Complex Problems

Complex variable
solved problems
Pavel Pyrih
11:03 May 29, 2012
( public domain )
Contents
1 Residue theorem problems 2
2 Zero Sum theorem for residues problems 76
3 Power series problems 157
Acknowledgement. The following problems were solved using my own procedure

in a program Maple V, release 5. All possible errors are my faults.
1
1 Residue theorem problems
We will solve several problems using the following theorem:
Theorem. (Residue theorem) Suppose U is a simply connected open subset

of the complex plane, and w1 , . . . ,wn are finitely many points of U and f is a
function which is defined and holomorphic on U \ {w1 , . . . , wn }. If ϕ is a simply
closed curve in U contaning the points wk in the interior, then
I k
X
f (z) dz = 2πi res (f, wk ) .
ϕ k=1
The following rules can be used for residue counting:
Theorem. (Rule 1) If f has a pole of order k at the point w then

1 (k−1)
res (f, w) = lim (z − w)k f (z) .
(k − 1)! z→w
Theorem. (Rule 2) If f, g are holomorphic at the point w and f (w) 6= 0. If

g(w) = 0, g 0 (w) 6= 0, then

f f (w)
res ,w = 0 .
g g (w)
Theorem. (Rule 3) If h is holomorphic at w and g has a simple pole at w, then

res (gh, w) = h(w) res (g, w).
2
We will use special formulas for special types of problems:
Theorem. ( TYPE I. Integral from a rational function in sin and cos.) If

Q(a, b) is a rational function of two complex variables such that for real a, b,
a2 + b2 = 1 is Q(a, b) finite, then the function

z + 1/z z − 1/z
T (z) := Q , /(iz)
2 2i
is rational, has no poles on the real line and

Z 2π X
Q(cos t, sin t) dt = 2πi · res (T, a) .
0 |a|<1, T (a)=∞
Example
Z 2π
1
dx
0 2 + cos(x)
3
Theorem. ( TYPE II. Integral from a rational function. ) Suppose P, Q are
polynomial of order m, n respectively, and n − m > 1 and Q has no real roots.
P
Then for the rational function f = Q holds
Z +∞ X
f (x) dx = 2πi res (f, wk ) ,
−∞ k
where all singularities of f with a positive imaginary part are considered in the
above sum.
Example
Z +∞
1
dx
−∞ 1 + x2
4
Theorem. ( TYPE III. Integral from a rational function multiplied by cos or
sin ) If Q is a rational function such that has no pole at the real line and for
z → ∞ is Q(z) = O(z −1 ). For b > 0 denote f (z) = Q(z) eibz . Then
Z +∞ !
X
Q(x) cos(bx) dx = Re 2πi · res (f, w)
−∞ w
!
Z +∞ X
Q(x) sin(bx) dx = Im 2πi · res (f, w)
−∞ w
where only w with a positive imaginary part are considered in the above sums.
Example
Z +∞
cos(x)
dx
−∞ 1 + x2
5
1.1 Problem.
Using the Residue theorem evaluate
Z 2π
cos(x)2
dx
0 13 + 12 cos(x)
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
1 1 1 2
I( z+ )
f(z) = − 2 2 z
1
(13 + 6 z + 6 ) z
z
We find singularities
−3 −2
[{z = 0}, {z = }, {z = }]
2 3
The singularity
z=0
is in our region and we will add the following residue
13
res(0, f(z)) = I
144
The singularity
−3
z=
2
will be skipped because the singularity is not in our region.
The singularity
−2
z=
3
−2 169
res( , f(z)) = − I
3 720
Our sum is
X 13
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
45
The solution is
2π
cos(x)2
Z
13
dx = π
0 13 + 12 cos(x) 45
6
We can try to solve it using real calculus and obtain the result
Z 2π
cos(x)2 13
dx = π
0 13 + 12 cos(x) 45
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
7
1.2 Problem.
Z 2π
cos(x)4
dx
0 1 + sin(x)2
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
1 1 1 4
I( z+ )
f(z) = − 2 2 z
1 1
(1 − (z − )2 ) z
4 z
√ √ √ √
[{z = 0}, {z = 2+1}, {z = 1− 2}, {z = 2−1}, {z = −1− 2}, {z = ∞}, {z = −∞}]
The singularity
z=0
5
res(0, f(z)) = I
2
The singularity
√
z= 2+1
The singularity
√
z =1− 2
√
√ −768 I 2 + 1088 I
res(1 − 2, f(z)) = √
768 − 544 2
The singularity
√
z = 2−1
√
√ −768 I 2 + 1088 I
res( 2 − 1, f(z)) = √
768 − 544 2
The singularity
√
z = −1 − 2
8
The singularity
z=∞
will be skipped because only residues at finite singularities are counted.
The singularity
z = −∞
will be skipped because only residues at finite singularities are counted.
Our sum is
√
X 5 −768 I 2 + 1088 I
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ( I + 2 √ )
2 768 − 544 2
The solution is
Z 2π √
cos(x)4 5 −768 I 2 + 1088 I
dx = 2 I π ( I + 2 √ )
0 1 + sin(x)2 2 768 − 544 2
Z 2π √
cos(x)4 π (4 2 − 5)
dx = √ √
0 1 + sin(x)2 ( 2 + 1) ( 2 − 1)
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
9
1.3 Problem.
Z 2π
sin(x)2
dx
0
5
− cos(x)
4
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
1
1 I (z − )2
f(z) = z
4 5 1 1 1
( − z− )z
4 2 2 z
1
[{z = 0}, {z = }, {z = 2}]
2
The singularity
z=0
5
res(0, f(z)) = − I
4
The singularity
1
z=
2
1 3
res( , f(z)) = I
2 4
The singularity
z=2
Our sum is
X
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
10
The solution is
2π
sin(x)2
Z
dx = π
0
5
− cos(x)
4
Z 2π
sin(x)2
dx = π
0
5
− cos(x)
4
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
11
1.4 Problem.
Z 2π
1
dx
0 sin(x)2 + 4 cos(x)2
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
I
f(z) = −
1 1 2 1 1 1 2
(− (z − ) + 4 ( z + ) )z
4 z 2 2 z
1 √ 1 √ √ √
[{z = − I 3}, {z = I 3}, {z = I 3}, {z = −I 3}]
3 3
The singularity
1 √
z=− I 3
3
1 √ 1
res(− I 3, f(z)) = − I
3 4
The singularity
1 √
z= I 3
3
1 √ 1
res( I 3, f(z)) = − I
3 4
The singularity
√
z=I 3
The singularity
√
z = −I 3
Our sum is
X
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
12
The solution is
Z 2π
1
dx = π
0 sin(x)2 + 4 cos(x)2
Z 2π
1
dx = π
0 sin(x) + 4 cos(x)2
2
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
13
1.5 Problem.
Z 2π
1
dx
0 13 + 12 sin(x)
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
I
f(z) = −
1
(13 − 6 I (z − )) z
z
2 3
[{z = − I}, {z = − I}]
3 2
The singularity
2
z=− I
3
2 1
res(− I, f(z)) = − I
3 5
The singularity
3
z=− I
2
Our sum is
X 2
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
5
The solution is
Z 2π
1 2
dx = π
0 13 + 12 sin(x) 5
Z 2π
1 2
dx = π
0 13 + 12 sin(x) 5
Info.
not given
14
Comment.
no comment
15
1.6 Problem.
Z 2π
1
dx
0 2 + cos(x)
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
I
f(z) = −
1 1 1
(2 + z + )z
2 2 z
√ √
[{z = −2 + 3}, {z = −2 − 3}]
The singularity
√
z = −2 + 3
√ 1 √
res(−2 + 3, f(z)) = − I 3
3
The singularity
√
z = −2 − 3
Our sum is
X 2 √
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π 3
3
The solution is
2π
2 √
Z
1
dx = π 3
0 2 + cos(x) 3
2 √
Z 2π
1
dx = π 3
0 2 + cos(x) 3
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
16
1.7 Problem.
Z 2π
1
dx
0 (2 + cos(x))2
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
I
f(z) = −
1 1 1 2
(2 + z + ) z
2 2 z
√ √
[{z = −2 + 3}, {z = −2 − 3}]
The singularity
√
z = −2 + 3
√ 1 1 2 1 √ √
res(−2 + 3, f(z)) = − I + (− I + I 3) 3
3 3 3 3
The singularity
√
z = −2 − 3
Our sum is
X 1 1 2 1 √ √
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π (− I + (− I + I 3) 3)
3 3 3 3
The solution is
1 √ √
Z 2π
1 1 1 2
dx = 2 I π (− I + (− I + I 3) 3)
0 (2 + cos(x))2 3 3 3 3
4 √
Z 2π
1
2
dx = π 3
0 (2 + cos(x)) 9
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
17
1.8 Problem.
Z 2π
1
dx
0 2 + sin(x)
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
I
f(z) = −
1 1
(2 − I (z − )) z
2 z
√ √
[{z = −2 I + I 3}, {z = −2 I − I 3}]
The singularity
√
z = −2 I + I 3
√ 1 √
res(−2 I + I 3, f(z)) = − I 3
3
The singularity
√
z = −2 I − I 3
Our sum is
X 2 √
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π 3
3
The solution is
2π
2 √
Z
1
dx = π 3
0 2 + sin(x) 3
2 √
Z 2π
1
dx = π 3
0 2 + sin(x) 3
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
18
1.9 Problem.
Z 2π
1
dx
0 5 + 4 cos(x)
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
I
f(z) = −
1
(5 + 2 z + 2 ) z
z
−1
[{z = −2}, {z = }]
2
The singularity
z = −2
The singularity
−1
z=
2
−1 1
res( , f(z)) = − I
2 3
Our sum is
X 2
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
3
The solution is
Z 2π
1 2
dx = π
0 5 + 4 cos(x) 3
Z 2π
1 2
dx = π
0 5 + 4 cos(x) 3
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
19
1.10 Problem.
Z 2π
1
dx
0 5 + 4 sin(x)
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
I
f(z) = −
1
(5 − 2 I (z − )) z
z
1
[{z = −2 I}, {z = − I}]
2
The singularity
z = −2 I
The singularity
1
z=− I
2
1 1
res(− I, f(z)) = − I
2 3
Our sum is
X 2
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
3
The solution is
Z 2π
1 2
dx = π
0 5 + 4 sin(x) 3
Z 2π
1 2
dx = π
0 5 + 4 sin(x) 3
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
20
1.11 Problem.
Z 2π
cos(x)
dx
0
5
− cos(x)
4
Hint.
Type I
Solution.
We denote
1 1 1
I( z+ )
f(z) = − 2 2 z
5 1 1 1
( − z− )z
4 2 2 z
1
[{z = 0}, {z = }, {z = 2}]
2
The singularity
z=0
res(0, f(z)) = I
The singularity
1
z=
2
1 5
res( , f(z)) = − I
2 3
The singularity
z=2
Our sum is
X 4
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
3
The solution is
Z 2π
cos(x) 4
dx = π
0
5 3
− cos(x)
4
21
Z 2π
cos(x) 4
dx = π
0
5 3
− cos(x)
4
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
22
1.12 Problem.
Z ∞
x2 + 1
4
dx
−∞ x + 1
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
z2 + 1
f(z) =
z4 + 1
1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √
[{z = − 2− I 2}, {z = 2+ I 2}, {z = − 2+ I 2}, {z = 2− I 2}]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z=− 2− I 2
2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z= 2+ I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ 1+I
res( 2 + I 2, f(z)) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 − 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z=− 2+ I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ 1−I
res(− 2 + I 2, f(z)) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z= 2− I 2
2 2
Our sum is
X 1+I 1−I
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ( √ √ + √ √ )
2I 2 − 2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
23
The solution is
Z ∞
x2 + 1 1+I 1−I
4
dx = 2 I π ( √ √ + √ √ )
−∞ x + 1 2I 2 − 2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
Z ∞ 2 √
x +1
4
dx = 2 π
−∞ x + 1
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
24
1.13 Problem.
Z ∞
x2 − 1
2 2
dx
−∞ (x + 1)
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
z2 − 1
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1)2
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
res(I, f(z)) = 0
Our sum is
X
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 0
The solution is
∞
x2 − 1
Z
2 2
dx = 0
−∞ (x + 1)
Z ∞
x2 − 1
2 2
dx = 0
−∞ (x + 1)
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
25
1.14 Problem.
Z ∞
x2 − x + 2
4 2
dx
−∞ x + 10 x + 9
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
z2 − z + 2
f(z) =
z 4 + 10 z 2 + 9
[{z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = 3I
1 7
res(3 I, f(z)) = − I
16 48
The singularity
z = −3 I
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1 1
res(I, f(z)) = − − I
16 16
Our sum is
X 5
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
12
26
The solution is
∞
x2 − x + 2
Z
5
4 2
dx = π
−∞ x + 10 x + 9 12
Z ∞
x2 − x + 2 5
4 2
dx = π
−∞ x + 10 x + 9 12
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
27
1.15 Problem.
Z ∞
1
2
dx
−∞ (x + 1) (x2 + 4)2
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 4)2
[{z = 2 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = −2 I}]

