given instant of time. be associated with a "speeding up" of the body.
Reason : A body is momentarily at rest when it Reason : Increase in speed of a moving body is
reverses its direction of motion. independent of its direction of motion.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

2. Assertion : If the displacement of the body is 8. Assertion : When a body is starts from rest
zero, the distance covered by it may not be zero. subjected to a uniform acceleration, it always move
Reason : The displacement depends only on in a straight line.
end points ; the distance (path length) depends on Reason : Straight line motion is the natural
the actual path. tendency of the body.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

3. Assertion : The magnitude of average velocity of 9. Assertion : The distance traversed, during equal
the object over an interval of time is either smaller intervals of time, by a body falling
than or equal to the average speed of the object from rest are in ratio 1 : 3 : 5 : 7.....[Galileo's law
over the same interval. of odd numbers]
Reason : Path length (distance) is either equal or Reason : A particle in one-dimensional motion
greater than the magnitude of displacement. with zero speed may have non-zero velocity.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

4. Assertion : An object can have constant speed 10. Assertion : When a particle moves with constant
but variable velocity. velocity its average velocity, its instantaneous velocity
Reason : Speed is a scalar but velocity is a vector and its speed are all equal in magnitude.
quantity. Reason : If the average velocity of a particle
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D moving on a straight line is zero in a time interval,
then it is possible that the instantaneous velocity is
5. Assertion : The speed of a body can be negative. never zero in the interval.
Reason : If the body is moving in the opposite (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
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direction of positive motion, then its speed is

11. Assertion : The average velocity of a particle is
negative.
zero in a time interval. It is possible that the
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D instantaneous acceleration is never zero in the
interval.
6. Assertion : A positive acceleration can be
associated with a 'slowing down' of the body. Reason : The magnitude of average velocity in an
interval is equal to its average speed in that interval.
Reason : The origin and the positive direction of
an axis are a matter of choice.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

34 E
 12. Assertion : An object may have varying speed 19. Assertion : Graph (a) represent one dimensional
without having varying velocity. motion of a particle. While graph (b) can not
Reason : If the velocity is zero at an instant, the represent 1–D motion of the particle.
acceleration should also be zero at that instant.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D x x
13. Assertion : Average speed of a particle in a given
t t
time interval is never less than the magnitude of
the average velocity.
Reason : The magnitude of the velocity (a) (b)
(instantaneous velocity) of a particle is equal to its
speed. Reason : In 1 – D motion, there is only one value
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D of displacement at one particular time.
14. Assertion : In successive time intervals if the (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
average velocities of a particle are equal then the 20. Assertion : In general |Displacement|distance.
particle must be moving with constant velocity. Reason : The instantaneous speed is equal to the
Reason : When a particle moves with uniform magnitude of the instantaneous velocity.
velocity, its displacement always increases with time. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
21. Assertion : In a free fall, the initial velocity of a
15. Assertion : In a free fall, the initial velocity of a
body may not be zero.
body may or may not be zero.
Reason : Free falls means the vertical acceleration
Reason : A heavy body falls at a faster rate as
compared to a lighter body. of the body is equal to g.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
16. Assertion : If a body is dropped from the top of a 22. Assertion : Distance is a actual length of the path
tower of height h and another body is thrown up but displacement is a shortest distance between
simultaneously with velocity u from the foot of the initial and final position.
tower, then both of them would meet after a time Reason : Distance is a scalar quantity and it is
h always positive but displacement is a vector quantity.
. It may be positive, negative or zero.
u
Reason : For a body projected upwards, the (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
distance covered by the body in the last second of 23. Assertion : Rest of a body is a relative term.
its upward journey is always 4.9 m irrespective of Reason : Motion of a body may be absolute term.
velocity of projection.(g = 9.8 m/ s2.) (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 24. Assertion : If a body moves on a straight line,
17. Assertion : An observer is moving due east and
magnitude of its displacement and distance covered
wind appears him to blow from north. Then the actual
direction of air blow must be towards south-east. by it will be same.
    Reason : Along the straight line body can move
Reason : V R  V A  V M where V R is the only in one direction.
relative velocity of wind w.r.t. man, (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

25. Assertion : Separation between two bodies
V A = actual velocity of wind (w.r.t. ground) and
moving in the same direction on the ground with
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
same acceleration, will not increase.
V M = velocity of man w.r.t. ground.
Reason : They are relatively at rest.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
18. Assertion : The distance and displacement both
are equal when the particle moves in a straight 26. Assertion : To cross the river in minimum time,
line. swimmer should swimming in perpendicular
direction to the water current.
Reason : In straight line motion distance travelled
Reason : In this case river flow helps to cross the
= |displacement|. river.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

E 35
27. Assertion : A body moving with constant 28. Assertion : A body, whatever its motion is always
acceleration always travels equal distance in equal at rest in a frame of reference which is fixed to the
time intervals. body itself.
Reason : Motion of the body with constant Reason : The relative velocity of a body with
acceleration is a uniform motion. respect to itself is zero.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE - I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A ns . 3 2 4 2 3 1 3 1 4 2 3 2 3 1 1
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A ns . 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 4 3 3 3 4
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
A ns . 3 2 1 4 4 1 3 1 2 4 2 2 2 2 4
Que. 46 47
A ns . 2 4

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE - II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans . 2 2 1 2 4 2 4 3 4 4 1 1 3 4 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans . 3 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 3 2
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans . 2 4 2 3 4 1 4 1 3 2 2 3 2 1 1
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans . 2 3 1 4 1 2 3 1 4 1 4 3 4 3 2
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Ans . 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 4 1 2 1
Que. 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans . 1 2 2 2 1 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4
Que. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ans . 1 2 2 3 3 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
Que. 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
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Ans . 1 2 1 4 4 3 4 1 2 3 2 2 3 4 3
Que. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
Ans . 3 3 3 3 2 2 3

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE - III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 3 3 3 4 2 4 3
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans. 2 4 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 4 3 4 1

36 E
 PROJECTILE MOTION
BASIC CONCEPTS

1. It is an example of two dimensional motion.

2. A particle thrown in the space which moves under the effect of gravity only is called as "projectile". The motion
of this particle is referred as projectile motion.
3. It is an example of motion with constant acceleration.
4. If a constant acceleration is given to particle in oblique direction with initial velocity, the resultant path is para-
bolic.
Let X-axis is along the ground and Y-axis is along the vertical then path of projectile projected at  from the
ground is as shown.
vy = u sin – gt
Y

v
ay = – g

vy = 0 vx = u cos 

u 
uy = u sin 

P vx = u cos 
H


X
(0, 0) ux = u cos  ax = 0 (R, 0)

GROUND TO GROUND PROJECTION

Projectile motion can be considered as two mutually perpendicular motions, which are independent of each
other.
i.e. Projectile motion = Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
Horizontal Motion
Initial velocity in horizontal direction = u cos = ux
force or acceleration along horizontal direction = a x = 0. (Neglect air resistance)
Therefore, Horizontal velocity remains unchanged.
 At any instant horizontal velocity ux = u cos
 At time t, x co-ordinate or displacement along X-direction is x = u xt or x = (u cos)t
Vertical Motion
It is motion under the effect of gravity so that as particle moves upwards its vertical speed decreases.
 At time t, vertical speed vy = uy – gt
 In time t, displacement in vertical direction or "height" of the particle above the ground
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1 2 1
y = uyt – gt = usint – gt2
2 2
Net Motion

Net initial velocity = u  u xˆi  u yˆj = u cos  i  u sin j

direction of u is at and angle  from the ground


Net acceleration = a  a xˆi  a yˆj = – g j

direction of g is along down wards

E 37
 1 2
Coordinate of particle at time t x = u xt and y = uyt – gt
2

Net displacement in t time  x 2  y2

v = v x i  v y j = u x i  (u y  gt)j = u cos i  (u sin   gt)j


Velocity of particle at time t

Magnitude of velocity = v 2x  v 2y  u2  2u y gt  g2 t 2

 v y u y  gt u sin   gt gt
If angle of velocity v from ground is , then tan     = tan  
vx ux u cos  u cos 

Time of flight (T)

At time T particle will be at ground again, i.e. displacement along Y-axis becomes zero.
1 2 1 2
 y  uy t  gt  0  uy T  gT Time of flight is the time for
2 2 which projectile remains in air.

2u y 2u sin  T u y u sin 
or T  assending time = desending time =  
g g 2 g g

T
at time particle attains maximum height of its trajectory.
2
Horizontal range or Range R
It is the displacement of particle along X-direction during its complete flight.

2u y 2ux uy
 x = u xt  R  ux T  ux  R
g g

2(u cos )(u sin ) u2 sin2

 R  R (2sincos = sin2)
g g
Maximum height attained H
At maximum height vertical velocity becomes zero. At this instant y coordinate is its maximum height.

u2y u2 sin2 
 v  u  2gy
2
y
2
y  0  u  2gH
2
{  vy = 0, y = H } H 
y
2g 2g

Equation of Trajectory
Along horizontal direction x = uxt or x = ucost

1 2 1 2
Along vertical direction y = u yt – gt or y = usint – gt
2
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2
On eliminating t from these two equations
2
 x  1  x  1 x2
y  (u sin )    g  y  x tan   g 2
 u cos   2  u cos   2 u cos2 
This is the equation of parabola :

 gx   x
y  x tan  1  y  x tan  1  
Again
 2u sin  cos  
2 or
 R

38 E
 Ex. A particle thrown over a triangle from one end of a horizontal base falls on the other end of the base after
grazing the vertex. If  and are the base angle of triangle and angle of projection is , then prove that
tan   tan   tan  .

Sol. From triangle y = x tan 

y = (R – x) tan  u y

 
y y yR
tan   tan     x R-x
x R  x x(R  x)

 x yR
 y  x tan  1   tan    tan   tan   tan 
R 
(H.P)
 x(R  x)

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

 At maximum height, vy = 0 and vx = ux = ucos so that at maximum height v  v 2x  v 2y  u cos 

 At maximum height angle between velocity and acceleration is 90°

 When particle again returns to ground at B point, its y coordinate is zero and its magnitude
of velocity is u at angle  with ground. Total angular change = 2
 A v = u cos 
Y
Intial velocity u i  u cos ˆi  u sin ˆj u
H
 
Final velocity u f  u cos ˆi  u sin ˆj O X

 u
Total change in its velocity |v| 2u sin 

Total change in momentum  m|v| 2mu sin 
 Kinetic energy at highest point = K0 cos2 here K0 is initial kinetic energy.

