CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Diabetes is a chronic systemic marked by high levels of sugar in the

blood, the cause of which is either a deficiency in insulin production or altered

cell response to insulin (Black, et al, 2001:1149). Insulin, a hormone produced by

the pancreas, moves sugar or glucose from the blood into the cells where it is

used for growth and energy.

There are two major types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 and type 2

diabetes, previously the former known as “juvenile diabetes” because it was

diagnosed in children and young adults. Type 1 diabetes, however, can develop

at any age. Type 2 diabetes is used to be called adult-onset diabetes” and it

normally occurs and diagnosed on 20 year old and older.

In the Philippines, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is estimated to be

7.1% with frequencies increasing with age. Throughout the world, the prevalence

of type 2 diabetes mellitus increased dramatically in the past two decades. It is

estimated that the number of diabetic patients will grow from 135 million to 439

1
million by 2030. Unfortunately, the major increase would occur in developing

countries. Between 2010 and 2030, there will be 69% increase in numbers of

adults with diabetes in developing countries and a 20% increase in developed

countries.

Hospitalization is both an adverse health event and a marker for serious

health complications and is often predictive of disability. Persons with diabetes

are admitted to hospitals more frequently and experience longer hospital stays

than non-diabetic individuals. Diabetes is considered an ambulatory care-

sensitive condition, and many hospitalizations are potentially preventable. It has

been observed that the pattern of hospital admissions can be used to determine

the effectiveness of outpatient care of diabetes mellitus.

The importance of early detection and management of diabetes to prevent

disease progression, poor health outcomes including early onset of

complications, and increased use of health services is recognized and supported

by policy and practice interventions to improve diabetes care. Yet diabetes

remains a significant reason for preventable contact with the health system.

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Rationale

This study aimed to identify the major causes of hospital admissions

among diabetic patients; profile of diabetics based on age and gender; blood

sugar level and HbA1c of patients upon admission; number of years that patients

suffer from the condition of diabetes mellitus; and, relationship between diabetes,

hypertension and smoking.

The findings would be the basis for providing strategic measures on

preventing major complications that lead to hospital admissions among diabetic

Boholanos.

Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on CHAS SKINNER 4 Theories and Philosophy on

Self-Management Education for Individuals with Diabetics.

Self-Regulation Theory. This theory focuses on individual’s illness

representation or personal model of diabetes as a key determinant of their

behavioral and emotional responses to illness.

3
 Dual Process Theory. This theory on the other hand i s used to

guide the process of education and addressing individual’s current understanding

of diabetes. Dual process theory makes a distinction between heuristic and

systematic processing.

Self-Determination Theory. This focuses on the difference

between controlled and autonomous motivation. Controlled motivation means

doing things for extrinsic reasons, such as making others happy or receiving a

contingent reward. Autonomous motivation, in contrast, means doing things for

intrinsic reasons or for oneself. This type of motivation is predictive of successful

self-care, weight loss, and glycemic control.

Social Learning Theory. Focuses on individuals’ perceptions of their

ability to enact behaviors and follow through on action plans. In psychological

terms, this is referred to as self-efficacy, but it is very similar to the concept of

self-confidence. Self-efficacy has been shown to be one of the most consistent

predictors of successful self-care behavior and has been incorporated into most

health psychology models.

4
Legal bases

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8191 states that “an act prescribing measures for

the prevention and control of diabetes mellitus in the Philippines, providing for the

creation of a National Commission on Diabetes, appropriating funds therefore

and for other purposes.”

The National Commission on Diabetes. – There is hereby created a

National Commission on Diabetes, hereinafter referred to as the "Commission,"

which shall be composed of nine (9) members, as follows: one (1) shall be a

practicing clinical Diabetologist, one (1) shall be a licensed physician involved in

research and education on diabetes, one (1) shall be an epidemiologist, one (1)

shall be a nutritionist with experience in the control of diabetes, one (1) shall be a

social scientist, one (1) shall come from a non-government organization engaged

in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, one (1) shall come from the

academe and one (1) shall be a diabetic with a record of public service in

reducing the impact of the disease on affected individuals and their families.

Related Literature

Data from the compilation made by the American Association of Clinical

Endocrinology Philippine Chapter (AACE), show the following facts:

5
 1. In 2007, the worldwide prevalence rate average about 6%, and is

projected to increase to 7.3% by 2025. (nutrition & diet therapy for

nursing, Adela Jamorabo –Ruiz, Virginia Serranon-Claudio, & Gladys

Galturia-Diamo; 2011)

2. At the rate diabetes cases are increasing in the country, there will be

some 6.16 million diabetic Filipinos by 2030.

3. According to Dr. Joey Miranda, secretary of the American Association

of Clinical Endocrinology-Philippines, there were 3.4 million diabetes

cases in the country in 2010, representing a prevalence rate of 7.7

percent.

4. Citing data from the World Health Organization and International

Diabetes Foundation, Miranda said that by 2030, the prevalence rate is

projected to rise to 8.9 percent or 6.16 million cases. These figures

represent an increase of 15.6 percent and 84.2 percent in prevalence

rate and the number of cases, respectively.

On the other hand, Diabetes Philippines stated that diabetes, however, is

associated with long-term complications like blindness, heart and blood vessel

disease, kidney failure, amputation of limbs, nerve damage, and stroke. Type 2

diabetes accounts for 90 percent of all cases in the Philippines.

Another expert in the field of diabetes, Dr. Elizabeth Paz-Pacheco, former

president of the Philippine Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (PSEM),

6
said to curb the trend and to minimize the ill effects of diabetes, everyone must

“work on prevention and proper management of cases.” According to Dr.

Pacheco, the importance of getting blood sugar as normal as possible is the

utmost goal so that the majority of patients who are diagnosed younger will have

a longer life ahead of them. She added that lifestyle change and adherence to

medication must be observed to prevent complications of diabetes. “It’s really

basically a lifestyle modification,” she stressed.

Patients are therefore encouraged to watch what they eat and work on

something they do regularly. The treatment regimens must also be

“individualized” by doctors to get a “perfect fit” for their patients.

