(PDF) Ntc-Iec 60812

AKSDG UÆMAFMG AUM-FHM
MK@KDCFGAG :?973
3??<-?<-38
]F]UHDG] EH LH]UFÝA.
UÆMAFMG] EH GAÇ@F]F] _GSG MKAJFGCF@FEGE EH
]F]UHDG]. _SKMHEFDFHAUK _GSG GAÇ@F]F] EH
DKEK EH JG@@G V HJHMUK] (GDJH)
H> DGAGLHDHAU ]V]UHD]. GAG@V]F] UHMIAFWXH]

UHMIAFWXH ] JKS
]V]UHD SH@FGCF@FUV. _SKMHEXSH JKS JGF@XSH DKEH
GAE HJJHMU] GAG@V]F]
GAG@V]F] (JDHG)
MKSSH]_K
MKSS H]_KAEHA
AEHAMFG>
MFG> hstg akrdg hs uag gekpmfýa feæatfmg
(FEU) pkr trgeummfýa eh `g akrdg
FHM :?973>3??:.
EH]MSF_UKSH]> gaç`fsfs hstgeästfmk2 hvgùgmfýa2

lhstfýa2 GDJH2 gmmfýa prhvhatfvg2
JDHG.
F.M.].> ?=.73?.?72
?=.73?.?72 ?=.73?.=?2
?=.73?.=?2 ?=.7??.?7
Heftgeg pkr h` Fastftutk Mk`kdcfgak eh Akrdgs Uæmafmgs y Mhrtfjfmgmfýa (FMKAUHM)

Gpgrtgek 753=< Cklktç, E.M. - Uh`. (8<7) :?<9999 - Jgx (8<7) 33375=8
_rkifcfeg su rhprkeummfýa Heftgeg 3??<-?9 -?=

_SÝ@KLK
H` Fastftutk Mk`kdcfgak eh Akrdgs Uæmafmgs y Mhrtfjfmgmfýa, FMKAUHM,

FMKAUHM, hs h` krlgafsdk
agmfkag` eh akrdg`fzgmfýa,
akrdg`fzgmfýa, shlþa h` Ehmrhtk 33:6 eh 766=.
FMKAUHM hs uag hatfege eh mgrçmthr prfvgek, sfa çafdk eh ùmrk, muyg Dfsfýa hs juaegdhatg`
pgrg crfaegr skpkrth y ehsgrrk``k g` prkeumtkr y prkthmmfýa g` mkasudfekr. Mk`gckrg mka h`
shmtkr luchragdhatg` y gpkyg g` shmtkr prfvgek eh` pgäs, pgrg `klrgr vhatgngs mkdphtftfvgs ha
`ks dhrmgeks fathrak y hxthrak.
@g rhprhshatgmfýa eh tkeks `ks shmtkrhs favkùmrgeks ha h` prkmhsk eh Akrdg`fzgmfýa Uæmafmg

hstç lgrgatfzgeg pkr `ks Mkdftæs Uæmafmks y h` phräkek eh Mkasu`tg _þc`fmg, hsth þ`tfdk
mgrgmthrfzgek pkr `g pgrtfmfpgmfýa eh` pþc`fmk ha lhahrg`.
@g AUM-FHM :?973 juh rgtfjfmgeg pkr h` Mkashnk Efrhmtfvk eh 3??<-?<-38.
Hstg akrdg hstç sunhtg g shr gmtug`fzgeg phrdgahathdhath mka h` kcnhtk eh quh rhspkaeg ha
tkek dkdhatk g `gs ahmhsfegehs
ahmhsfegehs y hxflhamfgs gmtug`hs.
G mkatfaugmfýa sh rh`gmfkaga `gs hdprhsgs quh mk`gckrgrka ha h` hstuefk eh hstg akrdg g

trgvæs eh su pgrtfmfpgmfýa ha h` Mkdftæ Uæmafmk 7?. Lhstfýa eh `g Mg`fege.
GMMFÝA ]KMFG@ _SH]FEHAMFG

_SH]FEHAMFG EH @G HA@GMH MKA]X@UKSH] @UEG.
SH_ÞC@FMG LSX_K GMMFÝA _@X]
GMHSÄG] EH MG@EG]
MG@EG] ]. G. GMG]G
GMG]G LSX_K ]V] @UEG.
G@UIZF^ & MFG. MKA]X@UKSH]
MKA]X@UKSH] FAEX]USFG MK@KDCFGAG EH @@GAUG]
GDMKS _HU _GMBFAL
_GMBFAL EH MK@KDCFG
MK@KDCFG ].G. ” DFMIH@FA
CÇ]MX@G] MKAUFAHAUG@ FAEX]USFG EH G@FDHAUK] ^HAÞ ].G.
MGNG] V ]X_@HDHAUK] WD] G]H]KSH]
MÇDGSG EH MKDHSMFK EH MG@F _GSWXH] V JXAHSGSFG] ].G.
MHAUH@]G _SKJH]FKAG@H] EH@ EH_KSUH
MKEHA]G ].G. H]_ _SKZHHEKSG DHUG@DHMÇAFMG @UEG.
MK@MHSÇDFMG
MK@MHSÇDFMG ]. G. WXG@FUG] FALHAFHSÄG
]IH@@ MK@KDCFG ].G.
MKK_HSGUFZG ZFLF@GAUH] ]UGSMKK_ ]D] MG@FEGE & _SKMHEFDFHAUK]
@UEG. ]KGA]H] @UEG.
MKUHMDGS UHMAF]HL @UEG.
M]L @UEG. UH@HJÝAFMG
HD_SH]G MK@KDCFGAG EH ]K_@GEK H XAFZHS]FEGE DGAXH@G CH@USÇA
FAVHMMFÝA ]. G. HM]F
Gehdçs eh `gs gathrfkrhs, ha Mkasu`tg _þc`fmg h` _rkyhmtk sh pusk g mkasfehrgmfýa eh `gs

sflufhaths hdprhsgs>
GMXGZFZG ].G. H]_

H]_ G_@FMGMFKAH] HA ]G@XE @UEG.
@UEG.
GMXHEXMUK
GMXHEXMUK EH CKLKUÇ ]. G. H]_ G]UHW
G]UHW @UEG.
@UEG. - G]F]U
G]F]UHA
HAMFG
MFG UÆMAFM
UÆMAFMGG
G@DGLSGSFK ].G.
].G. _GSG @G MG@FEGE V @G MKD_HUFUFZFEGE
G@_FA
G@_FAG
G _SK
_SKEX
EXMUK
MUK] ] G@FD
G@FDHA
HAUFM
UFMFK]
FK] ].G.
].G. GU@GAUFM] DFAHSG@]
DFAHSG@]
FAMKAMGS @UEG.
GZH MK@KDCFGAG
MK@KDCFGAG @UEG. FAEX]USFG @FMKSHSG EH@ MGXMG
CGZGSFG FAEX]USFG@ EH UFAUG]
MGNG EH MKD_HA]GMFÝA JGDF@FGS FAEX]USFG] _IF@F_] EH MK@KDCFG ].G.
-MKD_HA]GS- FA@GM ” MK@KDCFG
MGNG EH MKD_HA]GMFÝA JGDF@FGS @GWDG @UEG. -@GCKSGUKSFK WXÄDFMK
MKDJHAG@MK-
MKDJHAG@MK- GAUFKWXFG EH DKAFUKSHK GDCFHAUG@
MGNG EH MKD_HA]GMFÝA JGDF@FGS EH @XCSFMGAUH] EH@UG KF@
GAUFKWXFG -MKDJGDG-
-MKDJGDG- @XDFAHY ].G.
MG@FEGE V _SKEXMUFZFEGE MKA]X@UKSH] DHSMB MK@KDCFG
MÇDGSG EH MKDHSMFK EH _HSHFSG DHUSKMG@ @UEG.
MHMKEH] AMS EH MK@KDCFG
MHSZHMHSÄG @HKAG ].G. _K]UKCÝA ].G.
MFCG H]_HMFG@FEGEH] WXÄDFMG] ].G. _SKWXFAG@
MK@KDCFG FAEX]USFG@ GXUKDKUSF^ W. G. _. NXHLK] ].G.
@UEG. -MFG@- SHAUGJSÄK ].G.
MKAMH]FKAGSFG
MKAMH]FKAGSFG UFCFUKM ].G. H]_ SH]USH_K & @KAEK×K GXEFUKSH] V
MKA]HA]K ].G. MKA]X@UKSH] LHAHSG@H] ].G.
MKA]HSZG] MG@FJKSAFG SKVG@ LSKX_ ].G.
MKK_HSGUFZG MKKDHF ]MI@GLH @KMB MK@KDCFG ].G.
MKK_HSGUFZG EH LGAGEHSK] EH ]HAG SHLFKAG@ CKLKUÇ
MGSUGLHAG @UEG. ]FHDHA] LHAHSGMFÝA V
MKK_HSGUFZG XAFEK] ]G@XE KSG@ EF]USFCXMFÝA EH HAHSLFG ].G.
FAUHLSG@ ]FBG MK@KDCFG ].G.
MKK_HSGUFZG] EH USGCGNGEKSH] EH ]KMFHEGE EH GMXHEXMUK,
DHEH@@ÄA G@M
G@MGAUG
GAUGSFSF@@
@@G
GEK V G]H
G]HK EH
HMK_HUSK@ CGSSGAWXF@@G ].G. H]_
HD_SH]G EH UH@HMKDXAFMGMFKAH] ]KMFHEGE EH MKDHSMFG@F^GMFÝA
EH CKLKUG HUC FAUHSAGMFKAG@ EH G^ÞMGSH] V
H]MKCGS V DGSUÄAH^ DFH@H] ].G.
H]MXH@G MK@KDCFGAG EH FALHAFHSÄG ]KMFHEGE FAUHSAGMFKAG@ _HUSK@HSG
HXSK]HSZFMFK]
HXSK]HSZFMFK] & MFG @UEG. ].G. ]XMXS]G@ MK@KDCFG
HYUSXMK@ ]USGUHLK]. AHU @UEG.
HYYKA DKCF@ EH MK@KDCFG ]XDF_SFAU WXÄDFMG V MK@KS @UEG.
JÇCSFMG EH UKSAF@@K] LXUHDCHSUK ]X_HSFAUHAEHAMFG EH FAEX]USFG V
JHSUFGCKAK] ].G. MKDHSMFK
JXAEGMFÝA HEXMGMFÝA ]X_HSFKS UHS_H@ CXMGSGDGALG
]GA NK]Æ UHY]G EH MK@KDCFG ].G.
JXAEGMFÝA XAFZHS]FEGE EH GDÆSFMG UIKDG] LSHL ]KA] EH MK@KDCFG
JXAEGMFÝA XAFZHS]FUGSFG DGSÄG MGAK ].G. ” FD_SH]KS EH ZG@KSH]
JXAEGMFÝA ZG@@H EH@ @F@F XAFZHS]FEGE GLSGSFG EH MK@KDCFG
JXAHSGSFG LÝDH^ XAFZHS]FEGE GXUÝAKDG EH CXMGSGDGALG
JXAHSGSFG ]GA ZFMHAUH XAFZHS]FEGE MGUÝ@FMG EH MK@KDCFG
LG] AGUXSG@ ].G> H]_ XAFZHS]FEGE EH GAUFKWXFG LSX_K
LFDAG]FK JHDHAFAK SHLFKAG@ F]K
LSGEH]G XAFZHS]FEGE EH@ ZG@@H
IHS@CHSU & MÄG. XAFZHS]FEGE @FCSH
IK]_FUG@ EH_GSUGDHAUG@ EH XAFZHS]FEGE ]GAUK UKDÇ]
ZF@@GZFMHAMFK X_] SHEH]
FAG@MHM ^V@HUUH ].G.
FMKAUHM
FMKAUHM muhatg mka ua Mhatrk eh Fajkrdgmfýa quh pkah g efspksfmfýa eh `ks fathrhsgeks
akrdgs fathragmfkag`hs,
fathragmfkag`hs, rhlfkag`hs y agmfkag`hs y ktrks ekmudhatks rh`gmfkageks.
rh`gmfkageks.
EFSHMMFÝA EH AKSDG@F^GMFÝA
AKSDG UÆMAFMG MK@KDCFGAG AUM-FHM :?973
MKAUHAFEK
_çlfag
FAUSKEXMMFÝA......................................................................................................................7
7. KCNHUK ........................................................
........................... ...........................................................
...........................................................
.................................7
....7
3. SHJHSHAMFG] AKSDGUFZG] .......................................................