The singularity
z = 2I
11
res(2 I, f(z)) = I
288
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) = − I
18
The singularity
z = −2 I
Our sum is
X 5
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
144
28
The solution is
Z ∞
1 5
dx = π
−∞ (x2 2
+ 1) (x + 4) 2 144
Z ∞
1 5
2 + 1) (x2 + 4)2
dx = π
−∞ (x 144
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
29
1.16 Problem.
Z ∞
1
2
dx
−∞ (x + 1) (x2 + 9)
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 9)
[{z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = 3I
1
res(3 I, f(z)) = I
48
The singularity
z = −3 I
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) = − I
16
Our sum is
X 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
12
30
The solution is
Z ∞
1 1
dx = π
−∞ (x2 2
+ 1) (x + 9) 12
Z ∞
1 1
2 + 1) (x2 + 9)
dx = π
−∞ (x 12
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
31
1.17 Problem.
Z ∞
1
dx
−∞ (x − I) (x − 2 I)
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z − I) (z − 2 I)
[{z = 2 I}, {z = I}]
The singularity
z = 2I
res(2 I, f(z)) = −I
The singularity
z=I
res(I, f(z)) = I
Our sum is
X
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 0
The solution is
Z ∞
1
dx = 0
−∞ (x − I) (x − 2 I)
Z ∞
1
dx = 0
−∞ (x − I) (x − 2 I)
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
32
1.18 Problem.
Z ∞
1
dx
−∞ (x − I) (x − 2 I) (x + 3 I)
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z − I) (z − 2 I) (z + 3 I)
[{z = 2 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = 2I
−1
res(2 I, f(z)) =
5
The singularity
z = −3 I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) =
4
Our sum is
X 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = Iπ
10
The solution is
Z ∞
1 1
dx = Iπ
−∞ (x − I) (x − 2 I) (x + 3 I) 10
33
Z ∞
1 1
dx = Iπ
−∞ (x − I) (x − 2 I) (x + 3 I) 10
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
34
1.19 Problem.
Z ∞
1
2
dx
−∞ 1 + x
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z2 + 1
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) = − I
2
Our sum is
X
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
The solution is
Z ∞
1
dx = π
−∞ 1 + x2
Z ∞
1
2
dx = π
−∞ 1 + x
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
35
1.20 Problem.
Z ∞
1
3
dx
−∞ x +1
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z3 + 1
1 1 √ 1 1 √
[{z = −1}, {z = − I 3}, {z = + I 3}]
2 2 2 2
The singularity
z = −1
is on the real line and we will add one half of the following residue
1
res(−1, f(z)) =
3
The singularity
1 1 √
z= − I 3
2 2
The singularity
1 1 √
z= + I 3
2 2
1 1 √ 1
res( + I 3, f(z)) = 2 √
2 2 3I 3 − 3
Our sum is
X 1 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ( + 2 √ )
6 3I 3 − 3
The solution is
Z ∞
1 1 1
dx = 2 I π ( + 2 √ )
−∞ x3 +1 6 3I 3 − 3
36
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1
3
dx = 3
dx
−∞ x + 1 −∞ x + 1
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
37
1.21 Problem.
Z ∞
1
dx
−∞ x6 +1
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z6 + 1
√ √ √
q q q
1 1 1
[{z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 2 + 2 I 3}, {z = − 2 + 2 I 3}, {z = 2 − 2 I 3},
2 2 2
√
q
1
{z = − 2 − 2 I 3}]
2
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) = − I
6
The singularity
√
q
1
z= 2 + 2I 3
2
√
q
1 16 1
res( 2 + 2 I 3, f(z)) = √
2 3 (2 + 2 I 3)(5/2)
The singularity
√
q
1
z=− 2 + 2I 3
2
The singularity
√
q
1
z= 2 − 2I 3
2
38
The singularity
√
q
1
z=− 2 − 2I 3
2
√
q
1 16 1
res(− 2 − 2 I 3, f(z)) = − √
2 3 (2 − 2 I 3)(5/2)
Our sum is
X 1 16 1 16 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π (− I+ √ − √ )
6 3 (2 + 2 I 3)(5/2) 3 (2 − 2 I 3)(5/2)
The solution is
Z ∞
1 1 16 1 16 1
6+1
dx = 2 I π (− I + √ − √ )
−∞ x 6 3 (2 + 2 I 3)(5/2) 3 (2 − 2 I 3)(5/2)
Z ∞
1 2
6+1
dx = π
−∞ x 3
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
39
1.22 Problem.
Z ∞
x
dx
−∞ (x2 + 4 x + 13)2
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
z
f(z) =
(z 2 + 4 z + 13)2
[{z = −2 + 3 I}, {z = −2 − 3 I}]
The singularity
z = −2 + 3 I
1
res(−2 + 3 I, f(z)) = I
54
The singularity
z = −2 − 3 I
Our sum is
X 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = − π
27
The solution is
Z ∞
x 1
2 + 4 x + 13)2
dx = − π
−∞ (x 27
Z ∞
x 1
2 2
dx = − π
−∞ (x + 4 x + 13) 27
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
40
1.23 Problem.
Z ∞
x2
dx
−∞ (x2 + 1) (x2 + 9)
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
z2
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 9)
[{z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = 3I
3
res(3 I, f(z)) = − I
16
The singularity
z = −3 I
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) = I
16
Our sum is
X 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
4
41
The solution is
∞
x2
Z
1
2 2
dx = π
−∞ (x + 1) (x + 9) 4
Z ∞
x2 1
2 2
dx = π
−∞ (x + 1) (x + 9) 4
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
42
1.24 Problem.
Z ∞
x2
dx
−∞ (x2 + 1)3
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
z2
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1)3
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) = − I
16
Our sum is
X 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
8
The solution is
∞
x2
Z
1
2 3
dx = π
−∞ (x + 1) 8
Z ∞
x2 1
2 3
dx = π
−∞ (x + 1) 8
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
43
1.25 Problem.
Z ∞
x2
dx
−∞ (x2 + 4)2
Hint.
Type II
Solution.
We denote
z2
f(z) =
(z 2 + 4)2
[{z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}]
The singularity
z = 2I
1
res(2 I, f(z)) = − I
8
The singularity
z = −2 I
Our sum is
X 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π
4
The solution is
∞
x2
Z
1
2 2
dx = π
−∞ (x + 4) 4
Z ∞
x2 1
2 2
dx = π
−∞ (x + 4) 4
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
44
1.26 Problem.
Z ∞ 3
(x + 5 x) e(I x)
4 2
dx
−∞ x + 10 x + 9
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
(z 3 + 5 z) e(I z)
f(z) =
z 4 + 10 z 2 + 9
[{z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = 3I
1 (−3)
res(3 I, f(z)) = e
4
The singularity
z = −3 I
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1 (−1)
res(I, f(z)) = e
4
Our sum is
X 1 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ( e(−3) + e(−1) )
4 4
45
The solution is
∞
(x3 + 5 x) e(I x)
Z
1 1
4 + 10 x2 + 9
dx = 2 I π ( e(−3) + e(−1) )
−∞ x 4 4
Z ∞ 3
(x + 5 x) e(I x) 1 1 1 1
4 + 10 x2 + 9
dx = I π cosh(1)+ I π cosh(3)− I π sinh(3)− I π sinh(1)
−∞ x 2 2 2 2
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
46
1.27 Problem.
Z ∞ (I x) 2
e (x − 1)
2 + 1)
dx
−∞ x (x
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z) (z 2 − 1)
f(z) =
z (z 2 + 1)
[{z = 0}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]
The singularity
z=0
res(0, f(z)) = −1
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
res(I, f(z)) = e(−1)
Our sum is
X 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π (− + e(−1) )
2
The solution is
∞
e(I x) (x2 − 1)
Z
1
2
dx = 2 I π (− + e(−1) )
−∞ x (x + 1) 2
Z ∞ (I x) 2 Z ∞
e (x − 1) (cos(x) + I sin(x)) (x2 − 1)
2
dx = dx
−∞ x (x + 1) −∞ x (x2 + 1)
47
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
48
1.28 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
2
dx
−∞ (x + 4) (x − 1)
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
(z 2 + 4) (z − 1)
[{z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}, {z = 1}]