High blood levels of glucose can cause several problems including sudden

vision changes, polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination),

polyphagia (excessive hunger), fatigue tingling or numbness in hands or feet, dry

skin, skin lesions, or wounds that are slow to heal, and recurrent infections (Bare

and Smeltzer, 2004: 1155). Polyuria and polydipsia occur as a result of the

excessive loss of fluid associated with osmotic diuresis while polyphagia results

from the catabolic state induced by the insulin deficiency and the breakdown of

proteins and fats. However, because type 2 diabetes develops slowly, some

people with high blood sugar levels commonly appear in the fifth decade of life

and increase in frequency with advancing age. Age-related changes in

carbohydrate metabolism are associated with poor diet, physical inactivity, a

7
decrease in the lean body mass in which ingested carbohydrate may be stored,

altered insulin secretion, and increase in fat tissue, which increases resistance.

Blood glucose measurements are used in both the diagnosis and

management of diabetes. Diagnostic tests include fasting plasma glucose, casual

plasma glucose, and the oral glucose tolerance test. Capillary or “finger stick”

glucose tests are used for glucose management in people with diagnosed

diabetes. Glycosylated hemoglobin provides a measure of glucose over time, this

is the average blood sugar level for the past 3 months or past 90 days (Porth

2007: 711).

Fasting blood glucose, the sample of which should be drawn when the

client has not ingested any nutrients other than water for 8 to 12 hours, is

diagnostic of diabetes if it is above 125 mg/dl. A casual or random blood glucose

concentration (drawn at any time without client preparation) that is equal to or

above 200 mg/dl in the presence of the classic symptoms of diabetes is

indicative of diabetes mellitus. The oral glucose tolerance test measures the

plasma glucose response to 75 grams of concentrated glucose solution at

selected intervals, usually 1 hour and 2 hours.

Glucose normally attaches itself to the hemoglobin molecule on a red

blood cell. The results of the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) show the average

blood glucose level over the previous three months. The goal of therapy for

8
people with diabetes should be an HbA1c result of less than 7.0% (Porth 2007:

712).

The three major acute complications of diabetes are diabetic ketoacidosis,

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, and hypoglycemia. In type 1 diabetes

mellitus, as the need for cellular fuel becomes more critical, the body begins to

draw on its fat and protein stores for energy. Excessive amounts of fatty acids

are mobilized from adipose tissue cells and transported to the liver. The liver, in

turn, accelerates the rate at which it produces ketone bodies which eventually

accumulate in the blood and are excreted in the urine. Metabolic acidosis

develops. Respirations increase in rate and depth (Kussmaul’s respirations), and

the breath has a “fruity” or acetone-like odor. When the body’s buffer, respiratory

and renal defense systems are depleted the body succumbs to acid overload,

and diabetic coma can ensue (Black, et al, 2001: 1173).

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state is characterized by hyperglycemia,

hyperosmolarity and dehydration, the absence of ketoacidosis, and depression of

the sensorium as the increased serum osmolarity has the effect of pulling water

out of body cells, including brain cells (Porth 2007: 716)

Hypoglycemia (abnormally low blood glucose level) occurs when the blood

glucose falls to less than 50 mg/dl (Bare and Smeltzer 2004: 1178). This can be

caused by too much insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, too little food, or

9
excessive physical activity. The adrenal medulla responds by discharging

epinephrine, which tends to raise blood glucose by converting liver glycogen into

glucose (Crowley 2007: 615). Neurologic manifestations appear because the

nervous system requires glucose to carry out its metabolic processes and begins

to malfunction when deprived of its energy source. Prolonged severe

hypoglycemia may cause permanent brain damage.

Overtime, high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels and nerves.

This damage can cause problems in many areas of the body. Complications of

diabetes are classified into three: macrovascular, microvascular and neuropathic.

Related Studies

A study conducted by Dr. Prabin Adhikari in Nepal yielded the following

results on causes of hospitalization:

Diagnosis N (%)
Urinary Tract Infections 14(20%)
Coronary artery disease/HF 14(20%)
Septicemia 10(14%)
Typhoid Fever 10(14%)
Pneumonia 10(14%)
Admitted for control of blood sugar 10(14%)
Acute Gastroenteritis 8(11%)
PTB 6(8%)
Diabetic Nephropathy 5(7%)
Acute kidney injury 4(5%)

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 Diabetic Retinopathy 3(4%)
Hypoglycemia 3(4%)
Electrolyte imbalance 3(4%)
Peripheral neuropathy 2(2%)
Diabetic ketoacidosis 1(1%)

In another study conducted in Kuwait, it was mentioned that diabetes was

the principal or secondary diagnosis in hospitalizations with cardiovascular

disease and respiratory diseases.

In Nigeria, according to Dr. Baboko Chijioke, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is

a common cause of morbidity with majority presenting hyperglycemia

emergencies, septicemia, diabetic foot syndrome and stroke. The contributory

factors to admission were ignorance, poor hygiene, infections, lack of foot care

and inadequate glycemic control.

Impact of diabetes on hospital admission also presented a study in

Australia by Dr. Elizabeth Jean Comino who demonstrated attenuation of the

associations between both age and obesity and risk of hospitalization by the

presence of diabetes.

Hospitalization occurs more often in diabetic than non-diabetic patients

and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality which prompted Salem

A. Beshyah to conduct further research in United Arab Emirates particularly in

11
Abu Dhabi Tertiary Hospital that yielded the same result proposing that diabetes

is associated with high number of inpatient episodes.

Research Gap

The above-mentioned related studies are relevant to this current study, as

they relate to the impact of diabetes on the risk of hospital admission. However,

the researchers believed that there is a research gap since no study has been

conducted to identify the patterns and causes of hospital admissions among

diabetic patients in the local setting. Hence, the researchers considered to

conduct this study.

THEORIES

Self Regulation Theory

Dual Process Theory

Self Determination Theory

Social Learning Theory

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 INPUT

1. Profile of respondents as to age and

sex

PROCESS

 Statistical Treatment:
Weighted Mean, Composite Mean and Analysis of
Variance
 Summary of Findings, Conclusion and
Recommendation

OUTPUT

Proposed Prevention Measures

FIGURE 1

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study was to obtain the data on the causes of

hospital admission among diabetic patients in Holy Name University Medical

Center.