 Magnitude of velocity at height 'h' .

1 1
By energy conservation law = mu 2  0  mv 2  mgh or v  u 2  2gh
2 2
y
2
2u y u y 2u x u y
 T , H , R H
g 2g g

T and H depends only upon initial vertical speed uy

O x
If two projectiles thrown in different direction, have equal
time of flight then their initial vertical speeds are same so
that their maximum height attained is
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also same. If HA = HB then (uy)A = (uy)B and TA = TB

u2 sin2(45 ) u2 sin 90 u2

 For maximum range  =45° and Rmax    R max 
g g g
y
 When two projectiles are thrown with equal speeds at
u
angle and 90° - then their ranges are equal but maximum u
°
height attained are different and time of flight are also 60
30°
different. O x

E 39
  For situation shown in figure for = 45°
y
u2 2 2
u sin 45 0
u 2 u
here Rmax  and H  H
g 2g 4g
45° x
O
 Rmax  4H = 4× (maximum height attained) Rmax

 When R=H

u2 (2 sin  cos ) u2 sin2  R

R and H   4 cot  =1
g 2g H

 4 cot  = 1  tan = 4   = tan–1 (4) = 76°

PROJECTILE THROWN PARALLEL TO THE HORIZONTAL

Consider a projectile thrown from point O at some height h (0, 0) u +x
from the ground with a velocity u. Now we shall deal the O vx
characteristics of projectile motion with the help of horizontal 
vy
and vertical direction i.e. v
H
Horizontal direction : Vertical direction :

(i) Initial velocity ux = u Initial velocity uy = 0

(ii) Acceleration ax = 0 Acceleration ay = g (downward) +y

Trajectory Equation

1
The path traced by projectile is called the trajectory. After time t, x = ut and y   gt2
2
– ve sign indicates the direction of vertical-displacement in downwards direction.

1 x2 x
so y g 2 ( t  )
2 u u
This is called trajectory equation i.e. equation of a parabola

Velocity at a general point P(x, y) v  u 2x  u 2y

Horizontal velocity of the projectile after time t is vx = u (remains constant)
Velocity of projectile in vertical direction after time t is
vy = 0 + (g)t = gt (downward)  v  u 2  g2t 2

vy gt
and tan   or tan    (–ve sign indicates clockwise direction)
vx u
Displacement :- The displacement of the particle is expressed by
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 1
 (ut)iˆ  ( gt2 )ˆj

s  xiˆ  yjˆ Where | s | x  y
2 2
2
Time of flight :- Time taken by the projectile reach to the ground.
1
From equation of motion for vertical direction. h  u y t  gt2
2

1 2 2h
At highest point uy = 0 h gT  T
2 g

40 E
 Horizontal range
Distance covered by the projectile along the horizontal direction between the point of projection to the point on
the ground.

2h
R = u xt = u
g

Velocity after falling height h :- Along vertical direction vy2 = 02 + 2(h)(g) v y  2gh

Ex. A projectile is fired horizontally with a velocity of 98 ms–1 from the top of a hill 490m high. Find
(i) the time taken to reach the ground (ii) the distance of the target from the hill and (iii) the velocity with which
the projectile hits the ground. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
Sol. (i) The projectile is fired from the top O of a hill with velocity u = 98 ms –1 along the horizontal OX. It reaches the
target P in vertical distance,
OA = y = 490 m O u = 98 ms–1 X

1 2
As y = gt
2
y = 490 m

1
 490 = × 9.8 t2
2 vx
A x 
or t  100  10 s . vy v
(ii) Distance of the target from the hill is
AP = x = horizontal velocity × time = 98 × 10 = 980m.
(iii) The horizontal components of velocity v of the projectile at point P is v x = u = 98 ms–1
vy = uy + gt = 0 + 9.8 × 10 = 98 ms–1 and vertical component

 v v 2x  v 2y  982  98 2  98 2  138.59 ms–1.

Now if the resultant velocity v makes angle  with the horizontal, then

vy 98
tan    1 or  = 45°
vu 98

Ex. Two tall buildings face each other and are at a distance of 180m from each other. With what velocity must a ball
be thrown horizontally from a window 55m above the ground in one building, so it that enters a window 10m
above the ground in the second building.
( g = 10 ms– 2)
Sol. in figure P and Q are two tall buildings which are 180m apart.
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W1 and W2 are the two windows in P and Q respectively.

Vertical downward distance to be covered by the ball P Q

= Height of W1 – Height W2 W1
= 55 – 10 =45m
Initial vertical velocity of ball, uy = 0
55 m

1 2 W2
 y = u yt + gt
2 180m 10 m

E 41
 1
 45 = 0 + × 10t2 or t = 3 s.
2

Horizontal distan ce 180

Required horizontal velocity =   60ms 1
Time 3

Ex. Two paper screeens A and B are separated by a distance of 100m. A bullet pierces A and then B. The hole in
B is 10 cm below the hole in A. If the bullet is travelling horizontally at the time of hitting the screen A, calculate
the velocity of the bullet when it hits the screen A.
Sol. Assume that the bullet hits the screen A with velocity u and pierces the screen B after time t.

100 u Q
 Horizontal distance, PQ = ut = 100m or t  P
u
0.1m
2
1 2 1  100 
gt = 0.1 or g   0.1
2  u 
Vertical distance, QR =
2 A 100m B

1 10000 9.8  (100)2

g  0.1  u2   49  (100)2  u = 700 ms–1
2 u2 2  0.1

2H
Alternative method : Ru R = 100m, H = 0.1 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
g

2  0.1 1 u

100 = u = u =  u =7 × 100 = 700 m/s
9.8 49 7
Ex. A ball rolls off top of a stair way with a horizontal velocity u. If each step has h height and b width, the ball will
just hit the edge of nth step. Find the value of n.
Sol. If the ball hits the nth step, the horizontal and vertical distances traversed are nb and nh respectively. Let t be the
time taken by the ball for these horizontal and vertical displacement. Velocity along horizontal direction = u
(remains constant) and initial vertical velocity = zero.

1 2 u
 nb = ut and nh = 0 + gt h 1
2
2
Eliminating t from the equation
b
nth step
2 2
1  nb  2hu
g n
2  u 
nh =  R
gb2

Ex. A football player kicks a ball at an angle of 30° with an initial speed of 20 m/s. Assuming that the ball travels in
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a vertical plane, calculate (a) the time at which the ball reaches the highest point (b) the maximum height
reached (c) the horizontal range of the ball (d) the time for which the ball is in the air, (g = 10 m/s 2)

T u sin  20
Sol. (a) Time taken by the ball to reach the highest point t     sin30  2  1  1s
2 g 10 2

u2 sin2  (20)2  sin2 30

(b) The maximum height    5m
2g 2  10

42 E
 u2 sin2 (20)2  sin2  30
(c) The horizontal range    36.64m
g 10

2u sin  2  20  sin 30

(d) The time of flight    2s
g 10

Ex. A cricketer can throw a ball to a maximum horizontal distance of 100 m. With the same speed how high above
the ground can the cricketer throw the ball.
Sol. Let u be the velocity of projection of the ball. The ball will cover maximum horizontal distance when angle of
u2
projection with horizontal,  = 45°. Then Rmax = = 100 m
g
If ball is projected vertically upwards (= 900 from ground) then H attains maximum value,

u2 Rmax
Hmax  
2g 2

Rmax 100
 the height to which cricketer can through the ball is = = = 50 m.
2 2
Ex. A ball is thrown at angle  and another ball is thrown at angle (90° –) with the horizontal direction from the
same point with velocity 40 ms–1. The second ball reaches 50m higher than the first ball. Find their individual
heights. g = 10 ms–2.
Sol. For the first ball, angle of projection =, velocity of projection, u = 40 ms–1.
Let h be the maximum height attained by it.

u2 sin2  (40)2 sin2 

As maximum height   h .....(1)
2g 2  10
For second ball, Angle of projection = (90° –). velocity of projection, u = 40 ms–1
Maximum height reached = (h + 50) m

u2 sin2 (90  ) (40)2 cos2 

 h  50   .....(2)
2g 2  10
By adding (1) and (2),

(40)2 (40)2
2h  50   (sin2   cos2 ) =  80  2h = 80 – 50 = 30  h = 15 m
2  10 2  10
Height of the first ball, h = 15 m & Height of the second ball,= h + 50 = 15 + 50 = 65 m
Ex. Two bodies are thrown with the same initial speed at angles  and (90° –) with the horizontal. What will be the
ratio of (i) maximum heights attained by them and (ii) of horizontal ranges ?

u2 u2 sin2 
Sol. Horizontal range R  sin2 and maximum height H 
g 2g
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u2 u2 sin2 
Case (i) when =; R1  sin2 and H1 
g 2g

u2 sin2(90   ) u2 sin(180  2 ) u2 sin2

Case (ii) when  = (90° – ); R2  = =
g g g

u2 sin2 (90   ) u2 cos2  H1 sin2  R1

and H2     tan2  and 1
g g H2 cos2  R2

E 43
Ex. The range of a particle when launched at an angle of 15° with the horizontal is 1.5 km. What is the range of the
projectile when launched at an angle 45° to the horizontal.

u2 sin2  15 u2 1 u2
Sol. R =  1.5 or   1.5 or  3 km
g g 2 g

u2 u2 u2
Horizontal range for angle of projection 45° is R' =  sin2  45  sin 90   3km
g g g
Ex. A ball of mass m is thrown vertically up. Another ball of mass 2m is thrown at an angle with the vertical. Both
of them stay in air for the same period of time. What is the ratio of the height attained by the two balls.

