PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC &

ELECTRONICS
BEKG 1123
Semester 2, 2017/2018
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2/12/2018
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Lecture/ Tutorial:

2/12/2018 2
Chapter 1 3
Class policy

• Be punctual to lecture & tutorial

• Pay attention to class,take notes when necessary
• Silence out all handphones
• If get bored/sleepy....get out, wash your face & come
back.
• Submit your assignments/any tasks given on time
• Attire properly

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 OBE = Outcome Based Education
 A system focusing what is important for all students
to be able to do successfully at the end of their
learning experiences.
 This means starting with a clear picture of what is
important for students to be able to do, then
organizing the curriculum, instruction, and
assessment to make sure this learning ultimately
happens” (Spady, 1994).

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PEO • Program Educational
Objectives

PO • Program Outcomes

LO • Learning Outcomes

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 Vision &
Mission

PEO

PO

LO
Assessment &
Evaluation
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 PEO: Program Educational Objectives
 specific goals consistent with the
mission and vision of the university,
 expected achievements of graduates in
their career and professional life few
years after graduation.

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 PO = Programme Outcome
 describe what students are expected to know
and be able to perform or attain by the time of
graduation.
 relate to the skills, knowledge, and
behaviour/attitude that students acquire
through the programme.

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Chapter 1 15
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Chapter 1
 ULEARN:
BEKG1123 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONICS

Chapter 1 17
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Basic Electric System

1.2 Electrical Circuits
1.3 Electrical Charge
1.4 Electromotive Force (emf) and Potential Difference
1.5 Voltage and Current
1.6 Systems of Units: SI units in Electrical
1.7 Electrical Measurement & Instruments
1.8 Symbols of Electrical Sources & Components
1.9 Circuit Elements: Passive & Active

BEKG 1123 1
Principles of Electric and Electronics Chapter 2 : Direct Current (DC) Circuits
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At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Describe basic electrical systems and the concept of
electrical charge
 Differentiate between EMF and Potential Differential
 Understand the systems of units
 Describe electrical measurement & instruments and
the symbol s of electrical sources & components
 Identify the circuit elements

Chapter 1 19
 1.1 BASIC ELECTRIC SYSTEM

Electric system – deals with communication and transfer

energy from one point to another.

Basic electrical system consists of 4 elements: Source,

Control, Load and Transmission System (as shown in Fig. 1)

Source Control Load

Transmission
Transmission System
System

Fig. 1 Electrical system

Chapter 1 20
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CONTD.
 Source - Provide electrical energy to electrical system
(i.e DC or AC source). Can be obtain from battery,
generator or socket outlet.

 Control - Control the flow of electrical energy (i.e

switch). Permits the energy to flow or else interrupts the
flow.

 Load - Absorb the electrical energy and perform a

given task/purpose/work. Most domestic electrical
equipment constitutes loads (i.e motor)

 Transmission system - Conduct and transfer electrical

energy from source to load (i.e insulated wire)

Chapter 1 21
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Example

Physical configuration Circuit diagram

Fig. 2 Torch Light system

Chapter 1 22
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM contd.

Example
Conductors/Wires
Switch

Switch
Battery
Wires

Resistance
Headlamps Voltage source

Physical configuration Circuit diagram

Fig.3 Headlight system

Chapter 1 23
 1.2 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Electrical Circuit – consists of various types of circuit elements connected
in closed paths by conductor (refer Figure 1.4).

**Circuit elements – resistances,

inductances, capacitances and
voltage/current sources.

Fig. 4 Electrical circuit

Voltage sources create forces that cause charge to flow through the conductors
and other circuit elements, so energy transferred between the circuit elements.

Chapter 1 24
 1.3 ELECTRICAL CHARGE

Electrical Charge – also known electricity.

The elementary physics that all matter is made of atoms and

each atoms consists of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Chapter 1 25
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

 The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons

leaves an atom neutrally charged.

 Some atoms hold their electrons loosely (when force is

applied) especially electrons that are located at valence
shell (outermost shell).
Chapter 1 26
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.

 The loose electrons (free electron) can be transferred into another

atoms.

When an electron escapes from the atom – becomes positive ion.

When atom acquire an electron – becomes negative ion.

Chapter 1 27
 ELECTRIC CHARGE contd.
 A substance/materials that excess of electrons (negative ion) is said to have
negative charge.
 Materials with deficiency of electrons (positive ion) is said to have positive
charge.
 Electrical charge – an electrical property of matter that exists because of an
excess or defiance of electrons.
 Charges can be measured in coulomb
1 Coulomb (C) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons
1 electron = 1.602 x 10 -19 C

 Materials with charges of opposite polarity attracted.