The singularity
z = 2I
1 1
res(2 I, f(z)) = (− + I) e(−2)
10 20
The singularity
z = −2 I
The singularity
z=1
1 I
res(1, f(z)) = e
5
Our sum is
X 1 1 1 I
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ((− + I) e(−2) + e )
10 20 10
The solution is
Z ∞
e(I x) 1 1 1 I
2 + 4) (x − 1)
dx = 2 I π ((− + I) e(−2) + e )
−∞ (x 10 20 10
49
Z ∞ Z ∞
e(I x) cos(x) + I sin(x)
2 + 4) (x − 1)
dx = 2
dx
−∞ (x −∞ (x + 4) (x − 1)
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
50
1.29 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
2
dx
−∞ x (x + 1)
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z (z 2 + 1)
[{z = 0}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z=0
res(0, f(z)) = 1
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) = − e(−1)
2
Our sum is
X 1 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ( − e(−1) )
2 2
The solution is
∞
e(I x)
Z
1 1
2
dx = 2 I π ( − e(−1) )
−∞ x (x + 1) 2 2
51
Z ∞ Z ∞
2 + 1)
dx = dx
−∞ x (x −∞ x (x2 + 1)
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
52
1.30 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
2 2
dx
−∞ x (x + 9)
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z (z 2 + 9)2
[{z = 0}, {z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}]

The singularity
z=0
1
res(0, f(z)) =
81
The singularity
z = 3I
5 (−3)
res(3 I, f(z)) = − e
324
The singularity
z = −3 I
Our sum is
X 1 5 (−3)
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ( − e )
162 324
The solution is
∞
e(I x)
Z
1 5 (−3)
2 2
dx = 2 I π ( − e )
−∞ x (x + 9) 162 324
53
Z ∞ Z ∞
2 + 9)2
dx = dx
−∞ x (x −∞ x (x2 + 9)2
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
54
1.31 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
2
dx
−∞ x (x − 2 x + 2)
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z (z 2 − 2 z + 2)
[{z = 0}, {z = 1 + I}, {z = 1 − I}]