2u1
Sol. For the ball thrown vertically upwards, the time taken by the ball to come back is T1  .
g
For the ball projected at an angle with their vertical, the time of flight is T2 = 2u2 cos/g

2u1 2u2 cos 

Since time of flights for the balls is same, so  or u1 = u2 cos.
g g

u12 u22 h1 u2 u2 cos2 

 h1  and h2  cos2    2 1 2  22 1
2g 2g h2 u2 cos  u2 cos2 

Ex. A body is projected with the velocity u1 from the point A as shown in Figure. At the same time another body is

u1
projected vertically upwards with the velocity u2 from the point B. What should be the value of
u2 for both the
bodies to collide.
Sol. The two bodies will collide, if they reach at a point acquiring the same vertical distance in the same time.

1 2 1
y  u1 sin 60  t  gt  u2 t  gt2
2 2 u1 u2
A 60° B
3 u1 2
or u1  t  u2 t or 
2 u2 3
Ex. A relief aeroplane is flying at a constant height of 1960 m with speed 600 km/hr above the ground towards a
point directly over a person struggling in flood water. At what angle of sight with the verticale should the pilot
release a survival kit if it is to reach the person in water? (g = 9.8m/s 2)

5 500
Sol. Plane is flying at a speed = 600 × = m/s horizontally (at a height 1960m)
18 3
A
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2h 2  1960 
time taken by the kit to reach the ground t    20s h
g 9.8
P
x
500 10,000
in this time the kit will move horizontally by x = ut= × 20 = m
3 3

x 10,000 10
So the angle of sight tan      1.7  3 or   60
h 3  1960 5.88

44 E
 1. A ball whose kinetic energy is E, is thrown at an
angle of 45° with the horizontal, its kinetic energy
at the highest point of its flight will be :–
[AIPMT 1997, 2000]
8. The number of bullets are fired in all possible
directions with the same initial velocity u. The
maximum area of ground covered by bullets is :–
[RPMT 2004]

E 2 2
(1) E (2)   u2  u
2 (1)    (2) 3  
 g  g
E 2 2
(3) (4) zero  u   u2 
2 (3) 5   (4)   
 2g   g 
2. A body is projected at such an angle that the hori-
zontal range is three times the greatest height. The 9. Three particles A, B and C are projectied from
angle of projection is :– the same point with the same initial speeds mak-
[AIIMS 1998, DPMT 2000]
ing angles 30°, 45° and 60° respectively with the
horizontal. Which of the following statements is
(1) 25° (2) 33°
correct ? [JEE [ORISSA] 1994, KCET 2005]
(3) 42° (4) 53°
(1) A, B and C have unequal ranges
3. A body is thrown with some velocity from the
ground. Maximum height when it is thrown at 60° (2) Ranges of A and C are equal and less than that
to horizontal is 90 m. What is the height reached of B
when it is thrown at 30° to the horizontal :– (3) Ranges of A and C are equal and greater than
(1) 90 m (2) 45 m [BHU 2000]
that of B
(3) 30 m (4) 15 m
(4) A, B and C have equal ranges
4. A body is thrown with a velocity of 9.8 ms– 1 making
an angle of 300 with the horizontal. It will hit the 10. For angles of projection of a projectile at angles
ground after a time :– (45° – ) and (45° + ), the horizontal ranges
[JEE [ORISSA] 1991, JIPMER 2001] described by the projectile are in the ratio of :-
(1) 3 s (2) 2 s
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 2 : 3 [AIPMT 2006]
(3) 1.5 s (4) 1 s
(3) 1 : 2 (4) 2 : 1
5. The maximum range of a gun or horizontal range
is 16 km. If g = 10 ms– 2. The muzzle velocity of the 11. A particle starting from the origin (0,0) moves in a
shell must be :– [AIPMT 1990, AIIMS 2002] straight line in the (x, y) plane. Its coordinates at a
(1) 1600 ms –1
(2) 400 ms –1

(3) 200 2 ms– 1 (4) 160 10 ms– 1

later time are e j
3,3 . The path of the particle

makes with the x - axis an angle of :-

6. Two projectiles of same mass and with same veloc-
ity are thrown at an angle 60° and 30° with the (1) 0° (2) 30° [AIPMT 2007]
horizontal, then which quantity will remain same :–
[AIPMT 2000, JIPMER 2002] (3) 45° (4) 60°
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(1) time of flight 12. A projectile can have the same range R for two
(2) range of projectile angles of projection. If t1 and t2 be the times of
(3) max height acquired flight in the two cases :–
(4) all of them
[AIPMT 1999, UP PMT 2001, KCET 2003, RPMT 2008]
7. At the uppermost point of a projectile its velocity
and acceleration are at an angle of :– (1) t1 t2  R2 (2) t1 t 2  R

(1) 180° (2) 90° [AIIMS 2002]

1 1
(3) 60° (4) 45° (3) t1t 2  (4) t1 t 2 
R R2

E 45
13. A monkey is sitting on the tree. A hunter fires a 16. A ball is projected vertically upwards with a certain
bullet to kill him. At the same time monkey falls initial speed. Another ball of the same mass is
downward. Will the bullet strike him ? projected at an angle of 60° with the vertical with
the same initial speed. At highest points of their
(1) Yes (2) No [RPMT 2008]
journey, the ratio of their potential energies will be :
(3) Depends upon luck (4) Data insufficient
[AMU 2009]
14. A particle of mass m is projected with velocity v
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 2 : 1
making an angle of 45° with the horizontal. When
(3) 3 : 2 (4) 4 : 1
the particle lands on the ground level, the magnitude
of the change in its momentum will be :- 17. The speed of a projectile at its maximum height is
half of its initial speed. The angle of projection is:-
(1) mv 2 (2) zero [AIPMT 2008]
(1) 15° (2) 30° [AIPMT 2010]
(3) 2 mv (4) mv/ 2 (3) 45° (4) 60°
15. Two projectiles are fired from the same point with 18. A missile is fired for maximum range with an initial
the same speed at angles of projection 60° and velocity of 20 m/s. If g = 10 m/s2, the range of the
30° respectively. Which one of the following is true:– missile is :- [AIPMT 2011]
[AIIMS 2009] (1) 40 m (2) 50 m
(1) Their horizontal range will be the same (3) 60 m (4) 20 m
19. The horizontal range and the maximum height of
(2) Their maximum height will be the same
a projectile are equal. The angle of projection of
(3) Their landing velocity will be the same
the projectile is :- [AIPMT Pre.-2012]
(4) Their time of flight will be the same
(1)  = tan (2)
–1
(2)  = 45°

 1
(3)  = tan–1   (4)  = tan–1(4)
4

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46 E
 1. In the graph shown in fig. 6. A particle is projected with a velocity u making an
the time is plotted along x- angle  with the horizontal. At any instant, its
axis. Which quantity velocity v is at right angles to its initial velocity u;
associated with the then v is:–
projectile motion is plotted (1) u cos  (2) u tan 
along the y - axis :– (3) u cot  (4) u sec 
(1) kinetic energy (2) momentum 7. The speed at the maximum height of a projectile
(3) horizontal velocity (4) none of the above
3
2. A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity is times of its inital speed 'u' of projection.
v making an angle 45° with the horizontal. The
2
magnitude of the angular momentum of the Its range on the horizontal plane :–
projectile about the point of projection when the
particle is at its maximum height h, is :– 3u2 u2
(1) (2)
2g 2g
mv3
(1) zero (2) 3u2 3u2
4 2g
(3) (4)
2g g
mv 3 8. What is the ratio of P.E. w.r.t. ground and K.E. at
(3) (4) m2 2gh 3 the top most point of the projectile motion :–
2g
(1) cos2 (2) sin2
3. In case of a projectile fired at an angle equally (3) tan2 (4) cot2
inclined to the horizontal and vertical with velocity
9. A ball is thrown at an angle  with the horizontal and
(u). The horizontal range is :–
the range is maximum. The value of tan is :–
u2 u2 (1) 1 (2)
(1) (2) 3
g 2g
1
(3) (4) 2
2u 2
u 2
3
(3) (4) 2
g g 10. A student is able to throw a ball vertically to
maximum height of 40 m. The maximum distance
4. A shell is fired vertically upwards with a velocity
to which the student can throw the ball in the
v1 from the deck of a ship travelling at a speed
horizontal direction :–
of v2. A person on the shore observes the motion
of the shell as parabola. Its horizontal range is given (1) 40 (2)1/2 m (2) 20(2)1/2m
by :– (3) 20 m (4) 80 m

2v12 v 2 2v1v 22 11. Three projectile A, B and C

(1) (2) are thrown from the same point
g g
in the same plane. Their
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trajectories are shown in the

2v1 v 2 2v12 v 22
(3) (4) figure. Then which of the O AB C
g g
following statement is true :–
5. The range of a projectile when fired at 75° with (1) The time of flight is the same for all the three
the horizontal is 0.5 km. what will be its range when (2) The launch speed is greatest for particle C
fired at 45° with same speed :–
(3) The horizontal velocity component is greatest for
(1) 0.5 km. (2) 1.0 km. particle C
(3) 1.5 km. (4) 2.0 km. (4) All of the above