 Materials with charges of same polarity are repelled.

Chapter 1 28
 1.4 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf)
VS. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
emf Potential difference
Emf is the electrical potential difference Potential is a function of the location,
provided by an energy source like and potential difference between point
battery. A and point B is calculated by
subtracting the potential of A from
Varying magnetic fields also can potential of B.
generate an emf according to the
Faraday’s law. In an electric field, it is the amount work
to be done to move a unit charge (+1
Although EMF is also a voltage and Coulomb) from B to A.
measured in Volts (V), it is all about the
generation of a potential difference. Electric potential difference is
measured in V (Volts). In an electrical
circuit, current flows from the higher
potential to lower potential.

Chapter 1 29
So the important differences between emf and potential
difference are:

1. The term ‘potential difference’ is used in all energy

fields (electric, magnetic, gravitational), and ‘emf’ is only
used in electric circuits.

2. Emf is the electrical potential difference generated by a

source like battery or generator.

3. We can measure potential difference between any two

points, but emf exists only between the two ends of a
source.

4. Sum of ‘potential drops’ around a circuit is equal to

total emf according to Kirchhoff’s second law.
Chapter 1 30
 The voltage across the terminals of a battery, for
example, is less than the emf when the battery
supplies current,
 Terminal voltage is the potential difference at
the terminals of the circuit. Even if there is no
load, still the terminal voltage will be less than
the emf due to drop across the internal
resistance of the supply.
 Terminal voltage is given by the equation:

V = emf - Ir

 where r is the internal resistance and

 I is the current flowing at the time of the measurement.

Chapter 1 31
1.5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

Chapter 1 32
 The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and
the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the
system.
 off on

The battery provides voltage that will push

current through the bulb when the switch is on.
 VOLTAGE cont.

 To move an electron in a conductor in a particular direction

requires some work or energy transfer.

 This work can be performed by an external force or called as

electromotive force (emf).

 This emf also known as potential difference or voltage.

 Voltage (V) is the energy required to move a unit charge

through an element, measured in volts (V).

 Voltage is a measurement of potential difference between two

points.

Chapter 1 35
 VOLTAGE cont.

 Vab – voltage between point a and b

 It is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b.

 plus (+) and minus (-) signs – voltage polarity or reference direction.

Chapter 1 36
 VOLTAGE cont.
 Voltage (V) is defined as energy/work per unit charge
V = W/Q
where V is voltage in volts(V), W is energy in joules (J) and Q
is charge in coulombs (C).

 A voltage source is an energy source that provides electrical

energy or voltage.

 Two types of voltage sources:

 dc voltage – a constant voltage with time. i.e. battery.
 ac voltage – a voltage that varies with time. i.e. electric
generator, socket outlet.

Chapter 1 37
 The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off,

is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on,
is there any flow (current)?
YES
 off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.
 CURRENT contd.

 Voltage provides energy to electron, allowing them to move through a

circuit.

 This movement of electrons is the current, which result in work being

done in an electrical circuit.

 Consider the following:

 negative charges move from the negative terminal of battery towards

the positive terminal.
Chapter 1 40
 CURRENT contd.
 Flow of current in metallic conductors is due to movement of
electrons.
 However, it is universally accepted that current is the net flow of
positive charges.
 There are two accepted conventions for the direction of electrical
current:
1. Electron flow direction – current is out of the negative
terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and into the
positive terminal of the source.
2. Conventional current direction – current is out of the
positive terminal of a voltage source, through the circuit and
into the negative terminal of the source.

Electron Conventional
Flow Current

Chapter 1 41
 The direction that the current flows does not affect what the
current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which
convention is used as long as you are consistent.
 Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In
general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas
the engineering disciplines use Conventional Current.
 Since this is an engineering course, we will use
Conventional Current .

Electron Conventional
Flow Current
 CURRENT contd.
 Electric current – the time rate of change of charge, measured in
amperes (A).
I=Q/t
where I is current in amperes(A), Q is charge in coulombs (C)
and t is time in seconds.
 Generally, have two types of current:
 direct current (dc) – a current that remains constant with time.
 alternating current (ac) – a current that varies with time.

Chapter 1 43
 1.6 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
 Basic SI (International System of Units) units:

Quantity Unit Symbol

Charge (q) coulomb C

Energy (E) joule J
Power (P) watt W
Voltage (V) volt V
Current (I) ampere A
Resistance (R) ohm Ω
Induction (L) Henry H
Capacitance (C) farad F

Chapter 1 44
Unit Name Unit Symbol

Volt (V)
• Volt is the electrical unit of voltage.
One volt is the energy of 1 joule that is 1V = 1J / 1C
consumed when electric charge of 1
coulomb flows in the circuit.