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 It specifically aimed to answer the following sub-problem;

1. What is the profile of diabetic patients in terms of:

1.1 age

1.2 gender

1.3 number of years the patients suffer the condition

2. What is the blood sugar level and HbA1c of the diabetic patients upon

admission?

3. What are the common causes of hospital admission among diabetic

patients?

4. What is the status of diabetic patients in terms of:

4.1 smoking

4.2 hypertension

5. What recommendation could be proposed based on the findings?

The findings would form the basis for future research and provide strategic

preventive measures against major complications that lead to hospital admission

in diabetics in Bohol.

Null Hypothesis

This study aimed either to accept or reject the following null hypothesis:

14
 There is no significant difference of the causes of hospital admission

among the male and female patients.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The burden of the resources of society brought about by the complications

of diabetes mellitus is enormous and costly. These diabetic complications often

result in patients’ admissions to the hospital. These hospitalizations have been

found to be both adverse health events and markers for serious health

complications and often predictive of disability.

These study aims to benefit the following:

Diabetic patients. To be aware about their condition, to control their blood

sugar level, and to prevent from further complications.

Parents. To have knowledge about the disease and to educate their family

members.

People in (general). To be knowledgeable about how to prevent from

diabetes mellitus.

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 Government sector. To support the proposed program.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Design

This is a descriptive, retrospective study of admitted patients at HOLY

NAME UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER from January 1, 2015 to December 31,

2015. All admitted patients with diabetes mellitus documented as primary or

secondary diagnosis were identified. The computerized record of HNUMC were

accessed for all in-patient admissions (diabetics and non-diabetics) for the period

of January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. Relevant data pertaining to the

patient’s age, gender, type of DM, diagnosis or reason for admissions, CBS level

upon admission, HbA1c, number of years with diabetes, co-morbid condition

such as hypertension and risk factor particularly smoking were noted. Patient

length of hospitalization were identified. Data collected from the record section

were encoded to MS Excel representing the raw data for this study. Graphs and

tables were created from the data gathered.

Environment

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 Holy Name University Medical Center Foundation, Inc. is located inside

the premises of HNU's Dampas Campus. It was initially opened as a 50-bed,

level II hospital with a tertiary level laboratory, but it is geared towards becoming

a level III, or even a level IV health facility with an increase in bed capacity. The

rooms in the hospital are provided with piped-in oxygen, which is generated by

their own BMC oxygen generator--the first in the province.

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 FIGURE 2

LOCATION OF HOLY NAME UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER INC.

Study Population

All admitted patients at HNUMCI hospital with diabetes mellitus as primary

or secondary diagnoses were identified.

Instrument

The computerized record of HNUMC were accessed for all in-patient

admissions (diabetics and non-diabetics) for the period of January 1, 2015 to

December 2015.

Data Gathering Procedure

The group went to the office of the CEO of HNUMC to ask permission

regarding the use of the in-patient hospital records as research data. A copy of

the final research protocol was submitted to the CEO’s office together with the

letter of request. Upon approval of the request, we were directed to the medical

records section of the hospital and introduced to the person-in-charge who

18
assisted us in our data collection. Data collected from the record section were

encoded to MS Excel representing the raw data for this study. Gathered data

were collated in tables for easier numerical comprehension. They were

statistically treated for further analysis and interpretation. The findings became

the bases for the conclusions, corresponding recommendations, and proposed

intervention measures.

Statistical Treatment

Simple percentage. Simple percentage formula was used in computing

the frequency on the demographic profile of the diabetic patients in terms of age

and gender.

The formula was P = F/N (x 100%)

Where: P = percentage f = frequency N = number of patients

Chi-Square. To determine the significant degree of relationship between

the level of HbA1c and the patient’s demographic profile; the relationship

between patient risk factors (smoking and hypertension) and causes of hospital

admission, the data were subjected to Chi-Square test using the formula

X2 = ∑ (f0 – fe)2
19
 fe

where:

X2 = correlation coefficient

f0 = observed frequency

fe = expected frequency

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following are few terms, which need definition in order for the readers

to understand the research.

Arthritis

Painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.

Asthma

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 A common lung disorder in which inflammation causes the bronchi to swell

and narrow the airways, creating breathing difficulties that may range from mild

to life-threatening. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and

chest tightness.

Atherosclerosis

A condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to

excessive build-up of plaque around the artery wall. The disease disrupts the

flow of blood around the body, posing serious cardiovascular complications.

Blood Glucose Monitoring

This refers to the regular checking of glucose level through capillary blood

sugar test.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchial tubes. It typically

causes bronchospasm and coughing.

Cancer

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 The disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part

of the body.

Cardiovascular

Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and

blood vessels.

CBS (Capillary Blood Sugar)

The level of circulating blood glucose as measured by glucometer analysis

of a finger stick sample. Regular measurements of CBG allow diabetic patients to

make frequent adjustments in their caloric intake, exercise levels, and use of

antidiabetic medications.

Cerebrovascular

Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain.

Consultation

This refers to regular check-up or assessment of present condition by the

physician.

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Cough

Expel air from the lungs with a sudden sharp sound.

Diabetes Mellitus

A metabolic disorder in which the body does not produce or properly use

insulin leading to increased levels of glucose in the blood.

Diabetes as primary diagnosis

The primary condition/reason why the patient sought admission.

Diabetes as secondary diagnosis

A diabetic patient admitted primarily for medical/surgical conditions other

than diabetes.

Diabetic Neuropathy

Is a type of nerve damage that can occur if you have diabetes. High blood

sugar (glucose) can injure nerve fibers throughout your body, but diabetic

neuropathy most often damages nerves in your legs and feet.

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Diabetic Person

A person diagnosed with diabetes mellitus at Holy Name University

Medical Center.

Diet

This pertains to the prescription of food that is required by a patient or is

permitted to him/her by the physician.

Dizziness

A term used to describe a range of sensations, such as feeling faint,

woozy, weak or unsteady.

Episodes

Number of admitted cases/patients.