.......................... .........................................................
............................77
=. UÆSDFAK] V EHJFAFMFKAH] ............................................................

............................. ........................................................3
.........................3
5. LHAHSG@FEGEH].......................................................................................................=
5.7 FAUSKEXMMFÝA..........................................................................................................=
5.3 _SK_Ý]FUK V KCNHUFZK] EH@ GAÇ@F]F]............................................

GAÇ@F]F]........... ...................................................5
..................5
8. GAÇ@F]F] EH DKEK] EH JG@@G V HJHMUK] ........................................................8

............................... .........................8
8.7 MKA]FEHSGMFKAH] LHAHSG@H] .........................................................

............................ ...............................................8
..................8
8.3 UGSHG] _SH@FDFAGSH] ........................................................

.......................... ...........................................................
...................................:
......:
8.= GAÇ@F]F] EH DKEK] EH JG@@G, HJHMUK] V MSFUFMFEGE (GDJHM)................7<
8.5 FAJKSDH EH GAÇ@F]F].................................................

GAÇ@F]F].................... ...........................................................
...........................................38
.............38
:. KUSG] MKA]FEHSGMFKAH] .............................................................

.............................. .....................................................3:
......................3:
:.7 JG@@G] EH MGX]G MKDÞA ........................................................

........................... ........................................................
...........................3:
3:
:.3 JGMUKSH] IXDGAK]..............................................

IXDGAK]................. ...........................................................
...............................................3<
.................3<
:.= HSSKSH] EH ]KJU\GSH.................................................

]KJU\GSH.................. ..............................................................
......................................3<
.......3<
:.5 GDJH GMHSMG EH @G] MKA]HMXHAMFG] EH @G JG@@G EH@ ]F]UHDG.........3<

]F]UHDG .........3<
<. G_@FMGMFKAH].........................................................................................................39
_çlfag
<.7 X]K EH@ GDJH/GDJHM ..........................................................

............................ ...........................................................
.................................39
....39
<.3 CHAHJFMFK] EH@ GDJH.................................................

GDJH.................. ..............................................................
..........................................36
...........36
<.= @FDFUGMFKAH] V EHJFMFHAMFG] EH@ GDJH .........................................................=

............................... ..........................=??
<.5 SH@GMFKAH] MKA KUSK] DÆUKEK] ..................................................................

................................ ..................................=7
=7
CFC@FKLSGJÄG......................................................................................................................55
EKMXDHAUK EH SHJHSHAMFG..........................................................................................58
GAHYK]
GAHYK G (Fajkrdgtfvk)
SH]XDHA EH _SKMHEFDFHAUK] _GSG GDJH V GDJHM ..............................................==
................................ ..............==
GAHYK C (Fajkrdgtfvk) ..........................................................................................................=<
HNHD_@K] EH GAÇ@F]F]
JFLXSG]....................................................................................................................................
Jflurg 7. Sh`gmfýa hatrh dkeks eh jg``g y hjhmtks eh jg``g ha ua sfsthdg nhrçrqufmk .....6
Jflurg 3. Jùnklrgdg eh gaç`fsfs.........................................................................................7:
Jflurg =. Dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege ..........................................................

............................ ...........................................................
.....................................3?
........3?
UGC@G]
Ugc`g 7. Hnhdp`k eh ua mkanuatk eh dkeks eh jg``g lhahrg`hs .......................................77
......................... ..............77
Ugc`g 3. Hnhdp`k fùstrgtfvk eh uag m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh shvhrfege pgrg `ks hjhmtks
jfag`hs ....................................................................................................................................78
Ugc`g =. Dgtrfz eh rfhslk/mrftfmfege.....................................................................................37
Ugc`g 5. ]hvhrfege eh` dkek eh jg``g..................................................................................33
Ugc`g 8. Gpgrfmfýa eh` dkek eh jg``g, rh`gmfkageg mka `g jrhmuhamfg y
prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg..................................................................................................33
Ugc`g :. Mrfthrfks eh hvgùgmfýa eh ehthmmfýa eh dkeks eh jg``g ...................................3=

......................... ..........3=
_çlfag
Ugc`g <. Hnhdp`k eh ua mkanuatk eh hjhmtks eh jg``g (pgrg h` grrgaquh eh

ua vhiämu`k g dktkr .............................................................................................................38
Ugc`g 9. Hnhdp`k eh prkcgcf`fege eh hjhmtks eh jg``g .......................................................

............................. ..........................38
38
]F]UHDG] EH LH]UFÝA.
UÆMAFMG] EH GAÇ@F]F] _GSG MKAJFGCF@FEGE EH ]F]UHDG].
_SKMHEFDFHAUK _GSG GAÇ@F]F] EH DKEK EH JG@@G V HJHMUK] (GDJH)
FAUSKEXMMFÝA
@g prhshath akrdg hs uag gekpmfýa feæatfmg pkr trgeummfýa g` mgsth``gak eh `g akrdg

FHM :?973>3??: ‐ Gag`ys
Gag`ysfs
fs Uhm
Uhmia
iafqu
fquhs
hs jkr ]ysthd
]ysthd Sh`f
Sh`fgc
gcf`f
f`fty.
ty. _rkmhe
_rkmheurh
urh jkr Jgfù
Jgfùrh
rh Dkeh
Dkeh gae
gae Hjjhm
Hjjhmts
ts
Gag`ys fs (JDHG)—, hxmhptk pkr h` tätu`k, hsphmäjfmgdhath ha h` h`hdhatk fatrkeumtkrfk. Ha
Gag`ysfs
mkashmuhamfg eh `k gathrfkr, h` tätu`k dkefjfmgek hs h` sflufhath AUM-FHM :?973 ‐]fsthdgs eh lhstfýa.
Uæmafmgs eh gaç`fsfs pgrg mkajfgcf`fege eh sfsthdgs. _rkmhefdfhatk pgrg gaç`fsfs eh dkek eh jg``g y
hjhmtks (GDJH)—. ]h igmh `g gefmfýa g` tätu`k krflfag`, mka h` prkpýsftk eh hxp`fmftgr quh hs pgrg
gp`fmgmfýa ha `ks efjhrhaths sfsthdgs eh lhstfýa eh `gs krlgafzgmfkahs h faehphaefhath eh` shmtkr
prkeumtfvk.
7. KCNHUK
@g prhshath akrdg ehsmrfch h` Gaç`fsfs eh Dkek eh Jg``g y Hjhmtks (GDJH), y h` Gaç`fsfs eh

Dkek eh Jg``g, Hjhmtks y Mrftfmfege (GDJHM), y crfaeg krfhatgmfýa gmhrmg eh mýdk sh puheha
gp`fmgr pgrg `klrgr efjhrhaths kcnhtfvks dhefgath>
- @g prhshatgmfýa eh `ks pgsks eh` prkmhefdfhatk

prkmhefdfhatk ahmhsgrfks pgrg ``hvgr g mgck ua
gaç`fsfs2
- @g fehatfjfmgmfýa eh `ks tærdfaks, supksfmfkahs,

supksfmfkahs, dhefegs eh mrftfmfege y dkeks eh jg``g
gprkpfgeks2
- @g ehjfafmfýa eh `ks prfamfpfks cçsfmks2
- @g prhshatgmfýa eh hnhdp`ks eh `gs ikngs eh trgcgnk ahmhsgrfgs u ktrgs jkrdgs tgcu`grhs.
Ukegs `gs mkasfehrgmfkahs mug`ftgtfvgs lhahrg`hs prhshatgegs pgrg h` GDJH sh gp`fmgrça g`