Ampere (A)
• Ampere is the electrical unit of
electrical current. It measures the 1A = 1C / 1s
amount of electrical charge that flows
in an electrical circuit per 1 second.
Ohm (Ω)
• Ohm is the electrical unit of
resistance. 1Ω = 1V / 1A

Watt (W)
• Watt is the electrical unit of electric
power. It measures the rate of 1W = 1J / 1s
consumed energy. 1W = 1V · 1A

Farad (F)
• Farad is the unit of capacitance. It
represents the amount of electric 1F = 1C / 1V
charge in coulombs that is stored per
1 volt.
Henry (H)
• Henry is the unit of inductance.
1H = 1Wb / 1A

Chapter 1 45
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS contd.
 The SI prefixes:
Power of 10 Prefix Symbol
+18 Exa E
+15 Peta P
+12 Tera T
+9 Giga G
+6 mega M
+3 kilo k
+2 hecto h
+1 deka D
-1 deci d
-2 centi c
-3 mili m
-6 micro µ
-9 nano n
- 12 pico p
- 15 femto f
- 18 atto a
Chapter 1 46
 1.7 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT
INSTRUMENTS

 Multimeter

Analog Multimeter
Digital Multimeters (DMM)
 Meter symbols
 Most analog ammeters have a number of
possible settings for the maximum possible
current that can be measured; for example: 2 A,
200 mA, 20 mA, 2 mA. You should always start by
turning the setting to the highest possible rating
(for example, 2 A). If the ammeter reading is too
small from the selected scale, then you can
reduce the scale to get the reading. It is
important not to overshoot the maximum value
that can be read.
 For example, if the current is about 75 mA, then
the ammeter would be set to the 200 mA scale
for the most accurate reading. Setting to the
20 mA scale would overload the ammeter and
most likely open its internal fuse.
 Error : The difference between the true value and the measured
value
• Accuracy : The degree to which a measured value represents the
true or accepted value of a quantity. A measurement is said to be
accurate if the error is small.
• Precision : The repeatability or consistency of a measurement
 Resolution
 The smallest increment of quantity that the meter can measure. The
smaller the increment, the better the resolution.

0.01V
0.001V

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 Symbol Component Name Meaning
SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open
1.8 SYMBOLS OF ELECTRICAL
SOURCE AND COMPONENTS Used for zero potential reference
Earth Ground
and electrical shock protection.
Connected to the chassis of the
Chassis Ground
circuit
Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow.
Variable Resistor / Rheostat Adjustable resistor - has 2
(IEEE) terminals
Capacitor is used to store electric
Capacitor charge. It acts as short circuit
with AC and open circuit with DC.
Battery Generates constant voltage
AC Voltage Source AC voltage source
Diode allows current flow in
Diode one direction only (left to
right).

Chapter 1 55
 1.9 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
 Element – basic building block of a circuit or electrical
components of an electrical circuit.

 Electric circuit – an interconnection of electrical elements.

 Circuit analysis – process of determining voltages across (or

the currents through) the elements of the circuit.

 Two types of elements in electrical circuits:

 Active elements
 Passive elements

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 Passive components: Components
that do not supply voltage or
current. Color bands
Resistance material

Examples
(carbon composition)
 Insulation coating

 Resistors Leads

 Capacitors
 Inductor
 Transformer

Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Foil

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

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 The components that have their own power source.

 Passive components are used in conjunction with active components to form an

electronic system.
 Examples

 Voltage and current sources

 Battery, Generator, Fuel cell

 Transistor

 Integrated Circuit (IC)

 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
• Active elements – elements capable of generating
electrical energy i.e. voltage source & current source.

• Passive elements – elements not capable of

generating electrical energy i.e. resistor, capacitor and
inductors.

 Voltage & current source deliver power to the

electrical circuit.

 Two kinds of sources:

 Independent sources.
 Dependent sources.

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 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Ideal independent source – an active elements that provides a
specified voltage or current that is completely independent of
other circuit elements.

Chapter 1 60
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Ideal independent voltage source delivers to
the circuit whatever current is necessary to
maintain its terminal voltage.

Chapter 1 61
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Ideal independent current source delivers to
the circuit whatever voltage is necessary to
maintain the designated current.

Chapter 1 62
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Ideal dependent (or controlled) source – an active
element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.

 Four types of dependent source:

 A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
 A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
 A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
 A current-controlled current source (CCCS)

Chapter 1 63
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS contd.
 Consider the following:

 The CCVS is depends on i.

 Value = 10i V

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