E 47
12. A projectile is thrown with an initial velocity of 19. A particle is projected with a velocity v, so that its
 range on a horizontal plane is twice the greatest
v = a i + b j , if the range of projectile is double height attained. If g is acceleration due to gravity,
of maximum height reached by it then :– then its range is :–
(1) a = 2 b (2) b = a 4v 2 4g
(3) b = 2a (4) b = 4a (1) (2)
5g 5v 2
gx2 4v 3 4v
13. The equation of a projectile is y = 3x – (3) (4)
2 5g2 5g2
the angle of projection is :– 20. A projectile is thrown into space so as to have the
(1) 30° (2) 60° maximum possible horizontal range equal to 400m.
(3) 45° (4) none Taking the point of projection as the origin, the
coordinates of the point where the velocity of the
x2
14. The equation of projectile is y = 16x – the projectile is minimum are :–
4
(1) (400, 100) (2) (200, 100)
horizontal range is :–
(1) 16 m (2) 8 m (3) (400, 200) (4) (200, 200)
(3) 64 m (4) 12.8 m 21. A particle is fired with velocity u making angle 
15. If a projectile is fired at an angle  with the vertical with the horizontal. What is the change in velocity
with velocity u, then maximum height attained is
when it is at the highest point ?
given by :–
(1) u cos  (2) u
2 2 2
u cos  u sin  (3) u sin  (4) (u cos– u)
(1) (2)
2g 2g
22. In the above, the change in speed is :–

u 2 sin 2  u 2 cos 2  (1) u cos  (2) u

(3) (4) (3) u sin  (4) (u cos– u)
g 2g
16. If R is the maximum horizontal range of a particle, 23. An arrow is shot into the air. Its range is 200 me-
then the greatest height attained by it is :– tres and its time of flight is 5 s. If the value of g is
(1) R (2) 2R assumed to be 10 ms –2, then the horizontal
component of the velocity of arrow is :–
R R
(3) (4) (1) 25 m/s (2) 40 m/s
2 4
(3) 31.25 m/s (4) 12.5 m/s
17. Two stones are projected with the same speed but
making different angles with the horizontal. Their 24. In the Q.23, the maximum height attained by the
ranges are equal. If the angle of projection of one arrow is :–
(1) 25 m (2) 40 m

is and its maximum height is y 1 then the (3) 31.25 m (4) 12.5 m
3
maximum height of the other will be :– 25. In the Q.23, the vertical component of the velocity
(1) 3y1 (2) 2y1 is :–
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y1 y1 (1) 25 m/s (2) 40 m/s

(3) (4)
2 3 (3) 12.5 m/s (4) 31.25 m/s
18. A projectile is thrown from a point in a horizontal 26. In the Q.23, the angle of projection with the hori-
plane such that its horizontal and vertical velocity zontal is :–
component are 9.8 m/s and 19.6 m/s respectively.
its horizontal range is :– 1 4 1 5
(1) tan   (2) tan  
(1) 4.9 m (2) 9.8 m 5 4
(3) 19.6 m (4) 39.2 m 5 8
1 1
(3) tan   (4) tan  
8 5
48 E
 27. The ceiling of a hall is 40m high. For maximum 33. At what angle with the horizontal should a ball be
horizontal distance, the angle at which the ball can thrown so that its range R is related to the time of
be thrown with a speed of 56ms–1 without hitting flight as R = 5T2. Take g = 10 ms–2 :–
the ceiling of the hall is (take g = 9.8 m/s2) :– (1) 30° (2) 45°
(1) 25° (2) 30°
(3) 60° (4) 90°
(3) 45° (4) 60°
34. A projectile is projected with initial velocity
28. A body is thrown horizontally with a velocity 2gh
(6iˆ  8ˆj) m/s. If g = 10 ms–2, then horizontal range
from the top of a tower of height h. It strikes the
is :–
level ground through the foot of the tower at a dis-
tance x from the tower. The value of x is :– (1) 4.8 metre (2) 9.6 metre

h (3) 19.2 metre (4) 14.0 metre

(1) h (2)
2 35. An aeroplane moving horizontally with a speed of
3 180 km/hr. drops a food packet while flying at a
(3) 2 h (4) m height of 490m. The horizontal range of the packet
4
29. When a particle is thrown horizontally, the resultant is :–
velocity of the projectile at any time t is given by :–
(1) 180 m (2) 980 m
1 2
(1) gt (2) gt (3) 500 m (4) 670 m
2
36. A plane is flying horizontally at 98 ms– 1 and re-
(3) u g t
2 2 2
(4) u g t
2 2 2 leases an object which reaches the ground in 10 s.
The angle made by it while hitting the ground is :–
30. A ball is projected upwards from the top of a tower
with a velocity of 50 ms–1 making an angle of 300 (1) 55° (2) 45°
with the horizontal. The height of the tower is 70m.
(3) 60° (4) 75°
After how much time from the instant of throwing
will the ball reach the ground ? 37. If the range of a gun which fires a shell with muzzle
(1) 2 s (2) 5 s speed v, is R, then the angle of elevation of the gun
(3) 7 s (4) 9 s is :–
31. A ball is thrown at different angles with the same
1  v 
2
speed u and from the same point and it has the
cos 1  Rg 
same range in both the case. If y1 and y2 be the (1)   (2) cos  2 
 Rg  v 
heights attained in the two cases, then y1 + y2 =... :–

u2 2u2
(1) (2) 1 1  v 2  1 1  Rg 
g g (3) sin   (4) sin  2 
2  Rg  2 v 
u2 u2
(3) (4) 38. A stuntman plans to run across a roof top and then
2g 4g
horizontally off it to land on the roof of next build-
u ing. The roof of the next building is 4.9 metre be-
32. Two balls A and B are thrown with speed u and low the first one and 6.2 metre away from it. What
2
respectively. Both the balls cover the same hori- should be his minimum roof top speed in m/s, so
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zontal distance before returning to the plane of that he can successfully make the jump ?
projection. If the angle of projection of ball B is 15° (1) 3.1 (2) 4.0
with the horizontal, then the angle of projection of
A is :– (3) 4.9 (4) 6.2

1  1 1 1  1  39. The maximum range of a projectile fired with some

(1) sin   (2) sin   initial velocity is found to be 1000 metre The maxi-
  8 2  8
mum height (H) reached by this projectile is :–
1 1  1  1 1  1 
(3) sin   (4) sin   (1) 250 metre (2) 500 metre
3  8 4  8
(3) 1000 metre (4) 2000 metre
E 49
40. The angle which the velocity vector of a projectile, x u
(1) (2)
thrown with a velocity v at an angle to the hori- u 2x
zontal, will make with the horizontal after time t of 2u
its being thrown up is :– (3) (4) none of these
x
42. A particle is projected at an angle of 45° from 8m
1    before the foot of a wall, just touches the top of the
(1)  (2) tan  
t wall and falls on the ground on the opposite side at
a distance 4 m from it.The height of
wall is :–
1  v cos   1  v sin   gt 
(3) tan   (4) tan   2 4
 v sin   gt   v cos   (1) m (2) m
3 3
41. Two particles separated at a horizontal distance x 8 3
as shown in fig. they projected at the same line (3) m (4) m
3 4
as shown in fig. with different initial speeds. The 43. From the top of a tower 19.6 m high, a ball is
time after which the horizontal distance between thrown horizontally. If the line joining the point of
them become zero :– projection to the point where it hits the ground
u makes an angle of 450 with the horizontal, then the
3 u initial velocity of the ball is :–
(1) 9.8 ms–1 (2) 4.9 ms–1
(3) 14.7 ms –1
(4) 2.8 ms–1
30° 60°
x

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50 E
 Directions for Assertion & Reason questions
These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
A. If both Assertion &Reason are True &the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
B. If both Assertion &Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
C. If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
D. If both Assertion &Reason are false.

1. Assertion : A body is dropped from a given height 5. Assertion : Path of projected ball becomes
and another body is projected horizontally from parabolic in gravitational field (  90°).
the same height strike the ground simultaneously.
Reason : Gravitational force always act
Reason : Horizontal velocity has no effect in the perpendicular to velocity during the motion.
vertical direction. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 6. Ass erti on: In projectile motion, the acceleration
2. Assertion : A projectile is thrown with an initial is constant in both magnitude and direction but the
velocity changes in both magnitude and direction.
velocity of (ai  bj ) m/sec. If range of projectile
Reason : When a force or acceleration is acting
is maximum then a = b. in an oblique direction to the direction of velocity
Reason : In projectile motion, angle of then both magnitude and direction of the velocity
projection is equal to 45° for maximum range may be changed.
condition. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 7. Assertion : In projectile motion the projectile hits
the ground with the same velocity with which it
3. Assertion : If the position vector of a particle
was thrown.

moving in space is given by r  2t i  4t j , then
2 Reason : In projectile motion horizontal velocity
remains same but vertical velocity continously
the particle moves along a parabolic trajectory. change and particle strikes the ground with same
  vertical velocity with which the particle was thrown
Reason : r  x i  y j and r  2t i  4t 2 j in vertical direction.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
 y = – x2 .
8. Assertion : In projectile motion, the vertical
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
velocity of the particle is continuously decreased
4. Assertion : In projectile motion, when horizontal
during its ascending motion.
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range is n times the maximum height, the angle

Reason : In projectile motion downward constant
4 acceleration is present in vertical directiion.
of projection is given by tan =
n (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

Reason : In the case of horizontal projection 9. Assertion: The path of one projectile as seen from
the vertical velocity increases with time. another projectile is a straight line.

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason : Two projectiles projected with same
speed at angles and (90° –  have same range.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
E 51
10. Assertion: In case of projectile motion, accel- 12. Assertion : Projectile motion is uniformly accelerated
eration, horizontal component of velocity and motion. (Neglect the effect of air.)
mechanical energy remains unchanged but speed,
Reason : In projectile motion, speed remains
vertical component of velocity, momentum, K.E.
and P.E. change. constant.
Reason : In the presence of air resistance, the (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
range and maximum height attained reduce, but
13. Assertion : Horizontal range is same for angle of
time of flight increases.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D projection  and (90° – ), if speed of projection
11. Ass erti on: In the projectile motion projected is same.
body behave just like a freely falling body. Reason : Horizontal range is independent of angle
Reason : There is no change in linear of projection.
momentum in projectile motion.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE - I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans . 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 1
Que. 16 17 18 19
Ans . 4 4 1 4

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE - II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Ans . 3 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 4 4 3 2 3 4
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans . 4 4 4 1 2 3 4 2 3 1 3 2 3 3 3
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Ans . 3 2 2 2 3 2 4 4 1 4 1 3 1

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE - III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ans. 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 1 2 2 3 3 3

52 E
 CIRCULAR MOTION
DEFINITION OF CIRCULAR MOTION
When a particle moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed (or moving) point remains constant then its
motion is called as circular motion with respect to that fixed point.
That fixed point is called centre and the distance is called radius of circular path.

KINEMATICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION

Angular Displacement
Angle traced by position vector of a particle moving w.r.t. some fixed point is called angular displacement.