GDJHM, yg quh `g þ`tfdg hs uag hxthasfýa
hxthasfýa eh `g prfdhrg.
prfdhrg.
3. SHJHSHAMFG] AKSDGUFZG]
@ks sflufhaths ekmudhatks akrdgtfvks rhjhrhamfgeks ska faefsphasgc`hs pgrg `g gp`fmgmfýa eh

hsth ekmudhatk akrdgtfvk. _grg rhjhrhamfgs jhmigegs, sh gp`fmg þafmgdhath `g hefmfýa mftgeg.
7 eh 58
_grg rhjhrhamfgs ak jhmigegs, sh gp`fmg `g þ`tfdg hefmfýa eh` ekmudhatk akrdgtfvk

rhjhrhamfgek (famùfeg mug`qufhr mkrrhmmfýa).
FHM :?=??-=-7>3??=, Ehphaegcf`fty Dgaglhdhat. _grt =-7> Gpp`fmgtfka Lufeh. Gag`ysfs

Uhmiafquhs jkr Ehphaegcf`fty.
Ehphaegcf`fty.
FHM :7?38, Jgu`t Urhh Gag`ysfs (JUG).
FHM :7?<9, Gag`ysfs Uhmiafquhs

Uhmiafquhs jkr Ehphaegcf`fty.
Ehphaegcf`fty. Sh`fgcf`fty
Sh`fgcf`fty C`kmb Efglrgd
Efglrgd Dhtike.
=. UÆSDFAK] V EHJFAFMFKAH]
_grg `ks prkpýsftks eh hsth ekmudhatk sh gp`fmga `gs sflufhaths ehjfafmfkahs>
=.7 Äthd (Fthd). Mug`qufhr pgrth, mkdpkahath, efspksftfvk, sucsfsthdg, uafege juamfkag`, hqufpk k
sfsthdg quh sh puheh mkasfehrgr faefvfeug`dhath.
faefvfeug`dhath.
AKUG 7 Xa äthd puheh shr igrewgrh, skjtwgrh k gdcks, y tgdcfæa ha mgsks pgrtfmu`grhs puheh famùfr phrskags.
AKUG 3 Zgrfks h`hdhatks, tg`hs mkdk uag pkc`gmfýa eh äthdhs k uag duhstrg, puheha shr mkasfehrgeks mkdk ua
äthd.
RFHZ 767-?7-?7T 7
Xa prkmhsk tgdcfæa sh puheh ehjfafr mkdk ua äthd quh ``hvg g mgck uag juamfýa
prhehthrdfageg, y pgrg `g mug` sh rhg`fzg ua GDJH k GDJHM eh` prkmhsk. Akrdg`dhath, ua
GDJH eh igrewgrh ak trgtg skcrh `gs phrskags af skcrh sus fathrgmmfkahs mka h`
igrewgrh/skjtwgrh, dfhatrgs quh ua prkmhsk eh GDJH akrdg`dhath famùyh gmmfkahs eh `gs
phrskags.
=.3 Jg``g (Jgfùrh). Uhrdfagmfýa eh `g mgpgmfege eh ua äthd pgrg rhg`fzgr uag juamfýa
rhquhrfeg.
RZHF 767-?5-?7T
=.= Ehjhmtk (Jgu`t ).

). Hstgek eh ua äthd mgrgmthrfzgek pkr `g famgpgmfege pgrg rhg`fzgr uag
juamfýa rhquhrfeg, hxmhptugaek `g famgpgmfege eurgath h` dgathafdfhatk prhvhatfvk u ktrgs
gmmfkahs p`gafjfmgegs,
p`gafjfmgegs, k ehcfek g `g jg`tg eh rhmursks hxthraks.
AKUG 7 Xa ehjhmtk hs mka jrhmuhamfg h` rhsu`tgek eh uag jg``g ha h` prkpfk äthd,
äthd, phrk puheh hxfstfr gaths eh `g
jg``g
RZHF 767-?8-?7T
AKUG 3 Ha hsth ekmudhatk, "ehjhmtk"
"ehjhmtk" sh usg ha jkrdg fathrmgdcfgc`h
fathrmgdcfgc`h mka h` tærdfak "jg``g" pkr rgzkahs
ifstýrfmgs.
=.5 Hjhmtk eh jg``g (Jgfùrh Hjjhmt ).). Mkashmuhamfg eh ua dkek eh jg``g ha mugatk g `g

kphrgmfýa, juamfýa k hstgek eh` äthd.
=.8 Dkek eh jg``g. (Jgfùrh Dkeh). Dgahrg ha `g mug` ua äthd jg``g.
7
Hstg rhjhrhamfg faefmg quh `g ehjfafmfýa juh gekptgeg eh` ekmudhatk akrdgtfvk FHM :??8?-767
Zkmgcu`grfk H`hmtrktæmafmk Fathragmfkag` (Fathragtfkag` H`hmtrkthmiafmg` Zkmgcu`gry FHZ). Mgpätu`k 767>
]hlurfege eh juamfkagdfhatk y mg`fege eh` shrvfmfk ( Ehphaegcf`fty gae Wug`fty kj ]hrvfmh ).
3
=.: Mrftfmfege eh `g jg``g. (Jgfùrh Mrftfmg`fty ).

). Mkdcfagmfýa eh `g shvhrfege eh ua hjhmtk y `g
jrhmuhamfg eh su gpgrfmfýa u ktrks gtrfcutks eh uag jg``g, mkdk uag dhefeg eh `g ahmhsfege eh
trgtgr`g y dftflgr`g.
=.< ]fsthdg ]

(] ys thd). Mkanuatk eh h`hdhatks dutugdhath rh`gmfkageks k quh fathrgmtþga.
AKUG 7 Ha h` mkathxtk eh shlurfege eh juamfkagdfhatk, ua sfsthdg thaerç>
g) _rkpýsftks ehjfafeks hxprhsgeks ha tærdfaks eh `gs juamfkahs rhquhrfegs.
c) Mkaefmfkahs hstgc`hmfegs eh` usk eh `g kphrgmfýa (vægsh 767-?7-73).
m) Xa `ädfth ehjfafek.
AKUG 3 @g hstrumturg eh ua sfsthdg hs nhrçrqufmg.
RF]K 6???>3??8T
=.9 ]hvhrfege eh `g jg``g (Jgfùrh hvhrfty ).

). Fdpkrtgamfg k m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh` hjhmtk eh` dkek eh
Jgfùrh ] hvhrfty
jg``g ha `g kphrgmfýa eh` äthd, ha `ks g`rhehekrhs eh` äthd k ha h` kphrgekr eh` äthd2 shvhrfege
eh` hjhmtk eh` dkek eh jg``g mkdk sh rh`gmfkag mka `ks `ädfths ehjfafeks eh` sfsthdg gag`fzgek.
5. LHAHSG@FEGEH]
5.7 FAUSKEXMMFÝA
H` Gaç`fsfs eh Dkek eh Jg``g y Hjhmtks (GDJH) hs ua prkmhefdfhatk sfsthdçtfmk pgrg h` gaç`fsfs

eh ua sfsthdg mka h` jfa eh fehatfjfmgr `ks dkeks eh jg``g pkthamfg`hs, sus mgusgs y hjhmtks ha h`
ehshdph÷k eh` sfsthdg (ehshdph÷k eh` hasgdc`h fadhefgtk y eh tkek h` sfsthdg k eh ua
prkmhsk). H` tærdfak sfsthdg sh usg gquä mkdk uag rhprhshatgmfýa eh` igrewgrh, h` skjtwgrh
(mka su fathrgmmfýa) k ua prkmhsk. H` gaç`fsfs sh ``hvg g mgck mka æxftk prhjhrfc`hdhath ha h`
fafmfk eh` mfm`k eh ehsgrrk``k, eh dgahrg quh `g h`fdfagmfýa k dftflgmfýa eh` dkek eh jg``g shg
dçs rhatgc`h pksfc`h. Hsth gaç`fsfs sh puheh fafmfgr tga prkatk mkdk h` sfsthdg sh igyg
ehjfafek `k sujfmfhath mkdk pgrg prhshatgr`k dhefgath ua efglrgdg eh c`kquhs juamfkag`hs ha
ekaeh sh puheh ehjfafr h` ehshdph÷k eh sus h`hdhatks.
Hs hshamfg` h` dkdhatk eh rhg`fzgmfýa eh` GDJH2 puheh shr rhatgc`h sf sh igmh `k

sujfmfhathdhath thdprgak ha h` mfm`k eh ehsgrrk``k, y ùhlk sh famkrpkrga `ks mgdcfks ha h`
efsh÷k pgrg suphrgr `gs ehjfmfhamfgs fehatfjfmgegs pkr h` GDJH. _kr tgatk, hs fdpkrtgath
famkrpkrgr `g `gckr eh` GDJH y sus prkeumtks g` p`ga y g` hsquhdg eh ehsgrrk``k. Gsä, h` GDJH
hs ua prkmhsk fthrgtfvk quh kmurrh g` dfsdk tfhdpk quh h` prkmhsk eh efsh÷k.
H` GDJH hs gp`fmgc`h g vgrfks afvh`hs eh ehsmkdpksfmfýa eh` sfsthdg, ehseh h` afvh` dçs g`tk
ha h` efglrgdg eh c`kquhs igstg `gs juamfkahs eh `ks mkdpkahaths efsmrhtks k mkdgaeks eh
skjtwgrh. H` GDJH tgdcfæa hs ua prkmhsk fthrgtfvk quh hs gmtug`fzgek g dhefeg quh sh
ehsgrrk``g h` efsh÷k. @ks mgdcfks ha h` efsh÷k rhquhrfrça quh `gs pgrths phrtfahaths eh` GDJH
shga hxgdfagegs y gmtug`fzgegs.
Xa GDJH mkdp`htk hs h` rhsu`tgek eh ua hqufpk mkajkrdgek pkr faefvfeuks mg`fjfmgeks pgrg