The singularity
z=0
1
res(0, f(z)) =
2
The singularity
z =1+I
1 1
res(1 + I, f(z)) = (− − I) eI e(−1)
4 4
The singularity
z =1−I
Our sum is
X 1 1 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ( + (− − I) eI e(−1) )
4 4 4
The solution is
Z ∞
e(I x) 1 1 1
2
dx = 2 I π ( + (− − I) eI e(−1) )
−∞ x (x − 2 x + 2) 4 4 4
55
Z ∞ Z ∞
2 − 2 x + 2)
dx = 2
dx
−∞ x (x −∞ x (x − 2 x + 2)
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
56
1.32 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
2
dx
−∞ x + 1
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 + 1
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) = − I e(−1)
2
Our sum is
X
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π e(−1)
The solution is
∞
e(I x)
Z
2
dx = π e(−1)
−∞ x + 1
Z ∞ (I x)
e
2
dx = −π sinh(1) + π cosh(1)
−∞ x + 1
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
57
1.33 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
dx
−∞ x2 + 4 x + 20
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z 2 + 4 z + 20
[{z = −2 − 4 I}, {z = −2 + 4 I}]
The singularity
z = −2 − 4 I
The singularity
z = −2 + 4 I
1 I e(−4)
res(−2 + 4 I, f(z)) = −
8 (eI )2
Our sum is
X 1 π e(−4)
2I π( res(z, f(z))) =
4 (eI )2
The solution is
∞
e(I x) 1 π e(−4)
Z
dx =
−∞ x2 + 4 x + 20 4 (eI )2
Z ∞
e(I x) 1 1
2 + 4 x + 20
dx = − I π sin(2 − 4 I) + π cos(2 − 4 I)
−∞ x 4 4
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
58
1.34 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
dx
−∞ x2 − 5x + 6
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 − 5 z + 6
[{z = 2}, {z = 3}]
The singularity
z=2
res(2, f(z)) = −(eI )2
The singularity
z=3
res(3, f(z)) = (eI )3
Our sum is
X 1 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π (− (eI )2 + (eI )3 )
2 2
The solution is
∞
e(I x)
Z
1 1
2 − 5x + 6
dx = 2 I π (− (eI )2 + (eI )3 )
−∞ x 2 2
Z ∞ Z ∞
2
dx = dx
−∞ x − 5 x + 6 −∞ x2 − 5 x + 6
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
59
1.35 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
3
dx
−∞ x + 1
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z3 + 1
1 1 √ 1 1 √
[{z = −1}, {z = − I 3}, {z = + I 3}]
2 2 2 2
The singularity
z = −1
1 1
res(−1, f(z)) =
3 eI
The singularity
1 1 √
z= − I 3
2 2
The singularity
1 1 √
z= + I 3
2 2
1
1 1 √ (−1)(1/2 π )
res( + I 3, f(z)) = 2 p √ √ p √
2 2 3 I e( 3) 3 − 3 e( 3)
Our sum is
1
!
X 1 1 (−1)(1/2 π )
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π + 2 √ √ p √
6 eI
p
3 I e( 3) 3 − 3 e( 3)
The solution is
Z ∞ (I x) 1
!
e 1 1 (−1)(1/2 π )
3+1
dx = 2 I π I
+2 p √ √ p √
−∞ x 6 e 3 I e( 3) 3 − 3 e( 3)
60
Z ∞ (I x) Z ∞
e cos(x) + I sin(x)
3+1
dx = dx
−∞ x −∞ x3 + 1
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
61
1.36 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
4
dx
−∞ x − 1
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z4 − 1
[{z = −1}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 1}]

The singularity
z = −1
1 1
res(−1, f(z)) = −
4 eI
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1 (−1)
res(I, f(z)) = Ie
4
The singularity
z=1
1 I
res(1, f(z)) = e
4
Our sum is
X 1 1 1 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π (− I + I e(−1) + eI )
8 e 4 8
62
The solution is
∞
e(I x)
Z
1 1 1 1
4−1
dx = 2 I π (− I + I e(−1) + eI )
−∞ x 8 e 4 8
Z ∞ (I x) Z ∞
e cos(x) + I sin(x)
4−1
dx = dx
−∞ x −∞ x4 − 1
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
63
1.37 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
dx
−∞ x
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z
[{z = 0}]
The singularity
z=0
res(0, f(z)) = 1
Our sum is
X
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = I π
The solution is
∞
e(I x)
Z
dx = I π
−∞ x
Z ∞ (I x) Z ∞
e cos(x) + I sin(x)
dx = dx
−∞ x −∞ x
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
64
1.38 Problem.
Z ∞
x e(I x)
4
dx
−∞ 1 − x
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
1 − z4
[{z = −1}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 1}]

The singularity
z = −1
1 1
res(−1, f(z)) = −
4 eI
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1 (−1)
res(I, f(z)) = e
4
The singularity
z=1
1
res(1, f(z)) = − eI
4
Our sum is
X 1 1 1 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π (− I + e(−1) − eI )
8 e 4 8
65
The solution is
∞
x e(I x)
Z
1 1 1 1
4
dx = 2 I π (− I + e(−1) − eI )
−∞ 1 − x 8 e 4 8
Z ∞ Z ∞
x e(I x) x (cos(x) + I sin(x))
4
dx = − dx
−∞ 1 − x −∞ −1 + x4
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
66
1.39 Problem.
Z ∞
x e(I x)
2
dx
−∞ x + 4 x + 20
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 + 4 z + 20
[{z = −2 − 4 I}, {z = −2 + 4 I}]

The singularity
z = −2 − 4 I
The singularity
z = −2 + 4 I
1 I (4 I e(−4) − 2 e(−4) )
res(−2 + 4 I, f(z)) = −
8 (eI )2
Our sum is
X 1 π (4 I e(−4) − 2 e(−4) )
2I π( res(z, f(z))) =
4 (eI )2
The solution is
∞
x e(I x) 1 π (4 I e(−4) − 2 e(−4) )
Z
dx =
−∞ x2 + 4 x + 20 4 (eI )2
Z ∞
x e(I x)
2
dx =
−∞ x + 4 x + 20
1 1
π sin(2 − 4 I) + I π cos(2 − 4 I) + I π sin(2 − 4 I) − π cos(2 − 4 I)
2 2
67
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
68
1.40 Problem.
Z ∞
x e(I x)
2
dx
−∞ x + 9
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 + 9
[{z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}]
The singularity
z = 3I
1 (−3)
res(3 I, f(z)) = e
2
The singularity
z = −3 I
Our sum is
X
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = I π e(−3)
The solution is
∞
x e(I x)
Z
2
dx = I π e(−3)
−∞ x + 9
Z ∞
x e(I x)
2
dx = I π cosh(3) − I π sinh(3)
−∞ x + 9
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
69
1.41 Problem.
Z ∞
x e(I x)
dx
−∞ x2 − 2 x + 10
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
z 2 − 2 z + 10
[{z = 1 − 3 I}, {z = 1 + 3 I}]
The singularity
z = 1 − 3I
The singularity
z = 1 + 3I
1
res(1 + 3 I, f(z)) = − I (3 I eI e(−3) + eI e(−3) )
6
Our sum is
X 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = π (3 I eI e(−3) + eI e(−3) )
3
The solution is
∞
x e(I x)
Z
1
2
dx = π (3 I eI e(−3) + eI e(−3) )
−∞ x − 2 x + 10 3
Z ∞
x e(I x)
2
dx =
−∞ x − 2 x + 10
1 1
−π sin(1 + 3 I) + I π cos(1 + 3 I) + I π sin(1 + 3 I) + π cos(1 + 3 I)
3 3
Info.
not given
70
Comment.
no comment
71
1.42 Problem.
Z ∞
x e(I x)
dx
−∞ x2 − 5x + 6
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 − 5 z + 6
[{z = 2}, {z = 3}]
The singularity
z=2
res(2, f(z)) = −2 (eI )2
The singularity
z=3
res(3, f(z)) = 3 (eI )3
Our sum is
X 3
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π (−(eI )2 + (eI )3 )
2
The solution is
∞
x e(I x)
Z
3
2 − 5x + 6
dx = 2 I π (−(eI )2 + (eI )3 )
−∞ x 2
Z ∞ Z ∞
x e(I x) x (cos(x) + I sin(x))
2
dx = dx
−∞ x − 5 x + 6 −∞ x2 − 5 x + 6
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
72
1.43 Problem.
Z ∞
e(I x)
2
dx
−∞ x
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z2
[{z = 0}]
The singularity
z=0
is on the real line and is not a simple pole, we cannot count the integral with
the residue theorem ...
Our sum is
X
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ∞
The solution is
∞
e(I x)
Z
2
dx = 2 I π ∞
−∞ x
Z ∞ (I x)
e
2
dx = ∞
−∞ x
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
73
1.44 Problem.
Z ∞
x3 e(I x)
4 2
dx
−∞ x + 5 x + 4
Hint.
Type III
Solution.
We denote
z 3 e(I z)
f(z) =
z4 + 5 z2 + 4
[{z = 2 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = −2 I}]