Exercise

This refers to the quality or state of being active and the therapeutic use of

a variety of activities.

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FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)

A determination of blood glucose levels after an 8 hour period of fasting.

Fever

An abnormally high body temperature, usually accompanied by shivering,

headache, and in severe instances, delirium.

Gastritis

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.

HBA1C

This refers to glycated hemoglobin (A1c), which identifies average plasma

glucose concentration for the past 3 months or 90 days.

Hospital Admission

Person admitted in Holy Name University Medical Center.

Hospitalization

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 The act of placing a person in a hospital as a patient.

Hyperglycemia

An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the circulating blood, seen

especially in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the blood.

Hypertension

Hypertension is high blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood

pushing against the walls of arteries as it flows through them. Arteries are the

blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues.

Hypoglycemia

An abnormally low concentration of glucose in the circulating blood.

Pneumonia

26
 Lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air

sacs fill with pus and may become solid. Inflammation may affect both lungs

(double pneumonia), one lung (single pneumonia), or only certain lobes.

Sepsis

The presence in tissues of harmful bacteria and their toxins, typically

through infection of a wound.

Skin and Soft Tissue Infection

These are ubiquitous and most common of infections which reflect

inflammatory microbial invasion of the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues.

Smoker

A person who smokes tobacco.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a total

lack of insulin. Occurs when the body's immune system attacks the insulin-

producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. The pancreas then

27
produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops most often in young

people but can appear in adults.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A type of diabetes mellitus characterized by insulin resistance in

appropriate hepatic glucose production and impaired insulin secretion. Onset is

usually after 40 years of age but can occur at any age, including during childhood

and adolescence.

UTI (Urinary Tract Information)

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary

system — your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the

lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.

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 CHAPTER II

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data based upon the results of the data. The data gathered herein presented,

analyzed and interpreted in the light of the various aspects of the problem.

Monthly Admission

Table I shows that more patients were admitted in the 2 nd to the 3rd quarter

of 2015 compared to the 1st and 4th quarters

29
 TABLE I

MONTHLY ADMISSION

N = 375

MONTH ADMISSION
JAN 28
FEB 28
MAR 29
APR 24
MAY 40
JUN 32
JUL 41
AUG 39
SEP 39
OCT 24
NOV 27
DEC 24
TOTAL 375

Hereunder is the graph of the monthly admission of the patients for clearer

and speedy glance.

30
 GRAPH I

As viewed from the graph above, there are 41 percent of admitted patients

for the month of July which ranked as the highest; 24 percent for the month of

April, October and December which ranked as the less number of admitted

patients.

Profile of Diabetic Patients

31
 Looking into the demographic characteristics of the subjects, it was noted

that there was no difference in the total number of male and female subjects.

TABLE II – A

PROFILE OF DIABETIC PATIENTS

N = 375375

POPULATION
AGE GROUP MALE FEMALE TOTAL
93-up 2 5 7
84-92 12 9 21
75-83 22 38 60
66-74 56 61 117
57-65 35 42 77
48-56 37 23 60
39-47 16 3 19
30-38 3 7 10
21-29 2 0 2
12-20 2 0 2
TOTAL 187 188 375

Below is the graph of Table II-A.

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 GRAPH II A

The age group of 66-74 made up the bulk of admitted patients with

diabetes mellitus as diagnosis constituting about 55% of the total number of

admitted patients, followed by 57-65 age group at 21%, 48-56 age group at 16%

and 12-47 age group at 10%. These findings signify that age between 66-74 may

be a risk factor for hospitalization compared to the younger age group. Only few

patients above the 80 age group were admitted. This may signify that less

patients reached that age group or they were not able to reach the hospital or

were not admitted by their “significant others” for any reason.

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Life Years with Diabetes Mellitus

The table below showed the life years with diabetes mellitus. The longer

the duration with diabetes, the more they are at risk for diabetic complications.

TABLE II – B

LIFE YEARS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS

N = 375

YEARS with DM / DM Years %

55-above 1 0%

49-54 0 0%

43-48 0 0%

37-42 3 1%

31-36 11 3%

25-30 15 4%

19-24 27 7%

13-18 55 15%

7-12 129 34%

1-6 116 31%

unknown 18 5%

TOTAL 375

Below is the Graph of Table II-B

34
 GRAPH II B

As viewed from the graph above, 34 percent of the subject had a

duration of diabetes from 7 to 12 years; 31 percent with 1 to 6 years with

diabetes; 15 percent with 13-18 years with diabetes; 37 to 42 which

ranked as the lowest.

HbA1c Level of Diabetic Patient

The table showed the glycosylated level of the patients. The glycosylated

hemoglobin (Hba1C) has been used as a marker for blood sugar control. The

35
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) recommended that the

goal Hba1C is 6.5% and below. It also stipulated that the higher the Hba1C the

higher is the risk for diabetic complications

TABLE III – A

HBA1c LEVEL OF DIABETIC PATIENT

N = 375

HbA1c

LEVEL ANALYSIS # OF PATIENTS %

ABOVE 6.5 UNCONTROLLED 231 62%

BELOW 6.5 CONTROLLED 144 38%

TOTAL 375

Hereunder is the graph of HbA1c level of the patients for clearer and speedy

glance.

36
 GRAPH III A

The graph showed that majority of the admitted diabetic patients

were uncontrolled. (About 62% of the total admitted diabetic patients had

an Hba1c of more than 6.5%).

37
Blood Glucose Level of Diabetic Patient

The table showed the blood glucose level of the diabetic patients. A

random blood glucose test using capillary blood glucose (CBG) is

recommended for monitoring of blood sugar levels. AACE recommended

that the value of less than 140mg/dl as the target goal.

TABLE III – B

BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF DIABETIC PATIENT

N = 375

BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL

LEVEL ANALYSIS # OF PATIENTS %

ABOVE 140 UNCONTROLLED 278 74%

BELOW 140 CONTROLLED 97 26%

TOTAL 375

38
Below is the graph of Table III-B

GRAPH III B

This study demonstrated that the majority of the patients have high

random blood sugar level upon admission in the hospital. About 74% had

an initial test result of more than 140mg/dl vs. 26% with blood sugar level

below 140mg/dl.