rhmkakmhr y hvgùgr
hvgùgr `g dglaftue
dglaftue y mkashmuhamfgs
mkashmuhamfgs eh `ks efvhrsks
efvhrsks tfpks eh
eh fasujfmfhamfgs
fasujfmfhamfgs
pkthamfg`hs ha h` efsh÷k eh` prkeumtk quh pkeräga mkaeumfr g jg``gs. @g vhatgng eh` trgcgnk ha
hqufpk hs quh hstfdu`g h` prkmhsk eh phasgdfhatk y gshlurg `ks mkakmfdfhatks y hxphrfhamfg
ahmhsgrfks.
H` GDJH sh mkasfehrg ua dætkek pgrg fehatfjfmgr `g shvhrfege eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g pkthamfg` y
crfaegr ua h`hdhatk eh hatrgeg g `gs dhefegs eh dftflgmfýa pgrg rheumfr h` rfhslk. ]fa
=
hdcgrlk, ha g`luags gp`fmgmfkahs h` GDJH tgdcfæa famùyh uag hstfdgmfýa eh `g prkcgcf`fege

eh quh kmurrga `ks dkeks eh jg``g. Gyueg g dhnkrgr h` gaç`fsfs g` sudfafstrgr uag dhefeg eh `g
prkcgcf`fege
prkcgcf`fege eh` dkek eh jg``g.
@g gp`fmgmfýa eh` GDJH vg prhmhefeg eh `g ehsmkdpksfmfýa nhrçrqufmg eh` sfsthdg (igrewgrh mka
skjtwgrh, k ua prkmhsk) ha sus h`hdhatks dçs cçsfmks. Hs þtf` hdp`hgr efglrgdgs eh c`kquh
sfdp`hs pgrg fùstrgr hstg ehsmkdpksfmfýa (FHM :7?<9). H` gaç`fsfs mkdfhazg hatkamhs mka `ks
h`hdhatks eh afvh` dçs cgnk. Xa hjhmtk eh dkek eh jg``g g ua afvh` dçs cgnk puheh hatkamhs
mkavhrtfrsh ha `g mgusg eh uag jg``g eh ua dkek eh jg``g eh ua äthd ha h` sflufhath afvh` suphrfkr.
H` gaç`fsfs mkatfaþg eh gcgnk igmfg grrfcg igstg quh sh fehatfjfmg h` hjhmtk jfag` ha h` sfsthdg. @g
Jflurg 7 fùstrg hstg rh`gmfýa.
GDJHM (Gaç`fsf
(Gaç`fsfss eh dkeks
dkeks eh jg``g,
jg``g, hjhmtks y mrftfmfege)
mrftfmfege) hs uag hxthasfýa
hxthasfýa eh` GDJH pgrg famùfr
famùfr
ua dhefk eh m`gsfjfmgr `g shvhrfege eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g y phrdftfr `g prfkrfzgmfýa eh
mkatrgdhefegs. Hstk sh igmh mkdcfagaek `g dhefeg eh `g shvhrfege y `g jrhmuhamfg eh gpgrfmfýa
pgrg prkeumfr uag dætrfmg ``gdgeg mrftfmfege.
@ks prfamfpfks eh ua GDJH sh puheha gp`fmgr pkr juhrg eh` efsh÷k eh falhafhräg. H` prkmhefdfhatk
eh GDJH sh puheh gp`fmgr g ua prkmhsk eh dgaujgmturg k g mug`qufhr ktrk prkmhsk eh trgcgnk,
mkdk pkr hnhdp`k ha ikspftg`hs, `gckrgtkrfks dæefmks, sfsthdgs hsmk`grhs u ktrks. Mugaek h`
GDJH sh gp`fmg
gp`fmg g ua prkmhsk
prkmhsk eh dgaujgmtu
dgaujgmturg,
rg, hsth prkmhsk
prkmhsk sh mkakmh
mkakmh ha `g faeustrfg
faeustrfg mkdk
GDJH k GDJH_
GDJH_ ehèh` prkmhsk.
prkmhsk. _grg
_grg quh ua
ua GDJH shgshg hjfmgz,
hjfmgz, sh ehcha
ehcha mkdprk
mkdprkdhthr
dhthr `ks
`ks rhmursks
rhmursks
gehmugeks pgrg ua trgcgnk ha hqufpk. _grg ua GDJH prh`fdfagr tg` vhz ak shg hshamfg` uag
mkdprhasfýa prkjuaeg eh` sfsthdg quh sh gag`fzg. Mka h` ehsgrrk``k eh` efsh÷k, ua gaç`fsfs eh
dkek eh jg``g ehtg``gek rhqufhrh ua prkjuaek mkakmfdfhatk eh` ehshdph÷k eh` efsh÷k y sus
hsphmfjfmgmfkahs. @ks efsh÷ks eh falhafhräg mkdp`hnks usug`dhath rhqufhrha `g pgrtfmfpgmfýa eh
dumigs çrhgs eh mkakmfdfhatk y hxphrfhamfg ha efsh÷k (pkr hnhdp`k, falhafhräg dhmçafmg,
h`æmtrfmg, eh sfsthdgs, eh skjtwgrh, skpkrth eh dgathafdfhatk, htm.).
H` GDJH tfhah quh vhr lhahrg`dhath mka dkeks eh jg``g faefvfeug` y h` hjhmtk eh hstks dkeks eh
jg``g ha h` sfsthdg. Mgeg dkek eh jg``g sh trgtg eh dgahrg faehphaefhath. _kr tgatk, h`
prkmhefdfhatk hs fagehmugek pgrg mkasfehrgmfýa eh jg``gs ehphaefhaths k rhsu`tgaths eh uag
shmuhamfg eh hvhatks. _grg gag`fzgr hstgs sftugmfkahs sh puheha rhquhrfr ktrks dætkeks y
tæmafmgs, tg`hs mkdk h` gaç`fsfs eh Dgrbkv (vægsh
(vægsh `g akrdg FHM :77:8) k h` gaç`fsfs eh çrck` eh
jg``gs (vægsh `g akrdg FHM :7?38).
G` ehthrdfag
ehthrdfagrr h` fdpgmtk
fdpgmtk eh uag jg``g sh ehch mkasfehr
mkasfehrgr
gr h` dgykr
dgykr afvh` faeumfek
faeumfek - `gs jg``gs
jg``gs
rhsu`tgaths y pksfc`hdhath h` dfsdk afvh` eh jg``gs faeumfegs. H` gaç`fsfs ehchräg faefmgr, sfhdprh
quh shg pksfc`h, `g mkdcfagmfýa eh dkeks eh jg``g k su shmuhamfg quh juh `g mgusg eh ua hjhmtk
eh afvh` dçs g`tk. Ha hsth mgsk, sh rhqufhrh dkeh`gek gefmfkag` pgrg hstfdgr `g dglaftue k
prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg eh hsth hjhmtk.
H` GDJH hs uag ihrrgdfhatg j`hxfc`h quh sh puheh gegptgr g `gs ahmhsfegehs eh ua prkeumtk k
faeustrfg hsphmäjfmg. @gs ikngs eh trgcgnk hsphmfg`fzgegs quh rhqufhrha hatrgegs hsphmäjfmgs sh
puheha gegptgr pgrg ehthrdfagegs gp`fmgmfkahs. ]f sh ehjfaha `ks afvh`hs eh shvhrfege eh `ks
dkeks eh jg``g, sh puheha ehjfafr ha jkrdg efstfatg pgrg efjhrhaths sfsthdgs k afvh`hs eh
sfsthdgs.
5.3 _SK_Ý]FUK V KCNHUFZK] EH@ GAÇ@F]F]
@gs rgzkahs pgrg rhg`fzgr ua Gaç`fsfs eh Dkek eh Jg``g y Hjhmtks (GDJH) k Gaç`fsfs eh Dkek eh
Jg``g, Hjhmtks y Mrftfmfege (GDJHM) puheha famùfr `k sflufhath>
5
g) Fehatfjfmgr `gs jg``gs quh tfhaha hjhmtks ak ehshgeks ha `g kphrgmfýa eh` sfsthdg, pkr
hnhdp`k, fdphefr k ehlrgegr ha jkrdg sflafjfmgtfvg `g kphrgmfýa k gjhmtgr `g shlurfege eh`
usugrfk.
c) ]gtfsjgmhr `ks rhqufsftks mkatrgmtug`hs eh ua m`fhath, shlþa shg gp`fmgc`h.
m) _hrdftfr dhnkrgs ha `g mkajfgcf`fege k shlurfege eh` sfsthdg (pkr hnhdp`k, dhefgath

dkefjfmgmfkahs ha h` efsh÷k k gmmfkahs eh gshlurgdfhatk eh `g mg`fege).
e) _hrdftfr `g dhnkrg ha `g mgpgmfege eh dgathafdfhatk eh` sfsthdg (ehstgmgaek `gs çrhgs
eh rfhslk k ak mkajkrdfege pgrg mgpgmfege eh dgathafdfhatk).
Mka cgsh ha `gs rgzkahs gathrfkrhs pgrg `g rhg`fzgmfýa eh uag `gckr eh GDJH, `ks kcnhtfvks eh ua
GDJH (k GDJHM)
GDJHM) puheha
puheha famùfr
famùfr `ks sfluf
sflufhath
haths>
s>
g) Xag fehatfjfmgmfýa y hvgùgmfýa gdp`fgs eh tkeks `ks hjhmtks faehshgeks ehatrk eh `ks
`ädfths ehjfafeks eh` sfsthdg quh sh gag`fzg, y `gs shmuhamfgs eh `ks hvhatks prkvkmgeks
pkr mgeg dkek eh jg``g eh` äthd fehatfjfmgek, mug`qufhrg quh shg su mgusg, g efjhrhaths
afvh`hs eh `g nhrgrquäg juamfkag` eh` sfsthdg.
c) @g ehthrdfagmfýa eh `g mrftfmfege k prfkrfege pgrg trgtgr/dftflgr (vægsh h` audhrg` :) eh

mgeg dkek eh jg``g mka rhsphmtk g `g juamfýa k ehshdph÷k mkrrhmtk eh` sfsthdg, y g`
fdpgmtk ha h` prkmhsk favkùmrgek.
m) Xag m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g fehatfjfmgeks eh gmuhrek mka `gs mgrgmthrästfmgs
phrtfahaths, famùfeg su jgmf`fege eh ehthmmfýa, `g mgpgmfege eh efglaýstfmk, mgpgmfege
eh hasgyk, mkdphasgmfýa y efspksfmfkahs pgrg kphrgmfýa (rhpgrgmfýa, dgathafdfhatk,
`klästfmg, htm.).
e) Fehatfjfmgmfýa eh `gs jg``gs juamfkag`hs eh` sfsthdg y hstfdgmfýa eh `gs dhefegs eh `g

shvhrfege y prkcgcf`fege eh jg``g.
h) Ehsgrrk``k eh` p`ga eh dhnkrg eh` efsh÷k pgrg `g dftflgmfýa eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g.
j) Gpkyk pgrg h` ehsgrrk``k eh ua p`ga eh dgathafdfhatk hjfmgz pgrg dftflgr k rheumfr `g

prkcgcf`fege eh jg``g (vægsh `g FHM
F HM :?=??-=-77).
AKUG Mugaek sh gckreg `g mrftfmfege k `g prkcgcf`fege eh quh
quh sumheg, `ks mkdhatgrfks igmha rhjhrhamfg g `g
dhtkek`kläg GDJHM.
8. GAÇ@F]F] EH DKEK] V HJHMUK] EH JG@@G
8.7 MKA]FEHSGMFKAH] LHAHSG@H]
Urgefmfkag`dhath ig igcfek gdp`fgs vgrfgmfkahs ha `g jkrdg eh rhg`fzgmfýa y prhshatgmfýa eh`