= angular displacement

Q
fixed
point Arc
 Angle =
Radius
r
P
Arc PQ
 
r
GOLDEN KEY POINTS

 Small Angular displacement d is a vector quantity, but large angular displacement  is scalar quantity.
 Its direction is perpendicular to plane of rotation and given by right hand screw rule.
 It is dimensionless and has S.I. unit is "Radian" while other units are degree or revolution.
2 radian = 360° =1 revolution

Que. A particle completes 1.5 revolutions in a circular path of radius 2 cm. Find the angular displacement of the
particle. Ans. 3
Frequency (n)
Number of revolutions describes by particle per second is its frequency. Its unit is revolutions per second (r.p.s.)
or revolutions per minute (r.p.m.)
Time Period (T)

1
It is time taken by particle to complete one revolution. T 
n

Angular Velocity ()

It is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement of moving particle .

Angle traced  d
  Lim 
Time taken t  0 t dt
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GOLDEN KEY POINTS

 It is an axial vector quantity.
 Its direction is same as that of angular displacement i.e. perpendicular to the plane of rotation and along the
axis according to right hand screw rule.
 Its unit is radian/second.
Relation between linear and Angular velocity

Arc s
Angle = or
Radius r
E 53
 Q
s
  or s  r r
r
 s
s r ds d
  if t  then r v = r r
t t dt dt
P

   
v =  r (direction of v is according to right hand thumb rule)

Average Angular Velocity (av )

total angle of rotation 2  1  2

av = = t t = = = 2n
total time taken 2 1  t T

where  and are angular position of the particle at instant t1 and t2.
Instantaneous Angular Velocity

 d  d
The angular velocity at some particular instant  = Lim  or 
t  0 t dt dt

Relative Angular Velocity

Relative angular velocity of a particle 'A' w.r.t. other moving particle 'B' is
the angular velocity of the position vector of 'A' w.r.t. 'B'. That means it is
the rate at which position vector of 'A' w.r.t. 'B' rotates at that instant

(v AB )
AB =
rAB

Relative velocity of A w.r.t. B perpendicular to line AB

=
seperation between A and B

v A sin 1  v B sin 2
here (vAB) = vA sin + vB sin   
r
Angular Acceleration ()
Rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration.

 d  d
 = Lim = or 
t 0
t dt dt
GOLDEN KEY POINT
 Its an axial vector quantity. It direction is along the axis according to right hand screw rule.
 Unit rad/s2
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Ex. A particle revolving in a circular path completes first one third of circumference in 2 s, while next one third in
1 s. Calculate the average angular velocity of particle.

2 2
Sol. 1  and 2  total time T = 2 + 1 = 3 s
3 3

2 2 4 
1  2  4
 < av > =  3 3  3 = rad/s
T 3 3 9

54 E
 1 2
Ex. The angular displacement of a particle is given by = ot + t , where o and  are constant and o = 1 rad/
2
s, = 1.5 rad/s2. Find the angular velocity at time t = 2s.

d
Sol.   = 0 + t = 4 rad/s
dt

Ex. Two moving particles P and Q are 10 m apart at any instant.

Velocity of P is 8 m/s at 30, from line joining the P and Q and velocity
of Q is 6m/s at 30.Calculate the angular velocity of P w.r.t. Q

8 sin 30  ( 6 sin30 )

Sol. PQ = = 0.7 rad/s.
10
Ex. A particle moving parallel to x-axis as shown in fig. such that at all
instant the y-axis component of its position vector is constant and is
equal to 'b'. Find the angular velocity of the particle about the origin.

v sin  v 2
Sol.  PO =  sin 
b b
sin 

Ex. Two points of a rod move with velocity 3v and v seperated by a distance 'r'. Calculate the angular velocity of the
rod w.r.t. its end.

3v  v 2v
Sol.  = =
r r
Ex. The angular velocity of a particle is given by  =1.5 t – 3t2 +2, Find the time when its angular acceleration
becomes zero.

d
Sol. = = 1.5 – 6 t = 0 or t = 0.25 s.
dt
Ex. A disc starts from rest and on the application of a torque, it gains an angular acceleration given
by = 3t – t2 . Calculate the angular velocity after 2 s.


d
t
3t2 t3 10
 d   (3t  t )dt
2
Sol. = 3t-t2   =   at t =2 s, = rad/s
dt 0 0 2 3 3

Relation between Angular  and Linear Acceleration

    
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  is a axial vector and r is a radial vector.)

vr ( v is a tangential vector,
These three vectors are mutually perpendicular. axis of rotation

   
 dv d   d   dr
but a = (   r) = r  v
dt dt dt dt
r
 
     d  dr 
or a  r v (   and  v)
dt dt
E 55
         
or a  aT  aC ( aT    r is tangential acc. and a C    v is centripetal acc.)
    
a  aT  aC ( a T and a C are two component of net linear acc.)

Tangential Acceleration
  
a T =   r , its direction is parallel to velocity.
     
v =   r and aT =   r
   
as  and  both are parallel and along the axis so that v and a T are also parallel and along the tangential
direction.
  
Magnitude of tangential acceleration, aT = r sin 90° = r  is axial, r is radial so that   r )
(
  
As a T is along the direction of motion (in the direction of v ) so that a T is responsible for change in speed of
the particle. Its magnitude is rate of change of speed of the particle. If particle is moving on a circular path with
constant speed then tangential acceleration is zero.
Centripetal acceleration axis of rotation
          
aC =   v  a C =   (  r) ( v r)
r
O P
 
Let r is in i direction and  is in j direction

then direction of a C is along ˆj  (ˆj  ˆi) or ˆ
ˆj  (  k) or – i

opposite direction of r i.e., from P to O and it is centripetal direction.

v2  v2
Magnitude of centripetal acceleration, a C  v    2r  aC  ( ˆr)
r r
 Centripetal acceleration is always perpendicular to the velocity or displacement at each point. So that
work done by centripetal force is always zero.
 When a force acts always perpendicular to the direction of velocity then path described by the particle is
circular.
Net Linear Acceleration
     
a  a T  aC and a T  aC so that |a| a2T  a2C
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
When a particle moves in a circle at a constant speed then the motion
v2
is said to be a uniform circular motion.
v1
In such motion, position vector keep changing.

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r2
Speed is constant, so that aT  0 r1
    O
Acceleration of particle a  a C    v

v v2
or a  v ( but  = )  a =  2r = centripetal acceleration
r r
due to centripetal acceleration a result the velocity of the particle keeps on changing the direction i.e. the
particle is accelerated.

56 E
 GOLDEN KEY POINTS
About uniform circular motion :–
   
 Position vector ( r ) is always perpendicular to the velocity vector ( v) i.e. r. v  0
 
 velocity vector is always perpendicular to the acceleration. v. a  0

 for circular motion force towards centre (Centripetal force) must act so that direction of v keeps on changing
which forces the particle to describe a circular path.
 The work done by centripetal force is always zero.
ac
 Kinetic Energy = constant


 
 |v| = constant so tangential acc. at=0 ft = 0 at = 0

 Important difference between the projectile motion anduniform circular motion :

In projectile motion, both the magnitude and the direction of acceleration (g) remain constant, while in uniform
circular motion the magnitude remains constant but the direction continuously changes.

Ex. A body of mass 2 kg lying on a smooth surface is attached to a string 3 m long and then rotated in a horizontal
circle making 60 rev/min. Calculate the centripetal acceleration.

2
Sol.  = 60   2 rad/s  ac = 2 r = 118.4 m/s2
60

Ex. A stone of mass 0.1 kg tied to one end of a string 1m long is revolved in a horizontal circle at the rate of

10
rev/s. Calculate the tension in the string.


2
 10 
Sol. In horizontal circular motion tension T = m r = (0.10)   2   1 = 40 N
2
  

Hint To Solve Numerical Problems

(i) Write down the required centripetal force.
(ii) Draw the free body diagram of each component of system.
(iii) Resolve the forces acting on the rotating particle along radius and perpendicular to radius.
(iv) Calculate net radial force acting towards centre of circular path.
(v) Make it equal to required centripetal force.
(vi) For remaining components see according to question.

Ex. Two balls of equal mass are attached to a string at distances 1m and 2m. from one end as shown.The string
with the masses is then moved in a horizontal circle with constant speed. What is the ratio of the tension T 1 and
T2 ?
NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\05-CIRCULAR-E

Sol. at T1 
P
T
2
O T1 P T
T1 - T2 = m 2
and T2 = 2m 2 2 Q

T1 3
 T1 = T2 + m2 = 3 m2  
T2 2

Ex. A car is moving on an uneven road with a uniform speed V. There

A
are three points A, B and C on the road. At which position the C
B
reaction of the road maximum?

E 57
 v
v
v
Sol.

mv 2 mv 2
mg - NA = NB – mg = NC = mg
R R

mv 2 mv 2
 NA = mg – NB = mg + hence NB > NC > NA
R R
Ex. One meter long string can bear maximum of 0.5 kg mass. A mass of 0.05 kg is tied to one of its end and
rotated in a horizontal circle, calculate the max number of revolution so that string does not brakes (rev/min.)

Sol. m 2 r = mbg = 0.5 × 9.8  = 98 = 2n  n = 1.576 rev/s = 94.5 rev/min.

MOTION IN HORIZONTAL CIRCLE

Conical Pendulum
A conical pendulum consits of a body attached to a string of length L, such that it can revolved a horizontal
circle with uniform speed. The string traces out a cone in the space.
forces acting on the bob are :
(i) tension in string = T (ii) weight of bob = mg

mv 2
T sin = T cos = mg
r

v2
tan    v  rg tan 
rg

2r 2r
 Time period =  (Time Period) T=
v rg tan 

r L cos  OP r
= 2 = 2 ( in OSP,  sin  or  SP  L )
g tan  g SP sin 

NON- UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

When a particle moving in a circle if the speed of particle increases or decreses then the motion is non-uniform
NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\05-CIRCULAR-E

circular motion.
GOLDEN KEY POINTS

 In non- uniform circular motion |v|  constant   constant
 If at any instant v = magnitude of velocity of particle v = r
 Tangential acceleration

dv ds
 aT = = rate of change of speed v = = speed s = arc-length
dt dt

58 E
  Tangential force ft = maT

mv 2
 Centripetal force fc = = m2 r
r
  
 Net acceleration of the particle a  ac  at  a= a2C  a2T

ft
If '' is the angle made by net force ( f ) with fc , then tan= f
c

at
 = tan–1
aC

v2
 Net acceleration towards the centre = centripetal acceleration ac = =2 r
r

Special Note
 In both uniform and non- uniform circular motion fc is perpendicular to velocity. So work done by
centripetal force will be zero in both the cases.
 In uniform circular motion ft = 0 as aT = 0
But in non- uniform circular motion ft  0. Thus there will be work done by tangential force in this
case.

