The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO:0886-9367

Construction of Fuzzy logic under New Screening Procedure on Double

Sampling Plan
G.Uma1, D.Manjula 2 & R.Nandhinidevi 3
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore - 641014,India.
2
PhD Research Scholar, Department of Statistics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore - 641014,India.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Dr.M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai

1987manjula@gmail.com
Abstract

Statistical Quality Control (SQC) is the most popular application s of statistical

methods. In manufacturing Industries acceptance sampling plan is a method of
measuring random samples of products applied in SQC and improveme nt. For a
situation in which testing is destructive or very expensive, sampling plans with small
sample sizes are usually selected. These small sample size plans often have acceptance
numbers of zero and also t he screening procedure is a newly designed plan for allow
rejection at any stage but acceptance at only final stage. Generally the second sample taken
when the defective lies in between two acceptance number, but in this procedure is allow
taking second sample even it is not lie in the region based on the prior experience of the
product.
In traditional sampling plan, the proportion of defective is generally assumed to
be a crisp value. However, real parameters are usually vague and the assumptions are
too rigid so working by such traditional methods is inaccurate. Recently, neural
networks, genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic have attracted more attention and have
been successfully employed in manufacturing process. In early research, Fuzzy Logic
was mainly used in acceptance sampling in statistical process and also considered
sampling plans by variables with fuzzy requirements. The basic problem of statistical
quality control has been solved by using of the probability theory and the fuzzy sets
theory. Here, the fuzzy probability theory attributed is used to explore the possibility
of introducing a suitable sampling plan for a situation having impreciseness and the
operating characteristic of a DSP NSP sampling plan calculating have been by using the
concept of fuzzy probability. Construction of tables and operating characteristic curve are
stated to describe the DSPNSP and highlighted its advantages with illustration.

Key Words DSP, DSPNSP, Fuzzy Logic, Crisp Value and OC.

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Introduction

When inspection is for the purpose of acceptance or rejection of a product, based on

adherence to a standard, the type of inspection procedure employed is usually called
acceptance sampling. It is widely used in industry for controlling the quality of shipments of
components, supplies, raw materials, and final products. Acceptance sampling plans are
practical tools for quality assurance applications involving quality contract on product orders
and it is an important aspect of statistical quality control. Acceptance sampling can be
performed during inspection of incoming raw materials, components, and assemblies, in
various phases of in-process operations, or during final product inspection. Acceptance
samples of incoming materials may be required to verify conformity to their required
specifications. In a well-developed quality system, suppliers‟ measurements can be relied
upon, which minimizes the amount of acceptance sampling required, thus reducing redundant
costs in the value-adding chain from supplier to producer. The sampling plans provide the
vendor and buyer with decision rules for product acceptance to meet the present product
quality requirement. Acceptance sampling pertains to incoming batches of raw materials (or
purchased parts) and to outgoing batches of finished goods. It is most useful when one or
more of the following conditions is present: a large number of items must be processed in a
short time; the costs of passing defective items is low; destructive testing is required; or the
inspectors may experience boredom or fatigue in inspecting large numbers of items. The
scheme by which representative samples will be selected from a population and tested to
determine whether the lot is acceptable or not is known as an acceptance plan or sampling
plan.
Acceptance sampling plan plays a vital role in Industries. The lot is to be accepted or
rejected based on samplings from lot. There are two major classifications of acceptance
plans: based on attributes and variables. Sampling plans can be single, double, multiple, and
sequential (Kahraman and Kaya, 2010).
The fuzzy set theory which was introduced by Zadeh (1965) provides a strict
mathematical framework in which vague conceptual phenomena can be precisely and
rigorously studied. It is an important method to provide measuring the ambiguity of concepts
that are associated with human beings‟ subjective judgments including linguistic terms,
satisfaction degree and importance degree that are often vague. A linguistic variable is a
variable whose values are not numbers but phrases in a natural language. The concept of a
linguistic variable is very useful in dealing with situations, which are too complex or not well

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defined to be reasonably described in conventional quantitative expressions (Zimmermann,