39
 Common Causes of Hospital Admission

The table showed the common causes of hospital admission of the

diabetic patients in the Holy Name University Medical Center.

TABLE IV

COMMON CAUSES OF HOSPITAL ADMISSION

N = 375

No. Reason for Admission Number of Cases Percentage Number of days

1 CARDIOVASCULAR 66 18% 5.8
2 PNEUMONIA 49 13% 5.7
3 HYPERTENSION 43 11% 3.8
4 FEVER/UTI 22 6% 5.7
5 GASTRITIS/GASTROENTERITIS 19 5% 3.4
6 SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTION 19 5% 5.9
7 COPD/cough 13 3% 6.8
8 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 8 2% 6.5
9 DIZZINESS 8 2% 3.7
10 HYPERGLYCEMIA 8 2% 5.8
11 SEPTIC SHOCK/SEPSIS 8 2% 6.6
12 CEREBROVASCULAR 7 2% 4.4
13 ARTHRITIS 6 2% 4.2
14 ASTHMA 6 2% 4
15 DIABETIC NEUROPATHY 6 2% 4.3
16 KIDNEY/LIVER DISEASE 6 2% 6.9
17 BODY PAINS 6 2% 5.6
18 BRONCHITIS 5 1% 5
19 VERTIGO/VOMITTING/WEAKNESS 5 1% 3.6
20 ABDOMINAL PAIN 3 1% 8
21 CANCER 4 1% 5.7
22 EPIGASTRIC PAIN 4 1% 3.8
23 STOMACHACHE/UTERINE BLEEDING 4 1% 5.2 40
24 BELL'S PALSY 3 1% 3.6
25 DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY 3 1% 10.6
26 HEAD INJURY/HEADACHE 3 1% 6
27 HYPOGLYCEMIA 3 1% 4
29 BLEEDING 2 1% 5.5
30 BPH 2 1% 8.5

41
 # Reason for Admission Number of Cases Percentage Number of days
31 CHOLELITHIASIS 2 1% 3.5
32 DENGUE 2 1% 2.5
33 DYSNEA 2 1% 20.5
34 FATTY LIVER DISEASE 2 1% 3
35 FLANK PAIN 2 1% 8.5
36 RHINITITIS/SINUSITIS 2 1% 3.5
37 CHOLECYSTITIS 1 0% 4
38 COLIC 1 0% 3
39 CONSTIPATION 1 0% 3
40 DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS 1 0% 4
41 DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS 1 0% 15
42 DIVERTICOLITIS 1 0% 3
43 DROWSINESS 1 0% 4
44 DYSPEPSIA 1 0% 4
45 EDEMA 1 0% 5
46 ELCTROLYTE IMBALANCE 1 0% 2
47 EPISTAXIS 1 0% 4
48 ESOPHAGITIS 1 0% 3
49 INTESTINAL BLEEDING 1 0% 4
50 LOSS OF APPETITE 1 0% 6
51 RESPIRATORY FAILURE 1 0% 9
52 SEIZURE 1 0% 4
TOTAL 375

Below is the graph of Table IV

42
 GRAPH IV

In this study, majority of the admitted patients were diagnosed as

having cardiovascular conditions comprising 65-70% of the total admitted

diabetics. Pneumonia ranked 2 nd at 50% and hypertension as third at

about 43%. There was not much difference in numbers with UTI,

gastroenteritis, skin & soft tissue infections and COPD. Chronic kidney

disease, dizziness and hyperglycemia as reasons for admission were less

than 10%.

43
Status of Patients in Terms of Smoking

This table showed the status of patients in terms of smoking. Smoking is

one of the risk factor for diabetic complications.

TABLE V – A

STATUS OF PATIENT IN TERMS OF SMOKING

N-375

Risk Factor Patient Percentage Rank

Smoker 248 66% 1

Non-smoker 127 34% 2

Total 375

Hereunder is the graph V-A of smoker vs. nonsmoker patients for clearer and

speedy glance.

44
 GRAPH V-A

The graph showed above that most of the diabetic patients were smoker

about 66 percent of the total number of the patients. While 34 percent were non-

smoker.

Status of Patients in Terms of Hypertension

45
 The table showed below the status of the patients in terms of

hypertension. Hypertension is one of the causative factors for diabetic

complications that leads to hospitalization.

TABLE V – B

STATUS OF PATIENT IN TERMS OF HYPERTENSION

N-375

Risk Factor Patient Percentage Rank

HYPERTENSIVE 254 68% 1

NON-HPN 121 32% 2

Total 375
Below is the graph of Table V-B

46
 GRAPH V-B

The graph V-B showed that 68% of the patients were hypertensive.

While 32 percent were non-hypertensive. The more patients were

hypertensive the more they are at risk for diabetic complications which

leads them to hospitalization.

47
Relationship between Gender to Common Causes of Hospitalization

The table showed below the relationship between gender to common

causes of hospitalization. The first column showed the top 10 causes of

hospitalization, then followed by number of cases. The red signifies the expected

frequency, the blue signify the Chi-square result, and the middle part is the

observed frequency.

TABLE VI – A

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER TO COMMON CAUSES OF

HOSPITALIZATION

48
Top 10 Causes of Hospitalization No. of Cases Male Female
31.06 34.94
1. CARDIOVASCULAR 88 34 32
0.279 0.248
23.06 25.94
2. PNEUMONIA 49 19 30
0.714 0.635
20.24 22.76
3. HYPERTENSION 43 19 24
0.075 0.067
10.35 11.65
4. FEVER/UTI 22 8 14
5.35 0.475
8.94 10.06
5. GASTRITIS/GASTROENTERITIS 19 12 7
1.046 0.93
8.94 10.06
6. SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTION 19 11 8
0.474 0.421
6.12 6.88
7. COPD/COUGH 13 8 5
0.579 0.515
3.76 4.24
8. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 8 1 7
2.03 1.805
3.76 4.24
9. DIZZINESS 8 4 4
3.76 0.013
3.76 4.24
10. HYPERGLYCEMIA 8 4 4
0.015 0.013

X2 = 10.885

Critical Value of X2 at .05 = 16.919

Result = Insignificant

Ho = Accepted

The findings of the Chi-Square formula showed that the correlation

coefficient (X2) is 10.885 which the critical value below X 2 at .05 = 16.919.