Ex. A particle describes a horizontal circle on the smooth surface of an inverted cone. The height of the plane of the
circle above the vertex is 9.8 cm. Find the speed of the particle.

mv 2
Sol. N cos= , N sin= mg
r Nsin
N

N cos
rg r
tan = 2  or v= hg = 0.98m / s r
v h h
mg 

Ex. A car is moving in a circular path of radius 100 m with velocity of 200 m/s such that in each second its velocity
increases by 100 m/s. Calculate the net acceleration of the car.

v2
Sol. ac = = 400, given aT = 100 m/s2  anet = 2 2
a c  a T  100 17 m / s2
r

CIRCULAR MOTION IN VERTICAL PLANE

Let a particle of mass m is suspended from a string of length .

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The particle is given a horizontal speed u then it moves in a

O
vertical circle about O. Its velocity V, at point p from h height
above the least position. According to energy conservation.
h
1 1
0+ mu2 = mgh + mv2 or v  u 2  2gh
2 2

or v= u2  2g (1  cos ) [ h = (1 – cos)]

Tension in string
E 59
 mv 2
At point 'p' required centripetal force =

Net force toward centre

mv 2
T – mg cos


v2 = m 2
T = m [g cos   ] [u  g(2  3cos )]
 
B vC
When string is vertical and particle is at lowest position (A) then tension in the string vB

mv2A mu2 O C
TA =  mg =  mg [
 
When particle is at point B of the circle – A vA

mv 2B
TB =  mg ( = 180°)


mu2
=  5mg [by law of conservation of energy vB2 = u2 – 2g (2)]

When particle is at point C of the circle –

mv 2C
TC = ( = 90°)


mu2
=  2mg [by law of conservation of energy vC2 = u2 - 2g()]

Thus we can conclude T A > T C > TB
TA - TB = 6mg
TA - TC = 3mg
TC – TB = 3mg
Cas es

(a) if u > 5g

In this case tension in the string will not be zero at any point, which implies that the particle will continue
the circular motion.

mu 2
(b) u= 5g  just completes the loop (at point B tension becomes zero, TB   5mg )

NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\05-CIRCULAR-E

critical velocity to complete the loop is u = vA = 5g

vB = g [ vB2 = vA2 – 4g() ]

vc = 3g [ vC2 = vA2 – 2g()] and TA = 6mg, TB = 0, Tc = 3mg

(c) 2g  u  5g  not complete the loop and leave the circular path.

Tension becomes zero between points C and B but speed v 0 in this case.

60 E
 (d) u= 2g T = 0 and v = 0 at point C.
Particle will horizontal about point A.

(e) u< 2g v = 0 in between A and C, but T  O oscillates about 'A'.

m
Ex. A particle of mass 'm' tied at with a string of length is released from horizontal 
position as shown is fig. Find the velocity at the lowest portion.

1 2
Sol. apply COME mg = mv  v  2g
2
Ex. A 4 kg ball swing in a vertical circle at the end of a cord 1m long. Find the maximum speed at which it can swing
if the cord can sustain maximum tension of 163.6 N.

mv 2
Sol. T =  mg  v = 5.6 m/s
r
Ex. A ball is released from height 'h' as shown, which of the following condition
hold good for the particle to complete the circular path. h

5 R
Sol. v = 2gh  5gR  2gh  5gR  h R
2
Ex. A circular overbridge having radius 20m, what is the maximum speed with which a car can cross the bridge
without leaving contact with ground at the heighest point ( g = 9.8 m/sec 2 )
N
mv 2 v
Sol. For motion, mg – N =
r mg
When reaction N becomes zero, contact is about to leave

mv 2
 mg  or v= rg = 14 m/s
r
Ex. A ring rotates about z-axis as shown in fig. The plane of rotation is x-y plane. At a certain instant the acceleration
of a particle P (Shown in fig.) on the ring is (6i  8 j ) m/sec2 . At that instant what is the angular acceleration and
angular velocity of the ring ? y at=6
    
Sol. a  aT  aC here a C is along – j and a T is along i
 r=8
2
x

given a  6i  8 j  aT = 6 = r and aC = 8 = 2r O 2m

 6 
ˆ ,  ˆ
now    3 rad/s2 ( k) = 2 rad/s ( k)
2
Ex. A particle of mass 'm' slide down form the vertex of hemisphere, without any intial velocity. At what height
from the horizontal will the particle leave the sphere.
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mv 2 m
u=0
Sol. At point P mg cos– N = N
R P
To leave the contact N =0 so v2 = gR cos

os

 v
gc

h
m

1 
by law of conservation of energy 0 + mg R = mv2 + mgh mg
2

h 2
v2 = 2g (R -h) = gR cos ( cos   )  h= R
R 3

E 61
CIRCULAR TURNING AND BANKING OF ROADS

External forces acting on car

(I) Weight 'mg'
(ii) Normal contact force N
(iii) Friction force = f
f  static friction force and it is self adjustable.
The tyres get a tendency to skid outwords and frictional force which opposes this skidding acts. towards
the centre.
N
mv 2
for a safe turn f>
r
There is a limit to magnitude of the frictional force. f

f  N  = coefficient of friction mg
[ N = mg for vertical equilibrium]

mv 2 v2
or  mg    vmax = rg
r rg
friction is not always reliable at circular turns if high speed and sharp turns are involved.
To avoid the dependence on friction, the roads are banked at the turn. So that the outer part of the road is some what
lifted up as compared to the inner part. This is known as banking of the road.
At correct speed, horizontal component of 'N" is sufficient to produce the acceleration towards the centre and
the self adjustable frictional force keeps its value zero.

mv 2 Ncos
N sin ...(1) N
r 

N cos= mg ...(2) Nsin

h
2
v h f
tan= 
rg b
mg
b
here h is height of the outer edge and b is width of the road.
Ex. When the string of a conical pendulum makes an angle of 45° with the vertical, its time period is T 1. When the

T12
string makes an angle of 60° with the vertical, time period is T2. Then find the value of .
T22

Sol. Time period of conical pendulum is T = 2 h g where h = cos

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T12 cos 45 1 2 2 2

Therefore T  cos   T2 = cos 60 = 1 2 = 2 × = 2
2 2
Ex. A particle moves in a circle of radius 20 cm. Its linear speed is given by v = (3t 2 +5t) where t is in seconds and
v is in m/s. Find the resultant acceleration at t = 1 s.

dv d
Sol. Tangential acceleration at = = (3t2 + 5t) = 6t + 5
dt dt
62 E
 at t = 1 s : at = 6 × 1 + 5 = 11 m/s.2 and velocity v = 3t2 + 5 t = 3 × 1 + 5 × 1 = 8 m/s

v2 (8)2 64
 radial acc ar = = = = 320 m/s2
r 0.2 02
.

 Resultant acceleration a = (a t )2  (a r )2 = (11)2  (320)2 = 320.189 m/s2

Ex. A particle of mass 100 gm is suspended from the end of a weightless string of length 100cm. and is allowed to
swing in a vertical plane. The speed of the mass is 200 cm/s. when the string makes an angle of 60° with the
vertical axis. Determine the tension in the string at 60°.

Sol. Tension at point (B)

mv 2B O vB=200cm/s
Fnet = Fcp  TB – mgcos60° = TB
towards O
 B

60
mg
cos

°
A 60°

60
b g

°
2
mv 2
100 200 1 vA mg
B
TB = + mgcos60° = + 100 × (1000) ×
 100 2
= 40,000 + 50,000 = 90,000 dyne = 0.9 × 105 dyne = 0.9 N
Ex. In a vertical circular motion, tension at the highest point is equal to the weight of the particle, then find
the speed and tension at the lowest point. Mass of the particle is m = 9.5kg and length of string is  =
10 m (g = 10 m/s2) 2
mv
m 
mv 2
Sol. At the highest point T + mg = given T = mg T
 
mg

mv 2
 mg + mg =  v2 = 2g  v = 2g
 A

by conservation of mechanical energy between top most & lowest point

1 1 1 1
mv2 + mg (2) = mv12  m (2g) + 2mg = mv 2
2 2 2 2 1

6g = v12  v1 = 6g  T

mv12 m mv2
At lowest point T = mg + = mg + × 6g  mg
 

T = 7mg = 665N and v1 = 6g = 24.49 m/s

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E 63
1. A body of mas 1 kg tied to one end of string is 6. A particle of mass (m) revolving in horizontal circle
revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 0.1 m with of radius (R) with uniform speed v. When particle
a speed of 3 revolution/sec, assuming the effect of goes from one end to other end of diameter, then
gravity is negligible, then linear velocity, 1
(1) K.E. changes by mv 2 [RPMT 2000]
acceleration and tension in the string will be :– 2
(1) 1.88 m/s, 35.5 m/s2, 35.5 N [DPMT 2003]
(2) K.E. change by mv2
(2) 2.88 m/s, 45.5 m/s , 45.5 N
2
(3) no change in momentum
(3) 3.88 m/s, 55.5 m/s2, 55.5 N (4) change in momentum is 2 mv
(4) None of these
7. A mass is performing vertical circular motion (see
2. The force required to keep a body in uniform circular
figure). If The average velocity of the particle is
motion is :- [AFMC 2003]
increased, then at which point maximum breaking
(1) Centripetal force possibility of the string :– [AIPMT 2000]
(2) Centrifugal force
(1) A A
(3) Resistance m
(4) None of the above (2) B
D O
3. A tube of length L is filled completely with an (3) C C

incompressible liquid of mass M and closed at both (4) D B

the ends. The tube is then rotated in a horizontal
8. The angular velocity of a wheel is 70 rad/s. If the
plane about one of its ends with a uniform angular
radius of the wheel is 0.5 m, then linear velocity of
velocity . The force exerted by the liquid at the the wheel is :– [VMMC 2004]
other end is :– [AIPMT 2006]
(1) 70 m/s (2) 35 m/s
M L 2 M L 2 (3) 30 m/s (4) 20 m/s
(1) (2)
2 2 9. The angular velocity of a particle rotating in a circular
orbit 100 times per minute is [DPMT 2000]