The singularity
z = 2I
2 (−2)
res(2 I, f(z)) = e
3
The singularity
z = −I
The singularity
z=I
1
res(I, f(z)) = − e(−1)
6
The singularity
z = −2 I
Our sum is
X 2 1
2I π( res(z, f(z))) = 2 I π ( e(−2) − e(−1) )
3 6
74
The solution is
∞
x3 e(I x)
Z
2 1
dx = 2 I π ( e(−2) − e(−1) )
−∞ x4 + 5 x2 + 4 3 6
Z ∞
x3 e(I x) 1 4 4 1
4 2+4
dx = − I π cosh(1)+ I π cosh(2)− I π sinh(2)+ I π sinh(1)
−∞ x + 5 x 3 3 3 3
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
75
2 Zero Sum theorem for residues problems
We recall the definition:
Notation. For a function f holomorphic on some neighbourhood of infinity we

define
−1 1
res (f, ∞) = res 2
·f ,0 .
z z
We will solve several problems using the following theorem:
Theorem. (Zero Sum theorem for residues) For a function f holomorphic in

the extended complex plane C ∪ {∞} with at most finitely many exceptions the
sum of residues is zero, i.e.
X
res (f, w) = 0 .
w∈C∪{∞}
Notation.(Example f (z) = 1/z) Projecting on the Riemann sphere we observe

the north pole on globe (i.e. ∞) with the residue -1 and at the south pole (the
origin) with residue 1. Green is the zero level on the Riemann sphere while the
blue gradually turning red is the imaginary part of log z demonstrating that
Zero Sum theorem holds for 1/z.
76
2.1 Problem.
Check the Zero Sum theorem for the following function
z2 + 1
z4 + 1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2 + 1
f(z) =
z4 + 1
1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √
[{z = 2+ I 2}, {z = − 2− I 2}, {z = 2− I 2}, {z = − 2+ I 2}]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z= 2+ I 2
2 2
adds the following residue
1√ 1 √ 1+I
res(f(z), 2 + I 2) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 − 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z=− 2− I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ −1 − I
res(f(z), − 2 − I 2) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 − 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z= 2− I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ −1 + I
res(f(z), 2 − I 2) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z=− 2+ I 2
2 2
77
1√ 1 √ 1−I
res(f(z), − 2 + I 2) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
At infinity we get the residue
1+I −1 − I −1 + I 1−I
res(f(z), ∞) = √ √ + √ √ + √ √ + √ √
2I 2 − 2 2 2I 2 − 2 2 2I 2 + 2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
and finally we obtain the sum
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
78
2.2 Problem.
z2 − 1
(z 2 + 1)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2 − 1
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1)2
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −I
res(f(z), −I) = 0
The singularity
z=I
res(f(z), I) = 0
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
79
2.3 Problem.
z2 − z + 2
z4 + 10 z 2 + 9
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2 − z + 2
f(z) =
z4 + 10 z 2 + 9
[{z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 3 I}]

The singularity
z = −3 I
1 7
res(f(z), −3 I) = + I
16 48
The singularity
z = −I
1 1
res(f(z), −I) = − + I
16 16
The singularity
z=I
1 1
res(f(z), I) = − − I
16 16
The singularity
z = 3I
1 7
res(f(z), 3 I) = − I
16 48
80
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
81
2.4 Problem.
1
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 4)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 4)2
[{z = −I}, {z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = I
18
The singularity
z = 2I
11
res(f(z), 2 I) = I
288
The singularity
z = −2 I
11
res(f(z), −2 I) = − I
288
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − I
18
82
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
83
2.5 Problem.
1
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 9)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 9)
[{z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 3 I}]

The singularity
z = −3 I
1
res(f(z), −3 I) = − I
48
The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = I
16
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − I
16
The singularity
z = 3I
1
res(f(z), 3 I) = I
48
84
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
85
2.6 Problem.
1
(z − I) (z − 2 I)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z − I) (z − 2 I)
[{z = 2 I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = 2I
res(f(z), 2 I) = −I
The singularity
z=I
res(f(z), I) = I
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
86
2.7 Problem.
1
(z − I) (z − 2 I) (z + 3 I)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z − I) (z − 2 I) (z + 3 I)
[{z = −3 I}, {z = 2 I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −3 I
−1
res(f(z), −3 I) =
20
The singularity
z = 2I
−1
res(f(z), 2 I) =
5
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) =
4
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
87
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
88
2.8 Problem.
1
z2 +1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z2 + 1
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = I
2
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − I
2
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
89
2.9 Problem.
1
z3 +1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z3 + 1
1 1 √ 1 1 √
[{z = −1}, {z = − I 3}, {z = + I 3}]
2 2 2 2
The singularity
z = −1
1
res(f(z), −1) =
3
The singularity
1 1 √
z= − I 3
2 2
1 1 √ 1
res(f(z), − I 3) = −2 √
2 2 3I 3 + 3
The singularity
1 1 √
z= + I 3
2 2
1 1 √ 1
res(f(z), + I 3) = 2 √
2 2 3I 3 − 3
1 1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = − + 2 √ −2 √
3 3I 3 + 3 3I 3 − 3
90
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
91
2.10 Problem.
1
z6 +1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z6 + 1
√ √ √
q q q
1 1 1
[{z = −I}, {z = − 2 − 2 I 3}, {z = 2 − 2 I 3}, {z = − 2 + 2 I 3},
2 2 2
√
q
1
{z = 2 + 2 I 3}, {z = I}]
2
The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = I
6
The singularity
√
q
1
z=− 2 − 2I 3
2
√
q
1 16 1
res(f(z), − 2 − 2I 3) = − √
2 3 (2 − 2 I 3)(5/2)
The singularity
√
q
1
z= 2 − 2I 3
2
√
q
1 16 1
res(f(z), 2 − 2I 3) = √
2 3 (2 − 2 I 3)(5/2)
92
The singularity
√
q
1
z=− 2 + 2I 3
2
√
q
1 16 1
res(f(z), − 2 + 2I 3) = − √
2 3 (2 + 2 I 3)(5/2)
The singularity
√
q
1
z= 2 + 2I 3
2
√
q
1 16 1
res(f(z), 2 + 2I 3) = √
2 3 (2 + 2 I 3)(5/2)
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − I
6
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
93
2.11 Problem.
z
(z 2 + 4 z + 13)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z
f(z) =
(z 2 + 4 z + 13)2
[{z = −2 − 3 I}, {z = −2 + 3 I}]

The singularity
z = −2 − 3 I
1
res(f(z), −2 − 3 I) = − I
54
The singularity
z = −2 + 3 I
1
res(f(z), −2 + 3 I) = I
54
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
94
2.12 Problem.
z2
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 9)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 9)
[{z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 3 I}]

The singularity
z = −3 I
3
res(f(z), −3 I) = I
16
The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = − I
16
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = I
16
The singularity
z = 3I
3
res(f(z), 3 I) = − I
16
95
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
96
2.13 Problem.
z2
(z 2 + 1)3
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1)3
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = I
16
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − I
16
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
97
2.14 Problem.
z2
(z 2 + 4)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2
f(z) =
(z 2 + 4)2
[{z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}]

The singularity
z = 2I
1
res(f(z), 2 I) = − I
8
The singularity
z = −2 I
1
res(f(z), −2 I) = I
8
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
98
2.15 Problem.
(z 3 + 5 z) e(I z)
z 4 + 10 z 2 + 9
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
(z 3 + 5 z) e(I z)
f(z) =
z 4 + 10 z 2 + 9
[{z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 3 I}]