The result is insignificant, therefore there’s no difference between the

49
gender of the patient with regards of having diabetes mellitus. The null

hypothesis is accepted.

50
 CHAPTER III

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the entire investigation of this research

study. The first part summarizes the findings of the study while the second

part gives the conclusions, recommendation and proposed prevention

program.

SUMMARY

The Problem and Research Design

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study is to obtain the data on the causes of

hospital admission among diabetic patients in Holy Name University Medical

Center.

51
 The specific questioned to be answered were: 1.) What is the profile of the

diabetic patients in the context of age, gender and number of years of the

patients suffer the condition? 2.) What is the blood sugar level and Hba1c of the

patients upon admission?; 3) What are the common causes of hospital admission

among diabetic?; 4)What is the status of diabetic patients in terms of smoking

and hypertension?;

Null Hypothesis

This study aimed either to accept or reject the following null hypothesis:

There is no significant difference of the causes of hospital admission among the

male and female patients.

Research Design

This is a descriptive, retrospective study of admitted patients at HOLY

NAME UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER from January 1, 2015 to December 31,

2015. All admitted patients with diabetes mellitus documented as primary or

secondary diagnosis will be identified. The computerized record of HNUMC will

be accessed for all in-patient admissions (diabetics and non-diabetics) for the

period of January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. Relevant data pertaining to the

patient’s age, gender, type of DM, diagnosis or reason for admissions, CBS level

52
upon admission, HbA1c, number of years with diabetes, co-morbid condition

such as hypertension and risk factor particularly smoking will be noted. Patient

length of hospitalization will also be identified. Data collected from the record

section will be encoded to MS Excel representing the raw data for this study.

Graphs and tables will be created from the data gathered.

The group went to the office of the CEO of HNUMC to ask for permission

regarding the use of the in-patient hospital records as research data. A copy of

the final research protocol was submitted to the CEO’s office together with the

letter of request. Upon approval of the request we were directed to the medical

records section of the hospital and introduced to the person-in-charge who

assisted us in our data collection. They were statistically treated for further

analysis and interpretation. The findings became the bases for the conclusions,

corresponding recommendations, and proposed intervention measures.

53
 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

Respondents Profile

The profile of the diabetic patients at Holy Name University Medical

Center was probed as regards to age, gender and number years with

diabetes.

It was found out that majority of the patients were in the age group

of 66-74 at about 55percent of the total admitted diabetic patients. Of

these age group 61 were females and 56 were males. There were 187

total number of males vs. 188 total number of female subjects.

Duration of diabetes was also considered in this study since it is an

established fact that the longer the duration of the condition from

diagnosis, the higher is the risk for diabetes complications. This study

demonstrated that a significant number of patients were diabetic for 7-12

years comprising about 34 percent of the total number of study subjects.

Followed by 1 to 6 years about 31 percent and 13 to 18 years about 15

percent.

Smoking history was considered in this study as a variable for risk

of hospitalization. It was shown that majority of the subjects were smoker,

at 66% of the total subjects.

54
 Hypertension is an established risk factor. In this study, majority of

the subjects were hypertensive, at 68% of the total study subjects.

Causes for Admission

Cardiovascular problem was the leading cause of hospitalization at

18% followed by pneumonia (13%) and hypertension (11%). There was no

significant difference in the number of patients with UTI (6%),

gastrointestinal (5%), and skin & soft tissue infections (5%). Symptomatic

hyperglycemia comprised only 2% of the entire subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

From the foregoing findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The respondents profile give the following results: most of the respondents

were at the age group of 66 to 74 constituting about 55 percent of the total

number of the admitted patients maybe a risk factor for hospitalization

compared to the younger age group. Only few patients above the 80 age

group were admitted. This may signify that less patients reached that age

group or they were not able to reached the hospital or were not admitted

by their significant others for any reasons.

55
2. There were 187 total number of males vs. 188 total number of female

subjects.

3. About 62 percent of the total admitted diabetic patients had an Hba1c of

more than 6.5 percent.

4. This study demonstrated that the majority of the patients have high

random blood sugar level upon admission in the hospital. About 74% had

an initial test result of more than 140mg/dl vs. 26% with blood sugar level

below 140mg/dl.

5. In this study, majority of the admitted patients were diagnosed as having

cardiovascular conditions comprising 65-70% of the total admitted

diabetics. Pneumonia ranked 2 nd at 50% and hypertension as third at

about 43%. There was not much difference in numbers with UTI,

gastroenteritis, skin & soft tissue infections and COPD. Chronic kidney

disease, dizziness and hyperglycemia as reasons for admission were less

than 10%.

6. It was found out that most of the diabetic patients were smoker about 66

percent of the total number of the patients. While 34 percent were non-

smoker.

7. It was also found out we that 68% of the patients were hypertensive. While

32 percent were non-hypertensive. The more patients were hypertensive

the more they are at risk for diabetic complications which leads them to

hospitalization.

56
 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following

are suggested:

1. High level of diabetes education for the newly diagnosed patients must

be done.

2. Diabetes educator that is trained should work hand and hand with a

Diabetologist and other healthcare professionals.

3. Conduct weekly lectures about diabetes until the patients demonstrate

physical as well as technical know how about the disease.

4. Establish a support group for the significant family members to assess

patient home care and way of life that can further enhance their

diabetes self – management.

5. Conduct a barangay lecture about the effect of hypertension and

smoking which are the risk factor of diabetes mellitus.

6. Give flyers to the community about diabetes mellitus.

7. Diabetic patient should know how to control blood sugar and manage

the hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

8. The school canteen is recommended to minimize selling sweet foods

and soft drinks.

57
 9. A copy of the study will be given to Fr. Michael P. Tangente, SVD

Chief Executive Officer of holy name medical center, CHMTN Dean

and Department of health for the information dissemination.

10. Further study regarding diabetes mellitus government sectors

particularly the department of health is highly recommended to support

this research.