M L 2 2 (1) 1.66 rad / s (2) 10.47 rad / s

(3) M L 2 (4) (3) 10.47 degree / s (4) 60 degree / s
2
4. A sphere of mass m is tied to end of string of length 10. A motor cycle driver doubles its velocity when he is
 and rotated through the other end along a taking a turn. The force exerted outwards will
horizontal circular path with speed v. The work done become :-
in full horizontal circle is :- [JIPMER 2000]
(1) double (2) half [AFMC 2002]

 mv 2  1
(1) 0 (2)   .2 (3) 4 times (4)
times
   4
11. Three identical particles are joined together by a
thread as shown in figure. All the three particles
NODE2\E:\DATA\2014\SMP\PHY\SET-01\02-MOTION\ENG\06-CIRCULAR-X

 mv 2 
(3) mg.2 (4)   . are moving in a horizontal plane. If the velocity of
   the outermost particle is v0, then the ratio of tensions
5. A body moves with constant angular velocity on a in the three sections of the string is :–
circle. Magnitude of angular acceleration
O A B C [UPSEAT 2003]
[RPMT 2000]
  
(1) r2 (2) Constant
(1) 3 : 5 : 7 (2) 3 : 4 : 5
(3) Zero (4) None of the above
(3) 7 : 11 : 6 (4) 3 : 5 : 6

64 E
 12. Two particles having mass 'M' and 'm' are moving 19. If a particle is rotating in a horizontal circle, what
in a circular path having radius R and r. If their will happen? [VMMC 2002]
time period are same then the ratio of angular (1) no force is acting on particle
velocity will be :– [AIPMT 2001]
(2) velocity of particle is constant
r R (3) particle has no acceleration
(1) (2)
R r
(4) no work is done
R
(3) 1 (4)
r 20
20. A particle moves along a circle of radius ( )m
13. A stone is tied to one end of string 50 cm long and 
is whirled in a horizontal circle with constant speed. with constant tangential acceleration. If the velocity
If the stone makes 10 revolutions in 20 s, then what
of the particle is 80 m/s. at the end of the second
is the magnitude of acceleration of the stone
revolution after motion has begun, the tangential
[Pb. PMT 2000]
(1) 493 cm/s2 (2) 720 cm/s2 acceleration is :– [AIPMT 2003]

(3) 860 cm/s 2

(4) 990 cm/s2 (1) 40 m/s2 (2) 640  m/s2
14. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m
(3) 160  m/s2 (4) 40  m/s2
with a velocity of 36 km/hr. The centripetal force
21. For a particle in a non-uniform accelerated circular
is [UP PMT 2001]
motion :– [AMU 2000]
(1) 250 N (2) 1000N
(3) 750N (4) 1200 N (1) velocity is radial and acceleration is transverse
15. A stone of mass 0.2 kg is tied to one end of a only
thread of length 0.1 m whirled in a vertical circle. (2) velocity is transverse and acceleration is radial
When the stone is at the lowest point of circle, only
tension in thread is 52N, then velocity of the stone (3) velocity is radial and acceleration has both ra-
will be :– [RPMT 2002] dial and transverse components
(1) 4 m/s (2) 5 m/s (4) velocity is transverse and acceleration has both
(3) 6 m/s (4) 7 m/s radial and transverse components
16. A stone is attached to the end of a string and whirled
22. A mass m is attached to the end of a rod of length
in horizontal circle, then :– [RPMT 2002]
 . The mass goes around a verticle circular path
(1) its linear and angular momentum are constant
with the other end hinged at the centre. What should
(2) only linear momentum is constant
be the minimum velocity of mass at the bottom of
(3) its angular momentum is constant but linear
the circle so that the mass completes the circle ?
momentum is variable
[MH CET 2004]
(4) both are variable
17. Angular velocity of minute hand of a clock is :– (1) 4g (2) 3g
[RPMT 2002]

(3) 5g (4) g


(1) rad/s (2) 8 rad/s
30
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23. A fighter plane is moving in a vertical circle of ra-

dius 'r'. Its minimum velocity at the highest point of
2 
(3) rad/s (4) rad/s the circle will be :– [MP PET 2000]
1800 1800
18. A car moving with speed 30 m/s on a circular path (1) 3gr (2) 2gr
of radius 500 m. Its speed is increasing at the rate
of 2m/s2. The acceleration of the car is :– gr
[MH CET 2002] (3) gr (4)
2
(1) 9.8 m/s2 (2) 1.8 m/s2
(3) 2 m/s2 (4) 2.7 m/s2
E 65
24. A stone is tied to a string of length ‘’ and is whirled 29. Mass m is released from point A as shown in figure
in a vertical circle with the other end of the string then tension in the string at the point B will be-
as the centre. At a certain instant of time, the stone [RPMT 2007, 08]

is at its lowest position and has a speed ‘u’. The A

magnitude of the change in velocity as it reaches a
position where the string is horizontal (g being ac- mg
celeration due to gravity) is :– [AIPMT 2004]

(1) u 2  g (2) u – u 2  2g

mg
(3) 2g (4) 2(u  g )
2
(1) mg (2) 2mg
25. A particle is kept at rest at the top of a sphere of (3) 3mg (4) 4mg
diameter 42 m. When disturbed slightly, it slides 30. A roller coaster is designed such that riders
down. At what height 'h' from the bottom, the par- experiece"weightlessness" as they go round the top
ticle will leave the sphere :– [BHU 2003]
of a hill whose radius of curvature is 20m. The speed
of the car at the top of the hill is between:-
(1) 14 m (2) 28 m
(1) 16m/s and 17m/s [AIPMT 2008]
(3) 35 m (4) 7 m
(2) 13m/s and 14 m/s
26. A stone tied to the end of a string of 1m long is (3) 14m/s and 15m/s
whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. (4) 15m/s and 16 m/s
If the stone makes 22 revolution in 44 seconds, what 31. A gramophone record is revolving with an angular
is the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the velocity . A coin is placed at a distance r from the
stone :– [AIPMT 2005] centre of the record. The static coefficient of friction
(1) 2ms–2 and direction along the tangent to the is µ. The coin will revolve with the record if :-
[AIPMT Pre. 2010]
circle.
(2) 2ms–2 and direction along the radius towards g
(1) r  (2) r  g 2
the centre. 2

2 2 g
(3) ms–2 and direction along the radius towards (3) r < (4) r 
4 g 2
the centre. 32. A particle moves in a circle of radius 5cm with
(4) 2ms–2 and direction along the radius away from constant speed and time period 0.2  s. The
the centre. acceleration of the particle is :- [AIPMT 2011]
27. A car runs at a constant speed on a circular track (1) 15 m/s2 (2) 25 m/s2
of radius 100 m, taking 62.8 seconds for every (3) 36 m/s2 (4) 5 m/s2
33. A car of mass 1000 kg negotiates a banked curve
circular lap. The average velocity and average speed
of radius 90m on a fictionless road. If the banking
for each circular lap respectively is :-
angle is 45°, the speed of the car is :
(1) 0,0 [AIPMT 2006] [AIPMT Pre. 2012]
(2) 0, 10 m/s
(3) 10 m/s, 10 m/s (1) 5ms–1 (2) 10ms–1
(4) 10 m/s, 0
(3) 20ms–1 (4) 30ms–1
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28. A fly wheel rotating at 600 rev/min is brought

under uniform decceleration and stopped after 34. A car of mass m is moving on a level circular track
of radius R. If s represents the static friction
2 minutes, then what is angular decceleration in
between the road and tyres of the car, the maximum
rad/sec2 ? [RPMT 2007] speed of the car in circular motion is given by :-
 [AIPMT Mains 2012]
(1) (2) 10 
6
(1) mRg /  s (2)  s Rg
1
(3) (4) 300 (3)  s mRg (4) Rg /  s
12

66 E
 BRAIN TEASERS EXERCISE -II
1. A particle of mass 'm' describes a circle of radius 7. An insect trapped in a circular groove of radius
4 12 cm moves along the groove steadily and
(r). The cetripetal acceleration of the particle is . completes 7 revolutions in 100 s. What is the linear
r2
The momentum of the particle :– speed of the motion :–
(1) 2.3 cm/s (2) 5.3 cm/s
2m 2m 4m 4m
(1) (2) (3) (4) (3) 0.44 cm/s (4) none of these
r r r r

2. A particle is moving around a circular path with 8. The mass of the bob of a simple pendulum of length
uniform angular speed (). The radius of the circular L is m. If the bob is left from its horizontal position
path is (r). The acceleration of the particle is :– then the speed of the bob and the tension in the
thread in the lowest position of the bob will be
2 
(1) (2) (3) v (4) vr respectively :–
r r

3. Let '' denote the angular displacement of a simple (1) 2gL and 3 mg L O
pendulum oscillating in a vertical plane. If the mass
of the bob is (m), then the tension in string is mg cos (2) 3 mg and
 :– L
(1) always (3) 2 mg and 2gL
(2) never (4) 2 gL and 3 mg
(3) at the extreme positions
9. A stone of mass 1 kg is tied to the end of a string of
(4) at the mean position
1 m length. It is whirled in a vertical circle. If the
4. The angular acceleration of particle moving along velocity of the stone at the top be 4 m/s. What is
a circular path with uniform speed :– the tension in the string ?
(1) uniform but non zero (1) 6 N (2) 16 N
(2) zero (3) 5N (4) 10 N
(3) variable 10. If the speed and radius both are trippled for a body
(4) such as can not be predicted from given moving on a circular path, then the new centripetal
information force will be :–
(1) F2 = 2F1 (2) F2 = F1
5. A car moves on a circular road, describing equal
(3) F2 = 3F1 (4) F2 = F/3
angles about the centre in equal intervals of times
which of the statements about the velocity of car 11. The blades of an aeroplane propeller are rotating
are true :– at the rate of 600 revolutions per minute. Its angular
velocity is :–
(1) velocity is constant
(1) 10  rad/s
(2) magnitude of velocity is constant but the direction
of velocity change (2) 20  rad/s
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(3) both magnitude and direction of velocity change (3) 2 rad/s