The singularity
z = −3 I
1 3
res(f(z), −3 I) = e
4
The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = e
4
The singularity
z=I
1 (−1)
res(f(z), I) = e
4
The singularity
z = 3I
1 (−3)
res(f(z), 3 I) = e
4
99
1 1 1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = − e3 − e − e(−1) − e(−3)
4 4 4 4
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
100
2.16 Problem.
e(I z) (z 2 − 1)
z (z 2 + 1)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z) (z 2 − 1)
f(z) =
z (z 2 + 1)
[{z = 0}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = −1
The singularity
z = −I
res(f(z), −I) = e
The singularity
z=I
res(f(z), I) = e(−1)
res(f(z), ∞) = 1 − e − e(−1)
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
101
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
102
2.17 Problem.
e(I z)
(z 2 + 4) (z − 1)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
(z 2 + 4) (z − 1)
[{z = 1}, {z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}]
The singularity
z=1
1 I
res(f(z), 1) = e
5
The singularity
z = 2I
1 1
res(f(z), 2 I) = (− + I) e(−2)
10 20
The singularity
z = −2 I
1 1
res(f(z), −2 I) = (− − I) e2
10 20
1 1 1 1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = − eI + ( − I) e(−2) + ( + I) e2
5 10 20 10 20
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
103
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
104
2.18 Problem.
e(I z)
z (z 2 + 1)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z (z 2 + 1)
[{z = 0}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = 1
The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = − e
2
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − e(−1)
2
1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = −1 + e + e(−1)
2 2
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
105
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
106
2.19 Problem.
e(I z)
z (z 2 + 9)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z (z 2 + 9)2
[{z = −3 I}, {z = 0}, {z = 3 I}]
The singularity
z = −3 I
1 3
res(f(z), −3 I) = e
324
The singularity
z=0
1
res(f(z), 0) =
81
The singularity
z = 3I
5 (−3)
res(f(z), 3 I) = − e
324
1 3 1 5 (−3)
res(f(z), ∞) = − e − + e
324 81 324
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
107
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
108
2.20 Problem.
e(I z)
z (z 2 − 2 z + 2)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z (z 2 − 2 z + 2)
[{z = 0}, {z = 1 − I}, {z = 1 + I}]
The singularity
z=0
1
res(f(z), 0) =
2
The singularity
z =1−I
1 1
res(f(z), 1 − I) = (− + I) eI e
4 4
The singularity
z =1+I
1 1
res(f(z), 1 + I) = (− − I) eI e(−1)
4 4
1 1 1 1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = − + ( − I) eI e + ( + I) eI e(−1)
2 4 4 4 4
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
109
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
110
2.21 Problem.
e(I z)
z2 + 1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 + 1
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = Ie
2
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − I e(−1)
2
1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = − I e + I e(−1)
2 2
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
111
2.22 Problem.
e(I z)
z2 + 4 z + 20
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 + 4 z + 20
[{z = −2 − 4 I}, {z = −2 + 4 I}]
The singularity
z = −2 − 4 I
1 I e4
res(f(z), −2 − 4 I) =
8 (eI )2
The singularity
z = −2 + 4 I
1 I e(−4)
res(f(z), −2 + 4 I) = −
8 (eI )2
1 I e4 1 I e(−4)
res(f(z), ∞) = − +
8 (eI )2 8 (eI )2
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
112
2.23 Problem.
e(I z)
z2 − 5 z + 6
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 − 5 z + 6
[{z = 2}, {z = 3}]

The singularity
z=2
res(f(z), 2) = −(eI )2
The singularity
z=3
res(f(z), 3) = (eI )3
res(f(z), ∞) = (eI )2 − (eI )3

X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
113
2.24 Problem.
e(I z)
z3 + 1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z3 + 1
1 1 √ 1 1 √
[{z = −1}, {z = − I 3}, {z = + I 3}]
2 2 2 2
The singularity
z = −1
1 1
res(f(z), −1) =
3 eI
The singularity
1 1 √
z= − I 3
2 2
1
p √
1 1 √ (−1)(1/2 π ) e( 3)
res(f(z), − I 3) = −2 √
2 2 3I 3 + 3
The singularity
1 1 √
z= + I 3
2 2
1
1 1 √ (−1)(1/2 π )
res(f(z), + I 3) = 2 p √ √ p √
2 2 3 I e( 3) 3 − 3 e( 3)
1
p √ 1
1 1 (−1)(1/2 π ) e( 3) (−1)(1/2 π )
res(f(z), ∞) = − I + 2 √ −2 p √ √ p √
3 e 3I 3 + 3 3 I e( 3) 3 − 3 e( 3)
114
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
115
2.25 Problem.
e(I z)
z4 − 1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z4 − 1
[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z=1
1 I
res(f(z), 1) = e
4
The singularity
z = −1
1 1
res(f(z), −1) = −
4 eI
The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = − I e
4
The singularity
z=I
1 (−1)
res(f(z), I) = Ie
4
116
1 1 1 1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = − eI + + I e − I e(−1)
4 4 eI 4 4
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
117
2.26 Problem.
e(I z)
z
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z
[{z = 0}]
The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = 1
res(f(z), ∞) = −1
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
118
2.27 Problem.
z e(I z)
1 − z4
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
1 − z4
[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z=1
1
res(f(z), 1) = − eI
4
The singularity
z = −1
1 1
res(f(z), −1) = −
4 eI
The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = e
4
The singularity
z=I
1 (−1)
res(f(z), I) = e
4
119
1 I 1 1 1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = e + − e − e(−1)
4 4 eI 4 4
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
120
2.28 Problem.
z e(I z)
z2 + 4 z + 20
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 + 4 z + 20
[{z = −2 − 4 I}, {z = −2 + 4 I}]
The singularity
z = −2 − 4 I
1 I (4 I e4 + 2 e4 )
res(f(z), −2 − 4 I) = −
8 (eI )2
The singularity
z = −2 + 4 I
1 I (4 I e(−4) − 2 e(−4) )
res(f(z), −2 + 4 I) = −
8 (eI )2
1 I (4 I e4 + 2 e4 ) 1 I (4 I e(−4) − 2 e(−4) )
res(f(z), ∞) = +
8 (eI )2 8 (eI )2
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
121
2.29 Problem.
z e(I z)
z2 + 9
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 + 9
[{z = −3 I}, {z = 3 I}]

The singularity
z = −3 I
1 3
res(f(z), −3 I) = e
2
The singularity
z = 3I
1 (−3)
res(f(z), 3 I) = e
2
1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = − e3 − e(−3)
2 2
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
122
2.30 Problem.
z e(I z)
z 2 − 2 z + 10
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
z 2 − 2 z + 10
[{z = 1 − 3 I}, {z = 1 + 3 I}]

The singularity
z = 1 − 3I
1
res(f(z), 1 − 3 I) = − I (3 I eI e3 − eI e3 )
6
The singularity
z = 1 + 3I
1
res(f(z), 1 + 3 I) = − I (3 I eI e(−3) + eI e(−3) )
6
1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = I (3 I eI e3 − eI e3 ) + I (3 I eI e(−3) + eI e(−3) )
6 6
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
123
2.31 Problem.
z e(I z)
z2 − 5 z + 6
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z e(I z)
f(z) =
z2 − 5 z + 6
[{z = 2}, {z = 3}]

The singularity
z=2
res(f(z), 2) = −2 (eI )2
The singularity
z=3
res(f(z), 3) = 3 (eI )3
res(f(z), ∞) = 2 (eI )2 − 3 (eI )3

X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
124
2.32 Problem.
e(I z)
z2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
e(I z)
f(z) =
z2
[{z = 0}]
The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = I
res(f(z), ∞) = −I
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
125
2.33 Problem.
z 3 e(I z)
z4 + 5 z2 + 4
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z 3 e(I z)
f(z) =
z4 + 5 z2 + 4
[{z = −I}, {z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = − e
6
The singularity
z = 2I
2 (−2)
res(f(z), 2 I) = e
3
The singularity
z = −2 I
2 2
res(f(z), −2 I) = e
3
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − e(−1)
6
126
1 2 2 1
res(f(z), ∞) = e − e(−2) − e2 + e(−1)
6 3 3 6
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
127
2.34 Problem.
z2 + 1
ez
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2 + 1
f(z) =
ez
[{z = −∞}]
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
128
2.35 Problem.
z2 + z − 1
z 2 (z − 1)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2 + z − 1
f(z) =
z 2 (z − 1)
[{z = 1}, {z = 0}]

The singularity
z=1
res(f(z), 1) = 1
The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = 0
res(f(z), ∞) = −1
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
129
2.36 Problem.
z2 − 2 z + 5
(z − 2) (z 2 + 1)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2 − 2 z + 5
f(z) =
(z − 2) (z 2 + 1)
[{z = 2}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z=2
res(f(z), 2) = 1
The singularity
z = −I
res(f(z), −I) = −I
The singularity
z=I
res(f(z), I) = I
res(f(z), ∞) = −1
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
130
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
131
2.37 Problem.
1
(z + 1) (z − 1)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z + 1) (z − 1)
[{z = 1}, {z = −1}]