1991).
Review of Literature Study
In recent years, some of the acceptances sampling studies have concentrated on fuzzy
theory, logic and its parameters. Sadeghpour-Gildeh et al. (2008) analyzed the acceptance
double sampling plan when the fraction of defective items is a Fuzzy number. Jamkhaneh et
al. (2009) introduced average outgoing quality (AOQ) and average total inspection (ATI) for
single sampling and double sampling plans when proportion nonconforming was a triangular
fuzzy number (TFN). They showed that AOQ and ATI curves of the plan were like a band
having a high and low bound. Ajorlou and Ajorlou (2009) proposed a method for
constructing the membership function of the grade of satisfaction for the sample size n based
on the shape of the sampling cost. The proposed method finds a reasonable solution to the
trade-off between relaxing the conditions on the actual risks and the sample size n. In this
study acceptance sampling plans are analyzed when their main parameters are fuzzy and their
main curves are obtained under fuzzy environment. Jamkhaneh et al. (2010) presented the
acceptance single sampling plan when the fraction of nonconforming items is a fuzzy number
and being modelled based on the fuzzy Poisson distribution. Jamkhaneh et al. (2011a; 2011b)
designed an acceptance single sampling plan with inspection errors when the fraction of
defective items and the proportion of nonconforming products are a fuzzy number. They
shown that the operating characteristics curve of this plan was like a band having high and
low bounds, its width depends on the ambiguity of proportion parameter in the lot when the
samples size and acceptance numbers were fixed. Bahram Sadeghpour-Gildeh,
Gholamhossein Yari(2008), designed the acceptance Double Sampling Plan using Fuzzy
Parameter. Ezzatallah Balouli Jamkhaneh (2012), has studied the acceptance Double
Sampling Plan using Fuzzy Poisson Distibution. In System also the Fuzzy Parameter had
been applied by Uma and Ramya(2017), Determination of Quick Switching Double Sampling
System using Fuzzy Binomial Distribution. The comparative study on QSS with Fuzzy
Poisson and Binomial had been studied by Uma and Nandhinidevi (2018).
Preliminaries and Definitions of Fuzzy Logic

Parameter „p’ (probability of a success in each experiment) of the crisp binomial

distribution is known exactly, but sometimes we are not able to obtain exact some uncertainty
in the value „p’ and is to be estimated from a random sample or from expert opinion. The
crisp Poisson distribution has one parameter, which we also assume is not known exactly.

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Definition 1: The fuzzy subset 𝑁 of real line IR, with the membership function 𝜇𝑁 : 𝐼𝑅 →
[0,1] is a fuzzy number if and only if (a) 𝑁 is normal (b) 𝑁 is fuzzy convex (c) 𝜇𝑁 is upper
semi continuous (d) supp (𝑁) is bounded.

Definition 2: A triangular fuzzy number 𝑁 is fuzzy number that membership function

defined by three numbers 𝑎1 < 𝑎2 < 𝑎3 where the base of the triangle is the interval [𝑎1 , 𝑎3 ]
and vertex is at 𝑥 = 𝑎2 .

Definition3: The α - cut of a fuzzy number 𝑁 is a non-fuzzy set defined as

𝑁 𝛼 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐼𝑅; 𝜇𝑁 (𝑥) ≥ 𝛼}. Hence 𝑁 𝛼 = [𝑁𝛼𝐿 , 𝑁𝛼𝑈 ] where
𝑁𝛼𝐿 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓{𝑥 ∈ 𝐼𝑅; 𝜇𝑁 (𝑥) ≥ 𝛼}
𝑁𝛼𝑈 = 𝑠𝑢𝑝{𝑥 ∈ 𝐼𝑅; 𝜇𝑁 (𝑥) ≥ 𝛼}

Definition 4: Due to the uncertainty in the 𝑙𝑖 ’s values we substitute 𝑙𝑖 , a fuzzy number, for
each 𝑙𝑖 and assume that 0< 𝑙𝑖 <1 all i . Then X together with the 𝑙𝑖 value is a discrete fuzzy
probability distribution. We write 𝑝 for fuzzy P and we have 𝑃 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑙𝑖
Let A= {𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … . 𝑥𝑙 } be subset of X. Then define:
𝑙
𝑖=1 𝑙 𝑖
𝑃 𝐴 𝛼 = (1)
𝑠
𝑙
For 0<α< 1, where stands for the statement “𝑙𝑖 ∈ 𝑘𝑖 [α], 1<i<n, 𝑖=1 𝑙𝑖 = 1”
This is our fuzzy arithmetic.

Definition 5: Let x be a random variable having the Poisson mass function. If P(x) stands for
the probability that X= x, then
𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑥
P(x) = (2)
𝑥!

For x=0, 1, 2,….. and λ> 0.