PROPOSED DIABETES INTERVENTION PROGRAM

Introduction and Rationale

Diabetes mellitus is a costly, complex, and devastating chronic illness that

poses a major public health problem. It is the seventh leading cause of death in

the U.S. and ninth here in the Philippines. It is a major cause of lower limb

amputations, blindness, and kidney disease. It is also a major contributor to high

blood pressure, heart disease, stroke and infection.

The number of people with diabetes is increasing due to aging, growth,

urbanization as well as people with obesity and lack of physical activities. The

WHO report said that diabetes prevalence for all age-groups worldwide was

estimated to be 4.4% in 2030. Much of the health and economic burden of

diabetes-related complications can be averted through known prevention and

58
treatment measures. Training the patient in self-care management is integral to

the treatment of diabetes.

Goal

Recognizing that diabetes has become a common, life-threatening, and

costly disease, this care program is proposed anchored on the following goals:

 To enhance patients and family members’ knowledge of

diabetes mellitus

 To reduce the number of people with medical complications

resulting from the said condition

 To strengthen skills necessary to modify behavior for

effectively self-manage DM

 To promote high quality care by family members for optimum

health promotion thereby delivering high quality of lives

among diabetic patients

Mechanics of the Implementation

The implementation of this proposed diabetes education program would

follow the following steps:

59
  A copy of the research study and the proposed intervention

program will be given to the known Diabetes Specialist

 A coordination with PADE-Cebu/Bohol (Philippine Association of

Diabetes Educators) will be conducted prior to the implementation

of the proposed program.

Schedule of Implementation

The schedule suggested in the program is only indicative. PADE, Diabetes

Philippines and ADNEP (Association of Diabetes Nurse Educator of the

Philippines) may hold series of consultations to thresh out the matter and for

proper scheduling. The implementation of the program should be on the basis of

participatory management.

60
BIBLIOGRAPHY

61
 Book References

ADA/PDR MEDICATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES John

R. White, Jr. PharmD, PA and R, Keith Campbell, PharmB MBA, CDE

STANDARDS OF MEDICAL CARE IN DIABETES , ADA

LIFE WITH DIABETES, 5th Edition, Michigan Diabetes Research and

Training Center

ENDOCRINE PRACTICE, American Association of Clinical Endocrinology

Researches

Common reason for hospitalization among adult patients with diabetes

in private medical college in Kathmandu, Adhikari P., Pathak UN,

Subedi

Common reasons for hospitalizations among adult patients with

diabetes, Cook CB, Tsui C, Ziemer DC, Naylor DB, Miller WJ

Reason for hospitalizations in adults with diabetes in Kuwait, Afaf MS,

Al-Adsani, Kholouda A. Abdulla

Internet References

http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/content/24/2/71.full

http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/caring

http://www.endocrinologist.com

http://doh.gov.ph

62
APPENDIX

63
 APPENDIX

UNIVERSITY OF BOHOL
City of Tagbilaran
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT, TOURISM, & NUTRITION

12 August 2016

Fr. Michael P. Tangente, SVD.

Chief Executive Officer
HOLY NAME UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER
Janssen Heights, Dampas District,
Tagbilaran City

Cc:
Angelito A. Lechago, MD.
Medical Director
HOLY NAME UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER
Janssen Heights, Dampas District,
Tagbilaran City

Dear Fr. Tangente,

Greetings!!!

In line with the research requirement for the 4th Year BS Nutrition and Dietetics
Students, the undersigned respectfully requests your good office to allow the
64
following students to conduct research on the common causes of hospital
admission among diabetic clients in Tagbilaran City and relevant data needed,
for the period of January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015, to wit:

1. DELOS SANTOS, REYNALDO G.

2. DORIA, RONETH R.
3. DOGOY, GEIZIL
4. BORJA, JESIEL
5. OLAN-OLAN, JODEN A.
6. SAMACO, GRACE VIDA Q.

Assistance from your end to this academic endeavor is highly appreciated.

Thank you.

Very truly yours,

REINALDA JOSEPHINE O. GAMUTAN, Ph D

Class Adviser

MARIA ASUNCION LAXA BERSABAL, Ph D

Dean

65
CURRICULUM VITAE

66
 LEVONAH JESIEL R. BORJA

Home Address: Habitat Bool, Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Mobile Nos. 0912 731 2010
Email: chrisjie10@yahoo.com

PERSONAL DATA:

DATE OF BIRTH : December 25, 1995

PLACE OF BIRTH : Tagbilaran City, Bohol
AGE : 21
CIVIL STATUS : Single
SEX : Female
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
HEIGHT : 5’3
WEIGHT : 44 kg
RELIGION : Pentecostal
SPECIAL SKILLS : Playing Guitar and Singing
FATHER : Manny Borja
OCCUPATION : Business Man
MOTHER : Lotes Borja
OCCUPATION : Housewife

67
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics

University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City

SECONDARY : Dr. Cecilio Putong National High School

CPG Avenue, Tagbilaran City (2011-2012)

ELEMENTARY : Cogon Elementary School

Cogon District, Tagbilaran City (2007-2008)

68
 Reynaldo G. Delos Santos

Home Address: P. Castillo St.,Dao District, Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Mobile Nos. 0917 707 0472
Email: reydelossantos@yahoo.com

PERSONAL DATA:

DATE OF BIRTH : July 4, 1972

PLACE OF BIRTH : San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan
AGE : 44
CIVIL STATUS : Married
SEX : Male
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
HEIGHT : 5’ 4’’
WEIGHT : 68 kg
Tax ID : 161-068-884

SSS ID : 33-377-3040-6

PHIC ID : 19-052312190-5

DRIVER’S LICENSE NO. : C07-94-111150

RELIGION : Roman Catholic

69
 SPOUSE : Dr. Lalaine Booc-delos Santos

FATHER : Felipe Delos Santos +

MOTHER : Lerma Delos Santos
OCCUPATION : Housewife

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics

University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City

: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Dr. Yanga’s F.B. Colleges, Bocaue

Bulacan (April 1993)

SECONDARY : Bulacan Standard Academy

San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan (1985)