GDJH. H` gaç`fsfs sh ``hvg g mgck usug`dhath dhefgath `g fehatfjfmgmfýa eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g,
sus rhsphmtfvgs mgusgs y sus hjhmtks fadhefgtks y jfag`hs. @ks rhsu`tgeks gag`ätfmks sh puheha
prhshatgr ha uag ikng eh trgcgnk quh mkathalg ua aþm`hk eh fajkrdgmfýa hshamfg` pgrg tkek h`
sfsthdg, y ehtg``hs ehsgrrk``geks pgrg hsh sfsthdg hsphmäjfmk. Duhstrg `gs jkrdgs ha `gs quh h`
sfsthdg puheh jg``gr pkthamfg`dhath, `ks mkdpkahaths y sus dkeks eh jg``g quh shräga `g
mgusg eh jg``g eh` sfsthdg, y `gs mgusgs eh quh kmurrga mgeg uak eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g
faefvfeug`hs.
@g `gckr eh GDJH gp`fmgeg g prkeumtks mkdp`hnks pkeräg shr duy hxthasg. Hstg `gckr sh
puheh rheumfr g`luags vhmhs thafhaek ha dhath quh hs pksfc`h quh h` efsh÷k eh g`luaks
8
suchasgdc`hs k sus pgrths ak shg mkdp`htgdhath auhvk, y dhefgath `g fehatfjfmgmfýa eh `gs

pgrths eh` efsh÷k eh` prkeumtk quh ska uag rhphtfmfýa k uag dkefjfmgmfýa eh ua efsh÷k eh
prkeumtk prhvfk. H` GDJH rhmfæa mkastrufek ehchräg usgr fajkrdgmfýa skcrh hstks
suchasgdc`hs hxfsthaths, ha `g dgykr dhefeg pksfc`h. Ugdcfæa ehch sh÷g`gr `g ahmhsfege eh
ua hasgyk hvhatug` k ua gaç`fsfs mkdp`htk eh `gs auhvgs mgrgmthrästfmgs y h`hdhatks. Xag vhz
quh sh mrhg ua GDJH ehtg``gek pgrg ua efsh÷k, sh puheh gmtug`fzgr y dhnkrgr pgrg `gs
lhahrgmfkahs
lhahrgmfkahs sflufhaths eh hsh efsh÷k, `k quh mkastftuyh ua hsjuhrzk sflafjfmgtfvgdhath
sflafjfmgtfvgdhath dhakr
quh ``hvgr g mgck ua gaç`fsfs mkdp`htgdhath
mkdp`htgdhath auhvk.
Mugaek sh usg ua GDJH hxfsthath eh uag vhrsfýa eh ua prkeumtk gathrfkr, hs hshamfg`

gshlurgrsh eh quh h` efsh÷k rhphtfek sh ush vhregehrgdhath eh `g dfsdg dgahrg y cgnk `ks
dfsdks hsjuhrzks quh h` efsh÷k prhvfk. @ks auhvks hsjuhrzks kphrgmfkag`hs k gdcfhatg`hs
puheha rhquhrfr `g rhvfsfýa eh` GDJH rhg`fzgek gathrfkrdhath. @ks hsjuhrzks gdcfhatg`hs y
kphrgmfkag`hs efjhrhaths puheha rhquhrfr `g mrhgmfýa eh ua GDJH mkdp`htgdhath auhvk quh
thalg ha muhatg `gs auhvgs mkaefmfkahs kphrgmfkag`hs.
H` prkmhefdfhatk GDJH mkastg eh `gs sflufhaths mugtrk htgpgs prfamfpg`hs>
g) Hstgc`hmfdfhatk
Hstgc`hmfdfhatk eh rhl`gs juaegdhatg`hs cçsfmgs pgrg h` GDJH, y p`gafjfmgmfýa
p`gafjfmgmfýa y
prklrgdgmfýa pgrg gshlurgrsh eh quh sh muhatg mka h` tfhdpk y `ks mkakmfdfhatks y
hxphrfhamfg ahmhsgrfks
ahmhsgrfks pgrg ``hvgr g mgck h` gaç`fsfs.
c) Hnhmumfýa eh` GDJH usgaek `g ikng eh trgcgnk gprkpfgeg u ktrk dhefk, tg`hs mkdk
efglrgdgs `ýlfmks k çrck`hs eh jg``g.
m) Shsudha y rhpkrth eh` gaç`fsfs pgrg famùfr mug`hsqufhrg

mug`hsqufhrg mkamùsfkahs
mkamùsfkahs y
rhmkdhaegmfkahs
rhmkdhaegmfkahs ihmigs.
e) Gmtug`fzgmfýa eh` GDJH g dhefeg quh gvgazg `g gmtfvfege eh ehsgrrk``k.
8.3 UGSHG] _SH@FDFAGSH]
8.3.7 _`gafjfmgmfýa eh` gaç`fsfs
@gs gmtfvfegehs eh` GDJH, `gs gmtfvfegehs mkdp`hdhatgrfgs, prkmhefdfhatks, rh`gmfkahs mka
ktrgs gmtfvfegehs rh`gmfkagegs mka mkajfgcf`fege, prkmhsks pgrg `g lhstfýa eh gmmfkahs
mkrrhmtfvgs y pgrg su mfhrrh, y `ks hvhatks fdpkrtgaths, sh ehchräga fathlrgr ha h` p`ga eh`
prklrgdg lhahrg`.
H` p`ga eh` prklrgdg eh mkajfgcf`fege ehchräg ehsmrfcfr h` dætkek eh GDJH quh sh vg g utf`fzgr.
Hstg ehsmrfpmfýa puheh shr ua rhsudha k uag rhjhrhamfg g ua ekmudhatk juhath quh mkatfhah
`g ehsmrfpmfýa eh` dætkek.
Hsth p`ga ehchräg mkathahr `ks sflufhaths puatks.
- Xag ehjfafmfýa m`grg eh `ks prkpýsftks hsphmäjfmks eh` gaç`fsfs y `ks rhsu`tgeks
hsphrgeks.
- H` g`mgamh eh` gaç`fsfs prhshath, ha tærdfaks eh mýdk h` GDJH sh ehchräg hajkmgr ha

g`luaks h`hdhatks eh efsh÷k. H` g`mgamh ehchräg rhj`hngr `g dgeurhz eh` efsh÷k, `ks
h`hdhatks eh efsh÷k quh sh puheha mkasfehrgr mkdk ua rfhslk ehcfek g quh rhg`fzga
uag juamfýa mrätfmg k ehcfek g `g fadgeurhz eh `g thmak`kläg usgeg.
:
- Xag ehsmrfpmfýa eh mýdk h` gaç`fsfs gmtug` gpkyg `g shlurfege eh` juamfkagdfhatk

juamfkagdfhatk eh`
prkyhmtk lhahrg`.
- @gs dhefegs fehatfjfmgegs usgegs pgrg mkatrk`gr `gs gmtug`fzgmfkahs

gmtug`fzgmfkahs eh` GDJH y `g
ekmudhatgmfýa phrtfahath. ]h ehchräg hsphmfjfmgr h` mkatrk` eh `g gmtug`fzgmfýa eh `ks
ekmudhatks eh gaç`fsfs, ikngs eh trgcgnk y dætkeks eh grmifvk.
- @g pgrtfmfpgmfýa eh `ks hxphrtks eh efsh÷k ha h` gaç`fsfs, eh dgahrg quh hstæa

efspkafc`hs mugaek sh `ks rhqufhrg.
- @ks hvhatks fdpkrtgaths m`gvh ha h` prklrgdg eh` prkyhmtk, dgrmgeks m`grgdhath pgrg
gshlurgr quh h` gaç`fsfs sh hnhmutg eh uag dgahrg kpkrtuag.
- @g dgahrg eh mfhrrh eh tkegs `gs gmmfkahs fehatfjfmgegs ha h` prkmhsk eh dftflgmfýa eh

`ks dkeks eh jg``g fehatfjfmgeks quh ahmhsftga shr trgtgeks.
H` p`ga ehchräg rhj`hngr h` mkashask eh tkeks `ks pgrtfmfpgaths y ehchräg shr gprkcgek pkr `g
efrhmmfýa eh` prkyhmtk. @g rhvfsfýa jfag` eh` GDJH yg rhg`fzgek ha `g htgpg jfag` eh` efsh÷k eh
ua prkeumtk k su prkmhsk eh jgcrfmgmfýa (GDJH eh` prkmhsk) fehatfjfmg tkegs `gs gmmfkahs
rhlfstrgegs pgrg `g dftflgmfýa eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g eh fathræs y `g jkrdg eh mhrrgr`ks.
8.3.3 Hstrumturg eh` sfsthdg
8.3.3.7 Fajkrdgmfýa skcrh `g hstrumturg eh` sfsthdg
Hs ahmhsgrfk famùfr `ks sflufhaths äthdhs ha `g fajkrdgmfýa skcrh `g hstrumturg eh` sfsthdg>
g) H`hdhatks eh` sfsthdg efjhrhaths, mka sus mgrgmthrästfmgs, ehshdph÷k, pgph` y

juamfkahs.
c) Mkahxfkahs
Mkahxfkahs `ýlfmgs hatrh h`hdhatks.
m) Afvh` eh rheuaegamfg y agturg`hzg eh `gs rheuaegamfgs.