(4) None of them
(4) velocity is directed towards the centre of circle
12. A particle moves in a circle of the radius 25 cm at
6. A pendulum bob has a speed 3 m/s while passing two revolutions per second. The acceleration of the
through its lowest position, length of the pendulum particle in m/sec2 is :–
is 0.5 m then its speed when it makes an angle of (1) 2 (2) 82
60 with the vertical is :–
o
(3) 42 (4) 22
(1) 2 m/s (2) 1 m/s (3) 4 m/s (4) 3 m/s

E 67
13. When a body moves with a constant speed along a 20. A 0.5 kg ball moves in a circle of radius 0.4m at a
circle :– speed of 4 ms–1. The centripetal force on the ball is –
(1) no acceleration is produced in the body (1) 10N (2) 20N
(2) no force acts on the body (3) 40N (4) 80N
(3) its velocity remains constant
21. A car is travelling at 20 m/s on a circular road of
(4) no work gets done on it radius 100 m. It is increasing its speed at the rate
14. A particle moves in a circle describing equal angle of 3 m/s2. Its acceleration is :–
in equal times, its velocity vector :– (1) 3 m/s2 (2) 4 m/s2
(1) remains constant (3) 5 m/s2 (4) 7 ms–1
(2) changes in magnitude 22. A weightless thread can bear tension upto 3.7 kg wt.
(3) change in direction A stone of mass 500 gm is tied to it and revolved in a
circular path of radius 4m in a vertical plane. If g =
(4) changes in magnitude and direction
10 ms–2, then the maximum angular velocity of the
15. A mass of 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal circle by stone can be :–
means of a string at an initial speed of 5 r.p.m. (1) 16 rad/s (2) 21 rad/s
Keeping the radius constant the tension in the string
(3) 2 rad/s (4) 4 rad/s
is doubled. The new speed is nearly :–
(1) 7 r.p.m. (2) 14 r.p.m. 23. A stone attached to one end of a string is whirled in
a vertical circle. The tension in the string is
(3) 10 r.p.m. (4) 20 r.p.m.
maximum when :–
16. In a vertical circle of radius (r), at what point in its (1) the string is horizontal
path a particle may have tension equal to zero :– (2) the string is vertical with the stone at highest
(1) highest point position

(2) lowest point (3) the string is vertical with the stone at the lowest
position
(3) at any point
(4) the string makes an angle of 45° with the vertical
(4) at a point horizontal from the centre of radius
24. A weightless thread can withstand tension upto 30
17. If the radius of circular path of two particles of same N. A stone of mass 0.5 kg is tied to it and is revolved
masses are in the ratio of 1 : 2 and they have equal in a circular path of radius 2m in a vertical plane. If
centripetal forces, then their velocities should be in g = 10 m/s2, then the maximum angular velocity
the ratio of :– of the stone can be :–

(1) 1 : (2) (1) 5 rad/s (2) 30 rad/s

2 2 :1 (3) 4 : 1 (4) 1 : 4
(3) 60 rad/s (4) 10 rad/s
18. A string of length 0.1 m cannot bear a tension more
than 100N. It is tied to a body of mass 100g and 25. A particle moving along a circular path. The angular
rotated in a horizontal circle. The maximum angular velocity, linear velocity, angular acceleration and
velocity can be - certripetal acceleration of the particle at any instant
   
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(1) 100 rad/s (2) 1000 rad/s respectively are  , v ,  are a c . Which of the
following relation is/are correct :–
(3) 10000/s (4) 0.1 rad/s
   
(a)   v (b)   
19. The radius of the circular path of a particle is doubled
but its frequency of rotation is kept constant. If the    
(c) v  a c (d)   a c
initial centripetal force be F, then the final value of
centripetal force will be :– (1) a,b,d (2) b,c,d
(3) a,b,c (4) a,c,d
F
(1) F (2) (3) 4F (4) 2F
2
68 E
 26. A body is revolving with a constant speed along a 31. Stone tied at one end of light string is whirled round
circle. If its direction of motion is reversed but the a vertical circle. If the difference between the maxi-
mum and minimum tension experienced by the
speed remains the same then :–
string wire is 2 kg wt, then the mass of the stone
(a) the centripetal force will not suffer any change
must be :–
in magnitude
(1) 1 kg (2) 6 kg (3) 1/3 kg (4) 2 kg
(b) the centripetal force will have its direction
32. In uniform circular motion, the velocity vector and
reversed
acceleration vector are
(c) the centripetal force will not suffer any change
(1) Perpendicular to each other
in direction
(2) Same direction
(d) the certripetal force is doubled (3) Opposite direction
(1) a,b (2) b,c (4) Not related to each other
(3) c,d (4) a, c 33. A mass tied to a string moves in a vertical circle
with a uniform speed of 5 m/s as shown. At the
27. A body tied to a string of length L is revolved in a
point P the string breaks. The mass will reach a
vertical circle with minimum velocity, when the body height above P of nearly :–
reaches the upper most point the string breaks and
(1) 1 m
the body moves under the influence of the
(2) 0.5 m 1m
gravitational field of earth along a parabolic path. P
O
(3) 1.27 m
The horizontal range AC of the body will be :–
(4) 1.25 m
(1) x = L P v 34. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant
(2) x = 2L magnitude which is always perpendicular to the
m L velocity of the particle. The motion of the particle
O
(3) x= 2 2L takes place in a plane. It follows, that :–
(1) its velocity is constant
x
(4) x= 2L A C (2) its K.E. is constant
(3) its acceleration is constant
28. A particle is moving in a vertical circle the tension (4) it moves in a straight line
in the string when passing through two position at 35. If the overbridge is concave instead of being convex,
angle 30o and 60o from vertical from lowest position then the thrust on the road at the lowest position
are T1 and T2 respectively then :– will be :-
(1) T1 = T2 (2) T1 > T2 mv 2 mv 2
(1) mg  (2) mg 
(3) T1 < T2 (4) T1  T2 r r

29. A body crosses the topmost point of a vertical circle m2 v 2 g v2 g

(3) (4)
with critical speed. What will be its centripetal r r
acceleration when the string is horizontal :– 36. A string of length 10 cm breaks if its tension exceeds
(1) g (2) 2g 10 newtons. A stone of mass 250 g tied to this
string, is rotated in a horizontal circle. The maximum
(3) 3g (4) 6g angular velocity of rotation can be :-
(1) 20 rad / s (2) 40 rad / s
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30. a r and a t represent ra dial and tangential

acceleration. The motion of a particle will be uniform (3) 100 rad / s (4) 200 rad / s
circular motion, if :– 37. If the equation for the displacement of a particle
moving on a circular path is given by
(1) ar = 0 and at = 0
() = 2t3 + 0.5, where  is in radians and t in
(2) ar = 0 but at  0 seconds, then the angular velocity of the particle
after 2 s from its start is :–
(3) ar  0 but at = 0
(1) 8 rad/s (2) 12 rad/s
(4) ar  0 and at  0 (3) 24 rad/s (4) 36 rad/s

E 69
 Directions for Assertion & Reason questions
These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
A. If both Assertion &Reason are True &the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
B. If both Assertion &Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
C. If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
D. If both Assertion &Reason are false.

1. Assertion : In uniform circular motion, the linear 7. Assertion : The total displacement moved by a
speed and angular speed of the body are constant. point located on the periphery of a wheel of radius
Reason : A body can move on a circular path R in one revolution is 2R, if the wheel is rolling.
without having acceleration. Reason : In rolling motion of a wheel, every
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D point on its periphery comes in contact with the
surface only once in one revolution.
2. Assertion : The resultant acceleration of an object
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
in circular motion is towards the centre if the speed
is constant. 8. Assertion : If a particle moves along circular path
with constant speed then acceleration must be
Reason : A vector is necessarily changed if it is
present.
rotated through an angle.
Reason : If a particle moves with variable velocity
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D then acceleration must be present.
3. Assertion : Work done by the centripetal force in (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
moving a body along a circle is always zero. 9. Assertion : In uniform circular motion speed of
Reason : In circular motion the displacement of particle must be constant.
the body is along the force. Reason : In uniform circular motion no force or
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D acceleration is acting on particle acting parallel or
4. Assertion : Centripetal and centrifugal forces in anti parallel to the direction of velocity

cancel each other. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

Reason : This is because they are always equal 10. Assertion : When the direction of motion of a
particle moving in a circular path is reversed the
and opposite.
direction of radial acceleration still remains the same
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
(at the given point).
5. Assertion : Work done by centripetal force is zero. Reason : For a particle revolving on circular path
Reason : Centripetal force acts perpendicular in any direction such as clockwise or anticlockwise,
to the displacement. the direction of radial acceleration is always towards
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(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D the centre of the circular path.

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
6. Assertion : When a particle moves in a circle with
a uniform speed its acceleration is constant but the 11. Assertion : For uniform circular motion it is
velocity changes. necessary that the speed of the particle is constant.
Reason : There is no tangential force or
Reason : Angular displacement is not an axial
tangential acceleration acting on particle in uniform
vector.
circular motion.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

70 E
 12. Assertion : Acceleration of the particle in uniform Reason : Velocity of the particle doesn't change
circular motion remains constant. in circular motion.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE - I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans . 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 2 2 3 4 3 1 2 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans . 3 4 4 4 1 4 1 3 4 3 2 2 1 3 3
Que. 31 32 33 34
Ans . 4 4 4 2

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE - II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Ans . 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 3 4 3 1
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans . 1 1 1 4 2 3 4 3 1 4 4 2 2 3 3
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Ans . 3 1 4 2 1 1 3

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE - III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. 3 3 3 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4

E 71