PAPUA NEW GUINEA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE 261: Test 2 – Tensile Test

COURSE CODE: BECV2

SUBJECT CODE: CE261
LECTURER: Mrs. Betasolo
TUTOR: Ms. Wantepe
DUE DATE: 12/04/2019
Name ID Number

Moses Boko 18300037

Israel Pope 17300193

Lincoln Sauwa 18300246

Natasha Polin 18300417

Joshua Marus 18300133

Jonah Plak 14300255

Isaac Kara 18300082

Steven Isingi 1530182

Christopher Tyson 17300268

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 3
AIM ................................................................................................................................................ 3
APPARATUS ................................................................................................................................ 3
PRECEDURE ................................................................................................................................ 3
RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 4
SAMPLE CALCULATION ......................................................................................................... 5
GRAPHS ........................................................................................................................................ 6
ERRORS ........................................................................................................................................ 7
DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 7
INTRODUCTION
Metals behave differently in different conditions when a tensile force is applied on them. In this
laboratory practical, a steel rod will be tested to see how it behaves when a tensile force is applied
on it. This tensile test will be conducted using a mechanical and electronic extensometer.

AIM
 To observe the stress-strain relationship pattern for steel in tension.
 To observe the failure pattern for steel in tension.
 To determine the value of Young’s Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity.
 To determine the value of Tensile Strength or Tensile Stress.
 To determine the value of Yield strength or Yield Stress.
 To determine the value of Strain or the Elongation.

APPARATUS
 Torsee Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
 Mechanical & electronic Extensometer
 Venier caliper
 Steel Specimen

PRECEDURE

1. Firstly, we used the Vernier caliper to measure then record. the diameter of the steel rod
2. The steel rod was then placed in the grips of the mechanical and electronic extensometer.
We then checked to make sure the grip’s threaded ends were completely threaded into the
pull rods, and likewise the spherical seats were completely threaded into the pull rods.
3. The extensometer was then securely attached to the steel rod, and its cord was connected
to the recorder. The machine was then turned on and the extensometer was adjusted to
activate the drum in the recorder.
4. A suitable load range was then selected on the machine based on estimation of the
maximum load and the proportional limit the steel rod can withstand. Based on the same
estimation, another suitable load scale and deflection scale was also selected on the
recorder.
5. A small load was added to the steel rod and the extensometer was adjusted so that when a
small load is added, the read-out from the recorder of the machine is fully activated.
6. A load of tensile was then added and it was slowly and continually increased and recorded
for every 5kN interval until the maximum load of 49.04kN had been reached.
7. With the load still being held, the machine was stopped, and the extensometer was
removed. The steel rod was removed from the grips and we measured its gage length.
8. The load is then removed from the machine as we took simultaneous readings from the
mechanical extensometer until the maximum load had been reached.
 9. Loads we then continually added without taking reading of deformations until the steel rod
was supposed to fail and break.

RESULTS
Datum Collected
Material: Steel Specimen
Original/initial Final Standard
Gage length (mm) 60 75
Diameters (mm) 9.76 5.9 10
9.73
9.73
Avg = 9.76
Radius (mm) 4.88 2.95
Distance between the jaws
(mm)

Yield Point (kN) Maximum load

(kN)
41.9 49.04

Load (kN) Deflection Deflection Stress Strain Elongation

(mm) (kN/mm2) (mm/mm) (%)
5 367 3.67 0.105371045 0.061166667 6.116666667
10 530 5.3 0.210742089 0.088333333 8.833333333
15 651 6.51 0.316113134 0.1085 10.85
20 749 7.49 0.421484178 0.124833333 12.48333333
25 842 8.42 0.526855223 0.140333333 14.03333333
30 924 9.24 0.632226267 0.154 15.4
35 1003 10.03 0.737597312 0.167166667 16.71666667
40 1097 10.97 0.842968356 0.182833333 18.28333333
45 1328 13.28 0.948339401 0.221333333 22.13333333
45.5 1375 13.75 0.958876505 0.229166667 22.91666667
46 1444 14.44 0.96941361 0.240666667 24.06666667
46.5 1513 15.13 0.979950714 0.252166667 25.21666667
47 1569 15.69 0.990487819 0.2615 26.15
47.5 1606 16.06 1.001024923 0.267666667 26.76666667
48 1671 16.71 1.011562028 0.2785 27.85
48.5 1741 17.41 1.022099132 0.290166667 29.01666667
SAMPLE CALCULATION
a) Tensile Strength Also Ultimate Tensile strength
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
49.04 𝑘𝑁
=
𝜋(4.88)2
= 0.655482263 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

b) Yield Strength
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
41.9
= 𝜋(4.88)2
= 0.56004704 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

c) Young Modulus of Elasticity

𝐹𝐿𝑜
𝐸=
𝐴(𝐿 − 𝐿𝑜 )
49.04(60)
=
74.777261(75 − 60)
2942.4
=
1121.658915
=2.6232257356 (kN/mm2)

d)
𝐴−𝐵
𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(%) = × 100
𝐵
75 − 60
= × 100
60
= 0.25 × 100
= 25%
GRAPHS
Stress vs. strain
1.2

0.8
Stress (kN/mm2)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Strain

Stress (kN/mm2)

Load vs. Elongation

60

50

40
Load (kN)

30
Load (kN)
20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Elongation (%)
ERRORS
Parallax Error

DISCUSSION
There is a mistake that was made by the lab instructor that may affect the completeness of the
experiment in which in the part where the steel rod was supposed to fail and break due to
overloading. However, the steel rod didn’t break due to less load being applied. To compensate
for the mistake, assumptions were made about the breaking load by the lab instructor and final
gage length was obtained from a same type of steel rod that had been broken from a similar
previous experiment.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can say that the overall experiment was a success given the fact that objectives
were met. In spite of the mistakes done by the lab instructor, we were still able to compensate for
them as mentioned in the discussion. All in all, this experiment further equips and broadens our
knowledge about the stress-strain relationship pattern for s steel in tension, the failure pattern for
a steel in tension, the calculation of young’s modulus, the calculation of tensile stress, the
calculation of yield strength, and the calculation of strain or the elongation.