rheuaegamfgs .
e) _ksfmfýa h fdpkrtgamfg eh` sfsthdg ehatrk eh `g fastg`gmfýa mkdp`htg (sf hs pksfc`h).
h) Hatrgegs y sg`fegs eh` sfsthdg.
j) Mgdcfks ha `g hstrumturg eh` sfsthdg pgrg dkeks eh kphrgmfýa vgrfgc`hs.
@g fajkrdgmfýa mkrrhspkaefhath g juamfkahs, mgrgmthrästfmgs y ehshdph÷k sh rhqufhrha pgrg

tkeks `ks afvh`hs eh` sfsthdg mkasfehrgeks, famùsk igstg h` dçxfdk, eh dgahrg quh h` GDJH
puheg gckregr gprkpfgegdhath `ks dkeks eh jg``g quh fdpfega mug`qufhrg eh hstgs juamfkahs.
8.3.3.3 Ehjfafmfýa eh` `ädfth eh` sfsthdg pgrg h` gaç`fsfs
H` `ädfth eh` sfsthdg jkrdg `g fathrjgz jäsfmg y juamfkag` hatrh h` sfsthdg y su gdcfhath, famùfeks
ktrks sfsthdgs mka `ks quh fathrgmtþg h` sfsthdg gag`fzgek. @g ehjfafmfýa eh` `ädfth eh` sfsthdg
pgrg h` gaç`fsfs ehchräg mkrrhspkaehr g` `ädfth ehjfafek pgrg efsh÷k y dgathafdfhatk. Hstk sh
ehchräg gp`fmgr g ua sfsthdg g mug`qufhr afvh`. @ks sfsthdgs y/k mkdpkahaths pkr juhrg eh `ks
`ädfths sh ehchräga ehjfafr hxp`ämftgdhath pgrg hxmùsfýa.
@g ehjfafmfýa eh` `ädfth eh` sfsthdg hs dçs prkcgc`h quh hstæ fajùhamfgeg pkr h` efsh÷k, usk
prhvfstk, juhath eh sudfafstrk k mrfthrfks mkdhrmfg`hs, gaths quh pkr `ks rhqufsftks ýptfdks eh`
GDJH. ]fa hdcgrlk, ha ekaeh shg pksfc`h ehjfafr `ks `ädfths pgrg jgmf`ftgr h` GDJH eh` sfsthdg
<
y su fathlrgmfýa mka ktrks hstuefks rh`gmfkageks ha h` prklrgdg, hstg gmmfýa hs prhjhrfc`h. Hstk
sh gp`fmg hsphmfg`dhath sf h` sfsthdg hs mkdp`hnk juamfkag`dhath, mka dþ`tfp`hs
fathrmkahxfkahs hatrh äthdhs ehatrk eh` `ädfth y `gs dþ`tfp`hs sg`fegs quh mruzga h` `ädfth. Ha
hstks mgsks pkeräg shr vhatgnksk ehjfafr ua `ädfth eh hstuefk ehseh ua puatk eh vfstg juamfkag`,
ak eh igrewgrh af skjtwgrh, pgrg `fdftgr `ks ha`gmhs eh hatrgeg y sg`feg g ktrks sfsthdgs. Eh
hstg dgahrg igcräg `g thaehamfg g rheumfr h` aþdhrk eh hjhmtks eh jg``g eh` sfsthdg.
Hs ahmhsgrfk gshlurgr quh ak sh k`vfeha `ks ktrks sfsthdgs k mkdpkahaths pkr juhrg eh `ks
`ädfths eh` sfsthdg kcnhtk, faefmgaek ha jkrdg hxp`ämftg quh hstça hxmùfeks eh` hstuefk
pgrtfmu`gr.
8.3.3.= Afvh`hs eh gaç`fsfs
Hs fdpkrtgath ehthrdfagr h` afvh` eh ehtg``h quh sh utf`fzgrç pgrg h` gaç`fsfs. _kr hnhdp`k, `ks
sfsthdgs sh puheha ehsl`ksgr pkr juamfkahs k sucsfsthdgs, uafegehs rhhdp`gzgc`hs k
mkdpkahaths faefvfeug`hs (vægsh `g Jflurg 7). @gs rhl`gs juaegdhatg`hs pgrg sh`hmmfkagr `ks
afvh`hs eh ehtg``h eh` sfsthdg pgrg gaç`fsfs ehphaeha eh `ks rhsu`tgeks ehshgeks y eh `g
efspkafcf`fege
efspkafcf`fege eh fajkrdgmfýa eh efsh÷k. @gs sflufhaths efrhmtrfmhs ska þtf`hs.
g) H` afvh` dçs g`tk ehatrk eh` sfsthdg sh sh`hmmfkag eh` mkamhptk eh efsh÷k y eh `ks
rhqufsftks eh sg`feg hsphmfjfmgeks.
c) H` afvh` dçs cgnk ehatrk eh` sfsthdg, g` mug` h` gaç`fsfs hs hjfmgz, hs hsh afvh` pgrg h`
mug` igy fajkrdgmfýa efspkafc`h pgrg hstgc`hmhr `g ehjfafmfýa y ehsmrfpmfýa eh juamfkahs.
@g sh`hmmfýa eh` afvh` eh` sfsthdg gprkpfgek hstç fajùhamfgeg pkr `g hxphrfhamfg prhvfg.
]h puheh nustfjfmgr ua gaç`fsfs dhaks ehtg``gek pgrg ua sfsthdg mka cgsh ha `g dgeurhz
eh` efsh÷k, uag mkajfgcf`fege gehmugeg, mgpgmfege eh dgathafdfhatk y rhlfstrk eh
shlurfege. G `g favhrsg, `ks ehtg``hs dçs lrgaehs y ua afvh` eh sfsthdg
mkrrhspkaefhathdhath dçs cgnk hstça faefmgeks pgrg mug`qufhr sfsthdg rhmfæa
efsh÷gek, k ua sfsthdg mka uag ifstkrfg eh mkajfgcf`fege ehsmkakmfeg.
ehsmkakmfeg.
m) H` dgathafdfhatk
dgathafdfhatk hsphmfjfmgek k prhvfstk y h` afvh` eh rhpgrgmfýa puheha shr uag luäg
vg`fksg pgrg ehthrdfagr afvh`hs eh sfsthdg dçs cgnks.
Ha h` GDJH, `gs ehjfafmfkahs eh dkek eh jg``g, mgusgs eh `gs jg``gs y hjhmtks eh `gs jg``gs
ehphaeha eh` afvh` eh gaç`fsfs y eh `ks mrfthrfks eh jg``g eh` sfsthdg. G dhefeg quh h` gaç`fsfs
prklrhsg, `ks hjhmtks eh `g jg``g fehatfjfmgeks g` afvh` fajhrfkr puheha ``hlgr g shr dkeks eh jg``g
g` afvh` suphrfkr. @ks dkeks eh jg``g g` afvh` dçs cgnk puheha ``hlgr g shr mgusgs eh jg``g g`
afvh` suphrfkr, htm.
Mugaek ua sfsthdg hs ehsl`ksgek ha sus h`hdhatks, `ks hjhmtks eh uag k dçs eh `gs mgusgs
eh dkek eh jg``g mkastftuyha ua dkek eh jg``g, quh g su vhz hs mgusg eh` hjhmtk eh afvh` dçs
g`tk, uag jg``g pgrmfg`. Xag jg``g pgrmfg` hs hatkamhs `g mgusg eh uag jg``g eh` dýeu`k (hjhmtk)
quh ha sä dfsdg hs `g mgusg eh uag jg``g ha ua sucsfsthdg. H` hjhmtk eh uag mgusg eh ua afvh`
eh sfsthdg ``hlg g shr hatkamhs uag mgusg eh ktrk hjhmtk g afvh` dçs g`tk. @g hxp`fmgmfýa
gathrfkr sh fùstrg ha `g Jflurg 7.
9
]ucsfsthdg
3
]ucsfsthdg ]ucsfsthdg ]ucsfsthdg
7 5 8
]ucsfsthdg Mgusg eh jg``g
= eh` sfsthdg
]fsthdg Dkeks eh jg``g
Hjhmtk> jg``g ha h` sucsfsthdg 5
Dýeu`k Dýeu`k Dýeu`k Dýeu`k

7 3 = 5
Mgusg eh jg``g
eh` sucsfsthdg 5
]ucsfsthdg 5 Dkeks eh jg``g
Hjhmtk> jg``g ha h` dýeu`k =
_grth
=
_grth _grth _grth
7 3 8
Mgusg eh jg``g
_grth
eh` dýeu`k = 5
Dýeu`k = Dkeks eh jg``g
Hjhmtk> jg``g ha `g pgrth 3
Dkek Dkek Dkek

7 3 =
Mgusg eh jg``g
eh `g pgrth 3
_grth 3 Mgusgs eh jg``g
Hjhmtk> kmurrh dkek eh jg``g =
Mgusg Mgusg Mgusg

7 3 =
_grth 3, mgusg eh jg``g dkek =
Jflurg 7. Sh`gmfýa hatrh dkeks eh jg``g y hjhmtks eh jg``g ha ua sfsthdg nhrçrqufmk