The singularity
z=1
1
res(f(z), 1) =
2
The singularity
z = −1
−1
res(f(z), −1) =
2
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
132
2.38 Problem.
1
z (1 − z 2 )
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z (1 − z 2 )
[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = 0}]

The singularity
z=1
−1
res(f(z), 1) =
2
The singularity
z = −1
−1
res(f(z), −1) =
2
The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = 1
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
133
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
134
2.39 Problem.
1
z (z 2 + 4)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z (z 2 + 4)2
[{z = 0}, {z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}]

The singularity
z=0
1
res(f(z), 0) =
16
The singularity
z = 2I
−1
res(f(z), 2 I) =
32
The singularity
z = −2 I
−1
res(f(z), −2 I) =
32
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
135
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
136
2.40 Problem.
1
z (z − 1)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z (z − 1)
[{z = 1}, {z = 0}]

The singularity
z=1
res(f(z), 1) = 1
The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = −1
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
137
2.41 Problem.
1
z (z − 1)
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z (z − 1)
[{z = 1}, {z = 0}]

The singularity
z=1
res(f(z), 1) = 1
The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = −1
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
138
2.42 Problem.
1
(z 2 + 1)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1)2
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = I
4
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − I
4
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
139
2.43 Problem.
1
z3 − z5
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z3 − z5
[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = 0}]

The singularity
z=1
−1
res(f(z), 1) =
2
The singularity
z = −1
−1
res(f(z), −1) =
2
The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = 1
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
140
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
141
2.44 Problem.
1
z4 +1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z4 + 1
1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √
[{z = 2+ I 2}, {z = − 2− I 2}, {z = 2− I 2}, {z = − 2+ I 2}]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z= 2+ I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ 1
res(f(z), 2 + I 2) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 − 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z=− 2− I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ 1
res(f(z), − 2 − I 2) = − √ √
2 2 2I 2 − 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z= 2− I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ 1
res(f(z), 2 − I 2) = − √ √
2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z=− 2+ I 2
2 2
142
1√ 1 √ 1
res(f(z), − 2 + I 2) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
143
2.45 Problem.
1
z − z3
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z − z3
[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = 0}]

The singularity
z=1
−1
res(f(z), 1) =
2
The singularity
z = −1
−1
res(f(z), −1) =
2
The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = 1
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
144
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
145
2.46 Problem.
1
z
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
1
f(z) =
z
[{z = 0}]
The singularity
z=0
res(f(z), 0) = 1
res(f(z), ∞) = −1
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
146
2.47 Problem.
ez
(z 2 + 9) z 2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
ez
f(z) =
(z 2 + 9) z 2
[{z = ∞}, {z = −3 I}, {z = 0}, {z = 3 I}]
The singularity
z = −3 I
1 I
res(f(z), −3 I) = −
54 (eI )3
The singularity
z=0
1
res(f(z), 0) =
9
The singularity
z = 3I
1
res(f(z), 3 I) = I (eI )3
54
1 I 1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = I 3
− − I (eI )3
54 (e ) 9 54
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
147
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
148
2.48 Problem.
ez
z2 + 1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
ez
f(z) =
z2 + 1
[{z = ∞}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −I
1 I
res(f(z), −I) =
2 eI
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − I eI
2
1 I 1
res(f(z), ∞) = − + I eI
2 eI 2
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
149
2.49 Problem.
ez
(z 2 + 9) z 2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
ez
f(z) =
(z 2 + 9) z 2
[{z = ∞}, {z = −3 I}, {z = 0}, {z = 3 I}]
The singularity
z = −3 I
1 I
res(f(z), −3 I) = −
54 (eI )3
The singularity
z=0
1
res(f(z), 0) =
9
The singularity
z = 3I
1
res(f(z), 3 I) = I (eI )3
54
1 I 1 1
res(f(z), ∞) = I 3
− − I (eI )3
54 (e ) 9 54
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
150
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
151
2.50 Problem.
z
(z − 1) (z − 2)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z
f(z) =
(z − 1) (z − 2)2
[{z = 1}, {z = 2}]

The singularity
z=1
res(f(z), 1) = 1
The singularity
z=2
res(f(z), 2) = −1
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
152
2.51 Problem.
z2
(z 2 + 1)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z2
f(z) =
(z 2 + 1)2
[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

The singularity
z = −I
1
res(f(z), −I) = I
4
The singularity
z=I
1
res(f(z), I) = − I
4
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
153
2.52 Problem.
z4
z4+1
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z4
f(z) =
z4 +1
1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √ 1√ 1 √
[{z = 2+ I 2}, {z = − 2− I 2}, {z = 2− I 2}, {z = − 2+ I 2}]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z= 2+ I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ 1
res(f(z), 2 + I 2) = − √ √
2 2 2I 2 − 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z=− 2− I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ 1
res(f(z), − 2 − I 2) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 − 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z= 2− I 2
2 2
1√ 1 √ 1
res(f(z), 2 − I 2) = √ √
2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
The singularity
1√ 1 √
z=− 2+ I 2
2 2
154
1√ 1 √ 1
res(f(z), − 2 + I 2) = − √ √
2 2 2I 2 + 2 2
res(f(z), ∞) = 0
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
155
2.53 Problem.
z5
(1 − z)2
Hint.
no hint
Solution.
We denote
z5
f(z) =
(1 − z)2
[{z = ∞}, {z = 1}, {z = −∞}]

The singularity
z=1
res(f(z), 1) = 5
res(f(z), ∞) = −5
X
res(f(z), z) = 0
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
156
3 Power series problems
Example
∞
X zn
n=1
n2
157
3.1 Problem.
Sum the following power series
∞
X (−1)(n+1) z n
n=1
n
Hint.
derive once and sum

Solution.
We denote the n-th term in the series by
(−1)(n+1) z n
a(n) =
n
For the ratio test we need the term a(n + 1)
(−1)(n+2) z (n+1)
a(n + 1) =
n+1
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
and obtains in our case
(n+1)
z n
lim = |z|
n→∞ (n + 1) z n
Moreover we can check the root test computing

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞
and obtain in our case
(−1)(n+1) z n ( 1 )
lim [ ] n = |z|
n→∞ n
From this we conclude the radius of convergence R. For |z| < R we sum the
series using common tricks for power series
∞
X (−1)(n+1) z n
= ln(1 + z)
n=1
n
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
158
3.2 Problem.
∞
X
(−1)n n2 z n
n=1
Hint.
divide by z and integrate

Solution.
a(n) = (−1)n n2 z n
a(n + 1) = (−1)(n+1) (n + 1)2 z (n+1)

Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(n + 1)2 z (n+1)

lim = |z|
n→∞ n2 z n

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

1
lim [(−1)n n2 z n ]( n ) = |z|
n→∞
∞
X z (−z + 1)
(−1)n n2 z n = −
n=1
(1 + z)3
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
159
3.3 Problem.
∞
X (−1)n n3 z n
n=0
(n + 1)!
Hint.
manipulate the numerator to cancel

Solution.
(−1)n n3 z n
a(n) =
(n + 1)!
(−1)(n+1) (n + 1)3 z (n+1)

a(n + 1) =
(n + 2)!
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(n + 1)3 z (n+1) (n + 1)!

lim =0
n→∞ (n + 2)! n3 z n

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

(−1)n n3 z n ( 1 ) (−1)n n3 z n ( 1 )

lim [ ] n = lim ( ) n
n→∞ (n + 1)! n→∞ (n + 1)!
∞
X (−1)n n3 z n
=
n=0
(n + 1)!
1 2 1 1
 
1  1−e (−z)
(1 + z) 1 − e(−z) (1 + z + z ) 1 − e(−z) (1 + z + z 2 + z 3 )
− z 2 − 12 2 + 12 2 6 
2 z 2 z2 z 2 
160
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
161
3.4 Problem.
∞
X (−1)n z n
n=1
n (2 n − 1)
Hint.
make the power 2n and derive twice
Solution.
(−1)n z n
a(n) =
n (2 n − 1)
(−1)(n+1) z (n+1)
a(n + 1) =
(n + 1) (2 n + 1)
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(n+1)
z n (2 n − 1)
lim = |z|
n→∞ (n + 1) (2 n + 1) z n