Now substitute fuzzy number 𝜆 >0 for λ to produce the fuzzy Poisson probability
mass function. Let P(x) to be the fuzzy probability that X= x. Then α- cut of this fuzzy
number as
𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑥
𝑃(x)[ α ] = 𝜆 ∈ 𝜆[α] (3)
𝑥!

For all α ∈ [0,1]. Let X be a random variable having the fuzzy binomial distribution
and 𝑃 in the definition 4 are small. That is all are p ∈ 𝑝 sufficiently small. Then
𝑃[a,b][α] using the fuzzy poisson approximation.
𝑏 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑥
Then 𝑃[a, b] [α]= 𝑥=𝑎 𝑥! (4)

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Fuzzy Acceptance Sampling Plans

Sometimes the parameters of sampling plans cannot be expressed as crisp values, that
can be stated as “approximately”, “around”, or “between”. Fuzzy set theory is a very usable
tool to convert these expressions in to mathematical functions. In this case, acceptance
probability of sampling plans should be calculated with respect to fuzzy rules. In this section
New Screening double sampling plan is analyzed by taking into account of fuzzy Poisson
distributions.
New Screening Procedure on Double Sampling Plan

The purpose of this paper is to describe a method and to present a set of tables for
constructing two and three stage drug screening procedures of the type discussed by Armitage
and Schneider man(1958) and Schneider man (1961). These procedures allow rejection at any
stage but acceptance at only final stage. Similar procedures have been advocated by Davies
(1957) and Dunnett(1961), based on this operating characteristic curve and accept-reject rules for
two and three stage screening procedures had been derived by Roseberry and Gehan (1964).
Mixed sampling product control for costly or destructive items by Deva Arul (2011) for
switching variable to attribute plan for accepting the lot. Based on this screening procedure and
switching rule of variable to attribute gives an idea for creating a new concept in double sampling
plan. Generally we are going to second sample when the defective lies in between two acceptance
number, but in this procedure we are allow to take second sample even it is not lie in the region
but under the condition of past experience ( i.e., last two rejection is nearer to third acceptance
number).
New Screening Procedure on Double Sampling Plan with Fuzzy Parameter Using
Poisson distribution

If the size of sample be large and „p’ is small then the random variable „d‟ has a Poisson
approximation distribution with λ=np. So, the probability for the number of defective items to
be exactly equal to „d’ is:
𝑒 −𝑛𝑝 (𝑛𝑝 )𝑑
𝑃 𝑑 = (5)
𝑑!

and the probability for acceptance of the lot ( 𝑃𝑎 ) is:

𝑐
𝑒 −𝑛𝑝 (𝑛𝑝 )𝑑
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃 𝑑 ≤ 𝑐 = (6)
𝑑=0 𝑑!

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Suppose that we want to inspect a lot with the large size of „N’, such that the proportion of
damaged items is not known precisely. So we represent this parameter with a fuzzy number 𝑝
as follows:
𝑝 = 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑝 ∈ 𝑝 1 , 𝑞 ∈ 𝑞 1 , 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 1.
A DSPNSP sampling plan with a fuzzy parameter if defined by the sample size „n1’,’n21’,
‘n22’ and acceptance number „c1’, „c21’, ‘c22’ and if the number of observation defective
product is less than or equal to „c1’, the lot will be acceptance. If „N’ is a large number, then
the number of defective items in this samples (d1,d21,d22) has a fuzzy Poisson distribution
with parameter 𝜆 = 𝑛𝑝 So the fuzzy probability for the number of defective items in a sample
size that is exactly equal to „d’ is:
𝑃 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝛼 = [𝑃𝐿 𝛼 , 𝑃𝑈 𝛼 ] (7)

𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑑
𝑃𝐿 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 │𝜆 ∈ 𝑛𝑝[𝛼] , (8)
𝑑!

𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑑
𝑃𝑈 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 │𝜆 ∈ 𝑛𝑝[𝛼] (9)
𝑑!

and fuzzy acceptance probability is as follows:

𝑐
𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑑
𝑃𝑎 = │𝜆 ∈ 𝜆[𝛼] =[𝑃𝐿 𝛼 , 𝑃𝑈 𝛼 ]
𝑑=0 𝑑!

𝑐
𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑑
𝑃𝐿 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 │𝜆 ∈ 𝜆[𝛼] ,
𝑑=0 𝑑!
𝑐
𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑑
𝑃𝑈 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 │𝜆 ∈ 𝜆[𝛼]
𝑑=0 𝑑!