6
8.3.3.5 Shprhshatgmfýa eh `g hstrumturg eh` sfsthdg
@gs rhprhshatgmfkahs sfdcý`fmgs eh `g hstrumturg y kphrgmfýa eh` sfsthdg, hsphmfg`dhath

efglrgdgs, ska duy þtf`hs mkdk gyuegs pgrg h` gaç`fsfs.
Hs mkavhafhath mrhgr efglrgdgs shamf``ks quh ehstgquha tkegs `gs juamfkahs hshamfg`hs pgrg
h` sfsthdg. Ha h` efglrgdg, `ks c`kquhs hstça ha`gzgeks dhefgath `äahgs quh rhprhshatga `gs
hatrgegs y sg`fegs pgrg mgeg juamfýa. Xsug`dhath hs ahmhsgrfk ehsmrfcfr mka prhmfsfýa `g
agturg`hzg eh mgeg juamfýa y mgeg hatrgeg. _uheh igchr vgrfks efglrgdgs pgrg mucrfr
efjhrhaths jgshs eh` sfsthdg eh kphrgmfýa.
G dhefeg quh h` efsh÷k eh` sfsthdg gvgazg, hs pksfc`h mrhgr ua efglrgdg eh c`kquhs
mkdpkahaths quh rhprhshatga `ks mkdpkahaths k `gs pgrths rhg`hs. Mka hsth mkakmfdfhatk
gefmfkag` hs pksfc`h uag fehatfjfmgmfýa dçs prhmfsg eh `gs mgusgs y dkeks eh jg``g pkthamfg`hs.
@ks efglrgdgs ehchräga vfsug`fzgr mug`qufhr shrfh y rh`gmfkahs rheuaegaths hatrh `ks h`hdhatks
y `gs fathrehphaehamfgs juamfkag`hs hatrh h``ks. Hstk phrdfth rgstrhgr `gs jg``gs juamfkag`hs g
trgvæs eh` sfsthdg. _uheh shr ahmhsgrfk dçs eh ua efglrgdg pgrg fùstrgr `ks dkeks
g`thragtfvks eh kphrgmfýa eh` sfsthdg. ]h puheha rhquhrfr efglrgdgs shpgrgeks pgrg mgeg
dkek kphrgmfkag`. Mkdk däafdk, h` efglrgdg eh c`kquhs ehchräg mkathahr `k sflufhath>
g) Ehsl`ksh eh` sfsthdg ha sucsfsthdgs prfamfpg`hs, famùfegs `gs rh`gmfkahs juamfkag`hs.
c) Ukegs `gs hatrgegs y sg`fegs dgrmgegs gprkpfgegdhath,

gprkpfgegdhath, y `ks aþdhrks eh fehatfjfmgmfýa
mka `ks mug`hs sh rhjhrhamfg ha jkrdg mkastgath mgeg sucsfsthdg.
m) Ukegs `gs rheuaegamfgs,

rheuaegamfgs, trgyhmtkrfgs eh sh÷g`hs g`thragtfvgs y ktrgs mgrgmthrästfmgs eh
falhafhräg quh crfaega prkthmmfýa mkatrg jg``gs ha h` sfsthdg.
8.3.3.8 Fafmfgmfýa, kphrgmfýa, mkatrk` y dgathafdfhatk
]h ehchräg hsphmfjfmgr h` hstgek eh `gs efjhrhaths mkaefmfkahs eh kphrgmfýa eh` sfsthdg, g`

flug` quh `ks mgdcfks ha `g mkajflurgmfýa k pksfmfýa eh` sfsthdg y sus mkdpkahaths eurgath
`gs efjhrhaths jgshs kphrgmfkag`hs. H` ehshdph÷k däafdk hxflfek pkr h` sfsthdg sh ehchräg
ehjfafr eh dgahrg quh `ks mrfthrfks eh æxftk y/k jg``g sh puhega hathaehr m`grgdhath.
m`grgdhath. Shqufsftks
hsphmäjfmks tg`hs mkdk efspkafcf`fege k shlurfege sh ehchräga mkasfehrgr ha tærdfaks eh `ks
afvh`hs däafdks hsphmfjfmgeks
hsphmfjfmgeks eh ehshdph÷k pkr `klrgr, y `ks afvh`hs dçxfdks eh eg÷k quh sh
vga g gmhptgr. Hs ahmhsgrfk thahr ua mkakmfdfhatk hxgmtk eh>
g) @g eurgmfýa eh mgeg juamfýa hxflfeg pkr h` sfsthdg.
c) H` fathrvg`k eh tfhdpk hatrh hasgyks phrfýefmks.
m) H` tfhdpk efspkafc`h pgrg gmmfkahs mkrrhmtfvgs gaths eh quh kmurrga mkashmuhamfgs

mkashmuhamfgs
shrfgs pgrg h` sfsthdg.
e) Ukegs `gs fastg`gmfkahs,

fastg`gmfkahs, h` dhefk gdcfhath y h` phrskag`, famùfegs `gs fathrjgmhs h
fathrgmmfkahs mka kphrgekrhs.
h) @ks prkmhefdfhatks
prkmhefdfhatks kphrgtfvks eurgath h` grrgaquh eh` sfsthdg, su gpglgek y ktrgs
trgasfmfkahs kphrgmfkag`hs.
kphrgmfkag`hs.
j) H` mkatrk` eurgath `gs jgshs kphrgmfkag`hs.

kphrgmfkag`hs.
7?
l) H` dgathafdfhatk
dgathafdfhatk prhvhatfvk y/k mkrrhmtfvk.
i) _rkmhefdfhatks
_rkmhefdfhatks pgrg hasgyks eh rutfag, sf sh hdp`hga.
]h ig hstgc`hmfek quh uak eh `ks usks eh` GDJH hs gyuegr g` ehsgrrk``k eh `g hstrgthlfg eh
dgathafdfhatk. ]fa hdcgrlk, sf æstg ig sfek prhehthrdfageg, sh ehchräg mkakmhr `g
fajkrdgmfýa skcrh fastg`gmfkahs eh dgathafdfhatk, hqufpk y rhpuhstks, pgrg dgathafdfhatk
tgatk prhvhatfvk mkdk mkrrhmtfvk.
8.3.3.: Gdcfhath eh` sfsthdg
@gs mkaefmfkahs gdcfhatg`hs eh` sfsthdg sh ehchräga hsphmfjfmgr, famùfegs `gs mkaefmfkahs
gdcfhatg`hs y `gs mrhgegs pkr ktrks sfsthdgs mhrmgaks. H` sfsthdg sh ehchräg eh`fahgr mka
rhsphmtk g sus rh`gmfkahs, ehphaehamfgs k fathrmkahxfkahs mka sfsthdgs guxf`fgrhs y ktrks, h
fathrjgmhs mka shrhs iudgaks.
Ha `g htgpg eh efsh÷k hstks ihmiks usug`dhath ak sh mkakmha, y pkr tgatk shrça ahmhsgrfgs
gprkxfdgmfkahs h ifpýthsfs. G dhefeg quh h` prkyhmtk gvgazg shrç ahmhsgrfk famrhdhatgr `ks
egtks y dkefjfmgr h` GDJH pgrg prhvhr auhvg fajkrdgmfýa k mgdcfk ha ifpýthsfs k
gprkxfdgmfkahs.
gprkxfdgmfkahs. Mka jrhmuhamfg h` GDJH shrç þtf` pgrg ehjfafr `gs mkaefmfkahs rhquhrfegs.
rhquhrfegs.
8.3.= Ehthrdfagmfýa eh` dkek eh jg``g
@g kphrgmfýa hxftksg eh ua sfsthdg egek hstç sunhtg g` ehshdph÷k eh g`luaks h`hdhatks

mrätfmks eh` sfsthdg. @g m`gvh pgrg `g hvgùgmfýa eh` ehshdph÷k eh` sfsthdg hs `g fehatfjfmgmfýa
eh hstks h`hdhatks mrätfmks. @ks prkmhefdfhatks pgrg fehatfjfmgr `ks dkeks eh jg``g, sus mgusgs
y hjhmtks sh puheha dhnkrgr hjhmtfvgdhath pgrg `g h`gckrgmfýa eh uag `fstg eh dkeks eh jg``g
gatfmfpgeks g `g ùz eh `ks sflufhaths gsphmtks>
g) H` usk eh` sfsthdg.
c) H` h`hdhatk eh` sfsthdg pgrtfmu`gr favkùmrgek.
m) H` dkek eh kphrgmfýa.
e) @gs hsphmfjfmgmfkahs
hsphmfjfmgmfkahs kphrgmfkag`hs
kphrgmfkag`hs phrtfahaths.
h) @gs `fdftgmfkahs eh tfhdpk.
j) @ks hsjuhrzks gdcfhatg`hs.
l) @ks hsjuhrzks kphrgmfkag`hs.

kphrgmfkag`hs.
Ha `g Ugc`g 7 sh prhshatg ua hnhdp`k eh `fstg eh dkeks eh jg``g lhahrg`hs.

Ugc`g 7. Hnhdp`k eh ua mkanuatk eh dkeks eh jg``g lhahrg`hs
7 Jg``g eurgath `g kphrgmfýa

