Topic – Blood group

Tittle –Blood grouping

Aim –to determine the matching of the four blood groups for blood transfusion

Apparatus – Beakers

Test tube

Measuring Cylinders

Test tube holder

Materials – Red colouring, blue colouring, purple colouring, water

Method

The teacher provided a stock of water mixed with red colouring, water with blue colouring and purple
colouried water ( red + blue= purple) along with pure water.

The red coloured water represented blood group A, the blue coloured water represented blood group B,
while the purple- coloured water represented blood group O.

Test tubes labelled 1,2,3,4 were placed on the test tube rack.

1cm3 of type A blood was added to the test tube 1,which in the test tube 2 was filled with 1cm 3 of type B
blood. 1cm3 of type AB blood was added to the test tube 3 and finally in test tube 4, 1cm 3 of type O
blood was added. Each test tube was used to represent a recipient for a blood transfusion.

In each test tube 1cm3 of blood type A ( donor’s blood) was added and all colour changes were
recorded.

If there was a colour change it measured dumping has occurred therefore it was “not” a match, and if
the colour remained the same, “ correct” matching has occurred. The results were then recorded on a
table

Steps 3-4 was repeated and then blood type B was added to each tube and all observations were then
recorded.

Steps 3-4 were again repeated and type AB was added to each testtube. Observations were then
recorded and steps 3-4 were finally repeated and type O was added and the observation’s recorded.
It can be concluded that the matching of some blood transfusions were successful while some did not
match and cause agglutination.
Topic – Excretion

Title – Structure of human kidney

Aim- To observe and describe the structure of the kidney

Method

A kidney of a cow( mammal) was given to the researchers in order to carry out the experiment

A sharp knife was used to cut the kidney in half throught the middle

All structures shown were identified.

A fully labelled diagram of the kidney was drawn .

Observation

The kidney is a bean shaped organ and it has a redish colour.

The kidney was moist, stuffy and had a rank smell,

The structure shown were the renal capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal papilla, renal sinus,
Adipose tissue in the renal sinus, renal polvis, major calyx, renal column, renal pyramid, ureter and renal
blood vessels.
Topic – Health and sanitation

Title – Transmissible diseases

Aim- conduct a comparative study on transmissible diseases

Diseases- Aids, Malaria, typhoid, gonorrhea, cancer, rabies, herpes, leptospirosis, syphilis, tuberculosis

Method

Based on research and reading at libraries, health centers and hospitals. Students have been given the
following information for the diseases-

Pathogen-organism causing disease

Method of transmission

Intermediate vectors and/or hosts

Method infection ( how pathogen enters)

Signs and symptoms

Methods of treatment

Methods of prevention

Diseases involved

 Typhoid
 Gonorrhea
 A.I.D.S
 Malaria
 Cancer
 Rabies
 Herpes
 Leptospirosis
 Syphilis
 Tuberculosis

The information was obtained had been recorded; and was placed in a table

Observation

Table showing the study of transmissible diseases

Disease Pathogen Method of Vectors Method Signs and Method Method of

transmission of symptoms of Prevention
infection treatmen
 t
AIDS Human Transmitted Cannot be By having Signs No cure -Use a new
Immunodeficiency through transmitted via sex, deep *Soaking but can condom
Virus ( HIV) certain body insect or other mouth night sweats be when
fluids from vectors kissing it *weight loss controlled having sex
an infected -humans both *recurring -Use a clean
person e.g partners fever etc needle
blood, have sores Symptoms -consider
semen and *Pneumonia male
breast milk *Rapid circumcision
etc weight loss
*
Unexplained
tiredness
Malaria Plasmodium Transmitted -Mosquito When a
falciparum and by an -culex nonifected
plasmodium vivax infective - mosquito
female quinquefasciatu bites an
Anopheles s infected
mosquito -humans person