ELEMENTARY : Gaya-gaya Elementary School

San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan (1979)

WORK EXPERIENCE

Company Name : BOHOL CENTER for DIABETES CARE

70
Position : SITE STUDY COORDINATOR /

DIABETES EDUCATOR

Specialization : Research Coordinator for Phase III Clinical Trials

Industry : Research

Date Joined : May 30, 2009

Career Highlights : Completed 4 Trials

Company Name : NOVARTIS HEALTHCARE PHILS., INC

Position : Professional Medical Representative

Specialization : Sales and Promotion

Industry : Pharmaceuticals

Date Joined : July 4, 2006

Career Highlights : Most Outstanding MR of the Year 2007

Diovan Product Champion 2007

Co-Diovan Product Champion 2007

STAR of the QUARTER Q1-2007

STAR of the QUARTER Q3-2007

STAR of the QUARTER Q4-2007

BRIGHTEST STAR 2007

ISE-International Sales Excellence Award (Basel,

Switzerland) 2008

Company Name : Fast Distribution Corporation, Tagbilaran Branch

Position : Branch Sales and Operation Manager

Specialization : Distribution, Sales, and Business Development

71
Industry : Consumer Distributor (Nestle Products)

Date Joined : March 1, 2004

Career Highlights : Business Improvement and People Development

Area Best and Champion Distributor 2005

(Grocery Division)

Nestea National Highest Growth Award 2005

(Food Services Division)

Company Name : Pfizer, Inc.

Position : District Manager

Specialization : Sales, Marketing and Business Development

Industry : Pharmaceuticals

Date Joined : October 15, 1995

Career Highlights : Feldene Highest Sales (1996)

Highest Sales Growth (1997)

Zithromax Product Champion (1998)

No Detail, No Call Award (1999)

District Manager/Specialist PHR Pool (2000)

Sales Achievers Award (2001)

Product Sales Achievers Award (2002)

MRAP 1st Batch Achiever

Company Name : JM Tolmann Laboratories

Position : Sales Coordinator

72
Specialization : Sales, Marketing and Business Development

Industry : Pharmaceuticals

Date Joined : November 1994

Career Highlights : Able to expand business in the hospital category

Company Name : San Miguel Medical Center

Position : Staff Nurse

Specialization : Patient care and Hospital Management

Industry : Health

Date Joined : November 1993

Company Name : Jollibee Food Corporation (Crescent Food)

Position : Store Marketing Assistant

Specialization : Customer relation and in-store promotion

Industry : Fastfood Industry

Date Joined : June 1993

Career Highlights : Best in Customer Relation

73
 GEIZIL DOGOY

Home Address: Hanopol Este, Balilihan, Bohol

Mobile Nos. 0910 941 6945
Email: geizil.dogoy@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA:

DATE OF BIRTH : November 15, 1995

PLACE OF BIRTH : Tagbilaran City
AGE : 20
CIVIL STATUS : Single
SEX : Female
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
HEIGHT : 4’7’’
WEIGHT : 75 kg
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
SPECIAL SKILLS : Playing Volleyball and Dancing
FATHER : Eugene Telmo
OCCUPATION : Tricycle Driver
MOTHER : Lita Dogoy
OCCUPATION : Government Employee

74
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics

University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City

SECONDARY : Hanopol National High School

Sto. Niño, Balilihan, Bohol (2011-2012)

ELEMENTARY : Hanopol Elementary School

Hanopol Este, Balilihan, Bohol (2007-2008)

75
 RONETH R. DORIA

Home Address: Poblacion, Corella, Bohol

Mobile Nos. 0946 379 9643
Email: iamroneth@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA:

DATE OF BIRTH : March 20, 1996

PLACE OF BIRTH : Taloto District, Tagbilaran City
AGE : 20
CIVIL STATUS : Single
SEX : Female
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
HEIGHT : 4’9’’
WEIGHT : 55 kg
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
SPECIAL SKILLS : Singing and Dancing
FATHER : Isauro D. Doria Jr.
OCCUPATION : Carpenter
MOTHER : Marina R. Doria,
OCCUPATION : Housewife

76
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics

University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City

SECONDARY : Corella High School

Poblacion, Corella, Bohol (2011-2012)

ELEMENTARY : Corella Central Elementary School

Poblacion, Corella, Bohol (2007-2008)

77
 JODEN A. OLAN-OLAN

Home Address: Poblacion, Anda, Bohol

Mobile Nos. 0939 163 4176

Email: jodentaba@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA:

DATE OF BIRTH : November 30, 1994

PLACE OF BIRTH : Kamuning, Quezon City
AGE : 21
CIVIL STATUS : Single
SEX : Female
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
HEIGHT : 5”
WEIGHT : 58 kg
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
SPECIAL SKILLS : Singing and Playing Guitar
FATHER : Jonas P. Olan-Olan
OCCUPATION : Seaman
MOTHER : Edna A. Olan-Olan
OCCUPATION : OFW

78
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics

University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City

SECONDARY : Holy Infant Academy

Poblacion, Anda, Bohol (2010-2011)

ELEMENTARY : Anda Central Elementary School

Poblacion, Anda, Bohol (2006-2007)

79
 GRACE VIDA Q. SAMACO

Home Address: Lipata Pres. Carlos P. Garcia, Bohol

Mobile Nos. 0948 017 7997

Email: Samacograce2014@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA:

DATE OF BIRTH : July 24, 1995

PLACE OF BIRTH : Tagbilaran City
AGE : 21
CIVIL STATUS : Single
SEX : Female
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
HEIGHT : 4’8’’
WEIGHT : 60
RELIGION : UCCP
SPECIAL SKILLS : Playing Volleyball and Cooking
FATHER : Valeriano M. Samaco Jr.
OCCUPATION : Administration Aid
MOTHER : Marcelita Q. Samaco
OCCUPATION : Teacher

80
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics

University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City

SECONDARY : Aguining National High School

Aguining Pres. Carlos P. Garcia, Bohol (2010-

2011)

ELEMENTARY : Lipata Elementary School

Lipata Pres. Carlos P. Garcia, Bohol (2006-

(2007)

81