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

(−1)n z n ( 1 )
lim [ ] n = |z|
n→∞ n (2 n − 1)
∞
X (−1)n z n 1 3
= −z hypergeom([1, 1, ], [ , 2], −z)
n=1
n (2 n − 1) 2 2
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
162
3.5 Problem.
∞
X (2 n + 1) z n
n=0
n!
Hint.
prepare a combination of exponentials

Solution.
(2 n + 1) z n
a(n) =
n!
(2 n + 3) z (n+1)
a(n + 1) =
(n + 1)!
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(2 n + 3) z (n+1) n!

lim =0
n→∞ (n + 1)! (2 n + 1) z n

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

(2 n + 1) z n ( 1 ) (2 n + 1) z n ( 1 )

lim [ ] n = lim ( ) n
n→∞ n! n→∞ n!
∞
X (2 n + 1) z n 1
= 2 ez ( + z)
n=0
n! 2
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
163
3.6 Problem.
∞
X (n2 − 2) z n
n=0
2n n!
Hint.
prepare a combination of exponentials
Solution.
(n2 − 2) z n
a(n) =
2n n!
((n + 1)2 − 2) z (n+1)
a(n + 1) =
2(n+1) (n + 1)!
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
((n + 1)2 − 2) z (n+1) n!

n
2
(n + 1)! (n2 − 2) z n
lim =0
n→∞ 2(n+1)
p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

(n2 − 2) z n ( 1 ) (n2 − 2) z n ( 1 )

lim [ ] n = lim ( ) n
n→∞ 2n n! n→∞ 2n n!
∞
X (n2 − 2) z n 1 √ (1/2 z) 1 √ 1
n
= −2 e(1/2 z) + 2e z+ (− 2+1) e(1/2 z) z+ e(1/2 z) z 2
n=0
2 n! 2 2 4
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
164
3.7 Problem.
∞
X
n (n + 1) z n
n=0
Hint.
divide by z and integrate twice

Solution.
a(n) = n (n + 1) z n
a(n + 1) = (n + 1) (n + 2) z (n+1)
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(n + 2) z (n+1)

lim = |z|
n→∞ n zn

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

1
lim [n (n + 1) z n ]( n ) = |z|
n→∞
∞
X z
n (n + 1) z n = −2
n=0
(z − 1)3
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
165
3.8 Problem.
∞
X n zn
n=0
5n
Hint.
divide by z and integrate
Solution.
n zn
a(n) =
5n
(n + 1) z (n+1)
a(n + 1) =
5(n+1)
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(n + 1) z (n+1)

n
5
n zn 1
lim (n+1)
= |z|
n→∞ 5 5
p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

n z n ( 1 ) n z n ( 1 )

lim [ ] n = lim ( ) n
n→∞ 5n n→∞ 5n
∞
X n zn z
n
=5
n=0
5 (z − 5)2
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
166
3.9 Problem.
∞
X
n2 z (n−1)
n=1
Hint.
integrate divide by z and integrate

Solution.
a(n) = n2 z (n−1)
a(n + 1) = (n + 1)2 z n
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(n + 1)2 z n

lim = |z|
n→∞ n2 z (n−1)

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

1
lim [n2 z (n−1) ]( n ) = |z|
n→∞
∞
X 1+z
n2 z (n−1) =
n=1
(−z + 1)3
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
167
3.10 Problem.
∞
X z (2 n)
n=0
(2 n)!
Hint.
manipulate to exponentials
Solution.
z (2 n)
a(n) =
(2 n)!
z (2 n+2)
a(n + 1) =
(2 n + 2)!
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(2 n+2)
z (2 n)!
lim =0
n→∞ (2 n + 2)! z (2 n)

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞
z (2 n) ( 1 )
lim [ ] n =0
n→∞ (2 n)!
∞
X z (2 n)
= cosh(z)
n=0
(2 n)!
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
168
3.11 Problem.
∞
X z (2 n−1)
n=0
(2 n − 1)!
Hint.
Solution.
z (2 n−1)
a(n) =
(2 n − 1)!
z (2 n+1)
a(n + 1) =
(2 n + 1)!
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(2 n+1)
z (2 n − 1)!
lim =0
n→∞ (2 n + 1)! z (2 n−1)

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞
z (2 n−1) ( 1 ) z (2 n−1) ( 1 )

lim [ ] n = lim ( ) n
n→∞ (2 n − 1)! n→∞ (2 n − 1)!
∞
X z (2 n−1)
= sinh(z)
n=0
(2 n − 1)!
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
169
3.12 Problem.
∞
X zn
n=1
n (n + 1)
Hint.
multiple by z and derive twice
Solution.
zn
a(n) =
n (n + 1)
z (n+1)
a(n + 1) =
(n + 1) (n + 2)
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(n+1)
z n
lim = |z|
n→∞ (n + 2) z n

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

zn 1
lim [ ]( n ) = |z|
n→∞ n (n + 1)
ln(−z + 1)
 
∞
z n
1  (− − 1) (z − 1) −2 z + 2
z
X
= z 2 −
n (n + 1) 2 z z−1

n=1
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
170
3.13 Problem.
∞
X zn
n=0
n!
Hint.
Solution.
zn
a(n) =
n!
z (n+1)
a(n + 1) =
(n + 1)!
Ratio test computes
|a(n + 1)|
lim
n→∞ |a(n)|
(n+1)
z n!
lim =0
n→∞ (n + 1)! z n

p
lim n |a(n)|
n→∞

z n ( 1 ) z n ( 1 )

lim [ ] n = lim ( ) n
n→∞ n! n→∞ n!
∞
X zn
= ez
n=0
n!
Info.
not given
Comment.
no comment
171

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Complex variable

11:03 May 29, 2012

2 Zero Sum theorem for residues problems 76

3 Power series problems 157

Acknowledgement. The following problems were solved using my own procedure

Theorem. (Residue theorem) Suppose U is a simply connected open subset

The following rules can be used for residue counting:

Theorem. (Rule 1) If f has a pole of order k at the point w then

Theorem. (Rule 2) If f, g are holomorphic at the point w and f (w) 6= 0. If

Theorem. (Rule 3) If h is holomorphic at w and g has a simple pole at w, then

Theorem. ( TYPE I. Integral from a rational function in sin and cos.) If

is rational, has no poles on the real line and

[{z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 2 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = −2 I}]

[{z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 2 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}, {z = 1}]

[{z = 0}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 0}, {z = 3 I}, {z = −3 I}]

[{z = 0}, {z = 1 + I}, {z = 1 − I}]

[{z = −1}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 1}]

[{z = −1}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 1}]

[{z = −2 − 4 I}, {z = −2 + 4 I}]

[{z = 2 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = −2 I}]

Notation. For a function f holomorphic on some neighbourhood of infinity we

We will solve several problems using the following theorem:

Theorem. (Zero Sum theorem for residues) For a function f holomorphic in

Notation.(Example f (z) = 1/z) Projecting on the Riemann sphere we observe

[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 3 I}]

[{z = −I}, {z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}, {z = I}]

[{z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 3 I}]

[{z = 2 I}, {z = I}]

[{z = −3 I}, {z = 2 I}, {z = I}]

[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = −2 − 3 I}, {z = −2 + 3 I}]

[{z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 3 I}]

[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}]

[{z = −3 I}, {z = −I}, {z = I}, {z = 3 I}]

[{z = 0}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 0}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 2}, {z = 3}]

res(f(z), ∞) = (eI )2 − (eI )3

[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = −3 I}, {z = 3 I}]

[{z = 1 − 3 I}, {z = 1 + 3 I}]

[{z = 2}, {z = 3}]

res(f(z), ∞) = 2 (eI )2 − 3 (eI )3

[{z = −I}, {z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 1}, {z = 0}]

[{z = 2}, {z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 1}, {z = −1}]

[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = 0}]

[{z = 0}, {z = 2 I}, {z = −2 I}]

[{z = 1}, {z = 0}]

[{z = 1}, {z = 0}]

[{z = −I}, {z = I}]

[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = 0}]

[{z = 1}, {z = −1}, {z = 0}]