MICROPROCESOR ARCHITECTURE-2

Register Organization
• The 8085 microprocessor has various types of registers as
shown below.
• It includes six , 8 – bit registers (B, C, D. E, H and L), one
8-bit Accumulator and two 16-bit registers (SP and PC).
• Also there are two 8-bit temporary registers W and Z.
• These registers W and Z are not
accessible to the user, They are used
by the processor for internal,
intermediate operations.
• These registers B, C, D. E, H
and L are known as general
purpose registers.
 contd
• The registers Stack Pointer and Stack Pointer are known as the speci
purpose Registers.
• So, the total registers are classified into three groups .They are
(i).Temporary registers. (W and Z )
(ii).General purpose registers (B, C, D. E, H and L)
(iii).Special purpose registers. (SP and PC).
• The special purpose registers PC and SP are 16 bit registers.So,
indirectly they indicate that they are mainly associated with
memory address manipulation.
• Because as youknow 8085 is a 8-bit processor with 16 bit-address
bus.
• So , the address of the memory location is always16-bit .
• But a very interesting thing is there are no 16-bit general purpose
registers to hold the address of the memory location.
 contd
• To overcome this limitation, Intel has provided the
feature of Register pairing.
• That is two 8-bitregisters are paired so that they can
store a 16-bt address.
• The admissible register pairs are B-C; D-E and H-L
only. No other pairs are allowed.
• These pair of register are mainly used only during the
times of address accessing .
• At all the other times they are only 8-bit data registers
(B,C,D,E,H and L).
• Let us see this with an example.
• LXI H 8509 ; It means ,load immediately the register
pair H-L with the address 8509.
 contd
• Here L-register is loaded with 09 and H-register is
loaded with address 85H. Here H indicates that the
address is Hexadecimal.
• It is a three byte instruction.(Hex code = 21, 09, 85
(Three bytes)
21 = 0010 0001 8-bits = 1 byte
09 = 0000 1001 8-bits = 1 byte
85 = 1000 0110 8-bits = 1 byte
Total3-bytes
 Program Counter (PC)

• It is a 16-bit special purpose register, which stores

the address of the next instruction to be fetched or
executed.
• The execution of a program is initiated by loading
the PC by the address of the first instruction of the
program.
• Once the first instruction is executed, the PC is
automatically incremented to point to the next
instruction unless a jump to some specific address
occurs.
• This process is repeated till the last instruction of the
program.
•
 contd
• Here the diagram shows the Operation of PC.
 contd
• In case of JUMP or CALL instructions, current dress is stored in the Program
Counter.
• The processor then fetches the next instruction from the new address specified by the
JUMP or CALL instruction. Address HEX – LABEL
CODE
MNEMONIC
OPCODE OPERAND
COMMENTS

8000 21,00,85   LXI H, 8500 INITIALISE H-L PAIR

8003 7E   MOV C,M Count in the C register
8004 23   INX H First number in H-L pair
8005 4E   MOV A,M Move first number in to Accumulator

8006 0D   DCR C Decrement the count

8007 91 LOOP1 INX H Get the next number
8008 BE   CMP M Compare the next number with
previous number
8009 D2   JNC LOOP2 Is next number >previous maximum?
No,go to the loop2
800A 0D        
800B 80        
800C 7E   MOV A,M If,yes move the large number in to
Accumulator
800D 0D LOOP2 DCR C Decrement the count
800E C2   JNZ LOOP1 If count not equal to zero,repeat
800F 07        
8011 80        
8012 78        
8013 32   STA 85XX Store the largest number in the
location 85XX
8014 XX        
8015 85        
8016 76   HLT   Stop the execution
 Stack Pointer (SP)

• It is a 16-bit special purpose register which always

stores the address of top of the Stack. i.e. it always
points to top of the Stack.
• Stack is a part of the memory location used to store
the data temporarily.
• A stack works on Last in First out (LIFO) basis. As
the Stack pointer always points to the top of the
Stack, only top of the Stack of the memory can be
accessed.
• When a Write operation (PUSH) takes place, the
contents of the stack pointer is decremented by two
so that the SP points to the new location.
 Stack Pointer (SP)

• Similarly when the Read operation (POP) occurs,

the Stack pointer is incremented by two to point to
the next data on top of the Stack.
• The Stack Pointer is initialized by load register pair
immediate instruction.
• Ex: LXI SP, 8530 H
Here 8530 H is the 16 bit address of the top of Stack
location.
 Stack

• Stack is a set of memory locations in the Read/Write

memory(RAM), which is used for temporary storage
of binary information during the execution of a
program.
• It is implemented in the Last-in-first-out (LIFO)
manner. i.e., the data written first can be accessed
last.
• The stack may also be used for storing local
variables of subroutine and for the transfer of
parameter addresses to a subroutine.
• This facilitates the implementation of re-entrant
subroutines which is a very important software
property.
 Stack operation
• Operations on stack are performed using the two instructions namely
PUSH and POP.
• The contents of the stack are moved to certain memory locations on
stack after PUSH instruction. Similarly, the contents of the stack are
transferred back to registers by POP instruction.
• For example, let us consider a Stack whose stack top is 4506 H. This
is stored in the 16-bit Stack pointer register as shown below.
• Let us consider two registers (register pair) B & C whose contents are

25 & 62.
Reg. B Reg. C
 contd
• After PUSH operation the status of the Stack is as
shown below.
 contd
• Let us now consider POP operation: The Figs below
explains before and after the POP operation in
detail.
• Ex: POP B
 Temporary Registers
• The two temporary data registers are W register and
Z register. These are 8-bit registers.
• We have already seen in the earlier video that one
temporary data register is associated with the ALU
operations.
• Similarly W and Z are also temporary registers used
to hold 8-bit data during execution of certain
instructions.
• As these registers are internally used by the CPU,
they are not accessible to the user.
• For ex: the W and Z registers are used by the
processor during CALL instruction
 contd
• When a CALL instruction is encountered in any
program, the current Program counter (PC)
contents are pushed on to the stack and the given
address is loaded on to PC.
• The given address is temporarily stored in W and Z
registers and placed on the bus for the fetch cycle.
• Thus the program control is transferred to the
address given in the instruction.
• Another example is, during the execution of
XCHG instruction, the contents of H-L pair are
exchanged with D-E pair.
• At the time of exchange W and Z registers are used
for temporary storage of data.