OC Band with Fuzzy Parameter

Operating characteristic curve is one of the important criteria in the sampling plan. By
this curve, one could be determined the probability of acceptance or rejection of a lot having
some specific defective items. The OC curve represents the performance of the acceptance
sampling plans by plotting the probability of acceptance a lot versus its production quality,
which is expressed by the proportion of defective items in the lot. OC curve aids in selection
of plans that are effective in reducing risk and indicates discriminating power of the plan.

The fuzzy probability of acceptance a lot in terms of fuzzy fraction of defective items
would be as a band with upper and lower bounds. The uncertainty degree of a proportion
parameter is one of the factors that bandwidth depends on that. The less uncertainty value

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results in less bandwidth, and if proportion parameter gets a crisp value, lower and upper
bounds will become equal, which that OC curve is in classic state. Knowing the uncertainty
degree of proportion parameter and variation of its position on horizontal axis, we have
different fuzzy number (𝑝) and hence we will have different proportion (p) which the OC
bands are plotted in terms of it.

The operating characteristic (OC) curve displays the discriminatory power of the
sampling plan, shows the probability that a lot submitted with a certain fraction defective will
either be accepted or rejected. In a double sampling plan, the decision of acceptance or
rejection of the lot is taken on the basis of two samples. The lot is accepted on the first
sample if the number of defective units (d1) in the first sample is less than the acceptance
number c1. The lot is accepted on the second sample if the number of defective units (d1 + d2)
in both samples is greater than c1 and less than or equal to the acceptance number c2. But in
DSPNSP the second sample is taken even it is not lies in the acceptance region but some
condition. Therefore, if Pa1(p), Pa21(p) and Pa22(p) denote the probabilities of accepting a lot
on the first sample and the second samples, respectively, the probability of accepting a lot of
quality level p is given by:

Pa (p) = Pa1 (p) + Pa21 (p) * Pa22 (p) (10)

𝑐1 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑟 1
Where, Pa1(p) = 𝑟=0 𝑟!
𝑘 𝑟
𝑐2 𝑒 −𝜆 1 𝜆 1 𝑐2 −𝑘 𝑒 −𝜆 2 𝜆 2
Pa21(p) = 𝑘=𝑐1 +1 𝑟=0
𝑘! 𝑟!
𝑟
𝑐2 +1 𝑒 −𝜆 3 𝜆 3
Pa22(p) = 𝑘=𝑐1 𝑟!

Example
With sample size and acceptance number (50;0) for SSP,(50,50;0,1) for DSP and
(50,50,5;0,1,2) for DSPNSP the probability of acceptance in fuzzy for DSPNSP is tabulated in
Table:1.

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Figure 1: OC band for a 𝑫𝑺𝑷𝑵𝑺𝑷 with fuzzy parameter of (n; c) is (50, 50, 5; 0, 1, 2)

0.8

0.6
LB
0.4 UB

0.2

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Table: 1- Probability of Acceptance for DSPNSP (n; c)

n1 = 50, n21=50,n22=5; 𝒄𝟏 = 0, c21=1,c22=2

Li 𝑝 Pa
0 [0,0.01] [1, 0.9097]
0.01 [0.01,0.02] [0.9097, 0.7357]
0.02 [0.02,0.03] [0.7357,0.5578]
0.03 [0.03,0.04] [0.5578, 0.4061]
0.04 [0.04,0.05] [0.4061,0.2873]
0.05 [0.05,0.06] [0.2873, 0.1991]
0.06 [0.06,0.07] [0.1991, 0.1359]
0.07 [0.07,0.08] [0.1359, 0.0915]
0.08 [0.08,0.09] [0.0915, 0.0611]
0.09 [0.09,0.1] [0.0611, 0.0404]
0.1 [0.1,0.11] [0.0404, 0.0265]

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Conclusion

In this article, construction and designing of New Screening Procedure with

reference to double sampling plan using Fuzzy Poisson Distribution for various Fuzzy
Quality Characteristics are studied. These systems are well defined since if the fraction of
defective items is crisp they reduce to classical plans. The uncertainty degree of a proportion
parameter is one of the factors that bandwidth depends on that. The less uncertainty value
results in less bandwidth, and greater uncertainty values results in wider bandwidth. From
this it is suggested that, can adopt this plan to predict the uncertainty level in a easy way
Based on this plan, the better outcome can be achieved in the shop floor situations.

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