3 Jg``g g` kphrgr ha h` dkdhatk hstgc`hmfek
= Jg``g g` ehngr eh kphrgr ha h` dkdhatk hstgc`hmfek
5 Kphrgmfýa prhdgturg
AKUG Hstg `fstg hs ua hnhdp`k sk`gdhath. ]h rhquhrfräga efjhrhaths `fstgs pgrg efjhrhaths tfpks eh sfsthdgs.
_rçmtfmgdhath mug`qufhr tfpk eh jg``g sh puheh m`gsfjfmgr ha uag k dçs eh hstgs mgthlkrägs. ]fa
hdcgrlk, hstgs mgthlkrägs eh dkek eh jg``g lhahrg`hs tfhaha ua g`mgamh ehdgsfgek gdp`fk
77
pgrg ua gaç`fsfs ehjfaftfvk2 ha mkashmuhamfg, hs ahmhsgrfk gdp`fgr hstg `fstg eh dgahrg quh `gs
mgthlkrägs shga dçs hsphmäjfmgs. Mugaek sh usga nuatk mka hsphmfjfmgmfkahs eh ehshdph÷k
quh rflha `gs hatrgegs y sg`fegs ha h` efglrgdg eh c`kquhs eh mkajfgcf`fege, tkeks `ks dkeks
eh jg``g pkthamfg` sh puheha fehatfjfmgr y ehsmrfcfr. ]h ehch thahr ha muhatg quh ua dkek eh
jg``g egek puheh thahr vgrfgs mgusgs.
Hs fdpkrtgath quh sh ``hvh g mgck `g hvgùgmfýa eh tkeks `ks äthdhs ehatrk eh `ks `ädfths eh`
sfsthdg g` afvh` dçs cgnk prkpkrmfkag` g `ks kcnhtfvks eh` gaç`fsfs, pgrg fehatfjfmgr tkeks `ks
dkeks eh jg``g pkthamfg`hs. Hatkamhs hs pksfc`h ``hvgr g mgck uag favhstflgmfýa pgrg fehatfjfmgr
tkegs `gs pksfc`hs mgusgs eh jg``g y sus hjhmtks skcrh `g juamfýa eh` sfsthdg y sucsfsthdg.
@ks prkvhhekrhs eh äthdhs ehchräga fehatfjfmgr `ks dkeks eh jg``g pkthamfg`hs eh` äthd ehatrk
eh sus prkeumtks. _grg gyuegr g hstg juamfýa, ha `gs sflufhaths çrhgs sh puheha cusmgr egtks
eh dkeks eh jg``g täpfmks>
g) _grg auhvks äthdhs, sh puheh igmhr rhjhrhamfg g ktrks äthdhs mka juamfýa y hstrumturg
sfdf`gr, y g `ks rhsu`tgeks eh hasgyks rhg`fzgeks ha hstks cgnk `ks afvh`hs eh hsjuhrzk
gprkpfgeks.
c) _grg auhvks äthdhs, h` gaç`fsfs eh `g fathamfýa eh` efsh÷k y h` gaç`fsfs juamfkag`

ehtg``gek eg `ks dkeks eh jg``g pkthamfg` y sus mgusgs. Hsth dætkek sh prhjfhrh g`
dætkek g) ehcfek g quh `ks hsjuhrzks y `g prkpfg kphrgmfýa pkeräga
pkeräga shr efjhrhaths eh `ks
äthdhs sfdf`grhs. Xa hnhdp`k eh hstg sftugmfýa puheh shr h` usk eh ua prkmhsgekr eh
sh÷g`hs efjhrhath eh` usgek ha ua efsh÷k sfdf`gr.
m) _grg äthdhs ha usk, sh puheha mkasu`tgr `ks rhlfstrks ha shrvfmfk y `ks egtks eh jg``gs.
e) @ks dkeks eh jg``g pkthamfg` sh puheha eheumfr eh `ks pgrçdhtrks juamfkag`hs y jäsfmks
eh `g kphrgmfýa eh` äthd.
Hs fdpkrtgath quh `ks dkeks eh jg``g eh` äthd ak sh kdftga pkr jg`tg eh egtks y quh `ks
hstfdgeks fafmfg`hs sh dhnkrha dhefgath rhsu`tgeks eh hasgyk y prklrhsfýa eh` efsh÷k. H`
GDJH ehchräg rhlfstrgr
rhlfstrgr h` hstgtus eh hstks
hstks hstfdgeks.
@g fehatfjfmgmfýa eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g, y ha ekaeh shg ahmhsgrfk, `g ehthrdfagmfýa eh `gs

gmmfkahs eh efsh÷k rhdhefg`hs, `gs gmmfkahs eh gshlurgdfhatk eh `g mg`fege prhvhatfvgs k `gs
gmmfkahs eh dgathafdfhatk prhvhatfvk, ska eh fdpkrtgamfg prfdkrefg`. Hs dçs fdpkrtgath
fehatfjfmgr, y sf hs pksfc`h, dftflgr `ks hjhmtks eh dkeks eh jg``g dhefgath dhefegs eh efsh÷k,
quh mkakmhr `g prkcgcf`fege eh quh kmurrga. Mugaek hs efjämf` gsflagr prfkrfegehs, puheha shr
ahmhsgrfks gaç`fsfs eh mrftfmfege.
8.3.5 Mgusgs eh jg``g
@gs mgusgs dçs prkcgc`hs eh mgeg dkek eh jg``g pkthamfg` sh ehchräga fehatfjfmgr y ehsmrfcfr.
Vg quh ua dkek eh jg``g puheh thahr dçs eh uag mgusg, hs ahmhsgrfk fehatfjfmgr y ehsmrfcfr `gs
mgusgs pkthamfg`hs faehphaefhaths dçs prkcgc`hs.
@g fehatfjfmgmfýa y ehsmrfpmfýa eh `gs mgusgs eh jg``g ak sfhdprh ska ahmhsgrfgs pgrg tkeks `ks
dkeks eh jg``g fehatfjfmgeks ha h` gaç`fsfs. @g fehatfjfmgmfýa y ehsmrfpmfýa eh `gs mgusgs eh jg``g
sh ehchräga igmhr mka cgsh ha `ks hjhmtks eh `gs jg``gs y su shvhrfege. Mugatk dçs shvhrks `ks
hjhmtks eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g, mka dgykr hxgmtftue sh ehchräga fehatfjfmgr y ehsmrfcfr `gs mgusgs
eh `gs jg``gs. Eh `k mkatrgrfk, h` gag`fstg puheh ehefmgr hsjuhrzks faahmhsgrfks g `g fehatfjfmgmfýa
eh `gs mgusgs eh `gs jg``gs eh dkeks eh jg``g quh tfhaha ua hjhmtk dhakr, k afalþa hjhmtk,
skcrh `g juamfkag`fege eh` sfsthdg.
73
@gs mgusgs eh `gs jg``gs sh puheha ehthrdfagr eh` gaç`fsfs eh jg``gs ha mgdpk k jg``gs ha `gs
uafegehs eh hasgyk. Mugaek h` efsh÷k hs auhvk y sfa prhmhehath, `gs mgusgs eh `gs jg``gs sh
puheha hstgc`hmhr g pgrtfr eh `g kpfafýa eh `ks hxphrtks.
Mugaek sh fehatfjfmga `gs mgusgs eh mgeg dkek eh jg``g, `g gmmfýa rhmkdhaegeg sh hvgùgrç
mka cgsh ha su prkcgcf`fege
prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg hstfdgeg y ha `g shvhrfege eh su hjhmtk.
8.3.8 Hjhmtks eh jg``g
8.3.8.7 Ehjfafmfýa eh hjhmtks eh jg``g
Xa hjhmtk eh jg``g hs `g mkashmuhamfg eh ua dkek eh jg``g ha tærdfaks eh `g kphrgmfýa, juamfýa

k hstgtus eh ua sfsthdg (vægsh `g ehjfafmfýa ha h` audhrg` =.5). Xa hjhmtk eh jg``g puheh shr
mgusgek pkr uak k dçs dkeks eh jg``g eh uak k dçs ä thdhs.
Hs ahmhsgrfk fehatfjfmgr, hvgùgr y rhlfstrgr `gs mkashmuhamfgs eh mgeg dkek eh jg``g ha `g

kphrgmfýa, juamfýa k stgtus eh `ks h`hdhatks eh` sfsthdg. @gs gmtfvfegehs eh dgathafdfhatk y
kcnhtfvks eh` sfsthdg tgdcfæa sh ehchräga mkasfehrgr sfhdprh quh shg phrtfahath. Xa hjhmtk eh
jg``g tgdcfæa puheh fajùfr ha h` sflufhath afvh` suphrfkr y jfag`dhath ha h` dçs g`tk afvh` cgnk
gaç`fsfs. _kr tgatk, g mgeg afvh` sh ehchräg hvgùgr h` hjhmtk eh `gs jg``gs ha h` afvh` suphrfkr g æsth.
8.3.8.3 Hjhmtks eh jg``g `kmg`hs
@g hxprhsfýa "hjhmtks `kmg`hs" igmh rhjhrhamfg g `ks hjhmtks eh` dkek eh jg``g skcrh `ks
h`hdhatks eh` sfsthdg quh sh hstuefg. ]h ehchräga ehsmrfcfr `gs mkashmuhamfgs eh mgeg
pksfc`h jg``g ha `g sg`feg eh` äthd. H` prkpýsftk eh fehatfjfmgr `ks hjhmtks `kmg`hs hs crfaegr uag
cgsh pgrg nuzlgr muçaek hvgùgr efspksfmfkahs g`thragtfvgs hxfsthaths k efsh÷gr `gs gmmfkahs
mkrrhmtfvgs rhmkdhaegegs. Ha g`luaks mgsks hs pksfc`h quh ak igyg ua hjhmtk `kmg` dçs g``ç
eh` prkpfk dkek eh jg``g.
8.3.8.= Hjhmtks eh jg``g g` afvh` eh` sfsthdg
Mugaek sh fehatfjfmga `ks hjhmtks jfag`hs, sh ehjfah y hvg`þg h` fdpgmtk eh uag pksfc`h jg``g ha
h` afvh` eh sfsthdg dçs g`tk, dhefgath h` gaç`fsfs eh tkeks `ks afvh`hs fathrdhefks. H` hjhmtk
jfag` ehsmrftk puheh shr h` rhsu`tgek eh dþ`tfp`hs jg``gs. (_kr hnhdp`k, `g jg``g eh ua efspksftfvk
eh shlurfege eg mkdk rhsu`tgek ua hjhmtk jfag` mgtgstrýjfmk sk`gdhath ha h` hvhatk eh quh h`
efspksftfvk eh shlurfege jg``h y `g juamfýa prfdkrefg` pgrg `g quh hstç prhvfstk h` efspksftfvk eh
shlurfege vgyg dçs g``ç eh `ks `ädfths phrdftfeks). Hstks hjhmtks jfag`hs quh ska h` rhsu`tgek eh
uag jg``g dþ`tfp`h sh ehchräga faefmgr ha `gs ikngs eh trgcgnk.
8.3.: Dætkeks eh ehthmmfýa
_grg mgeg dkek eh jg``g h` gag`fstg ehchräg ehthrdfagr `g jkrdg ha `g quh sh ehthmtg `g jg``g y
h` dhefk pkr h` mug` h` usugrfk k hamgrlgek eh` dgathafdfhatk sh hathrg eh `g jg``g. @g
ehthmmfýa eh `g jg``g sh puheh fdp`hdhatgr pkr dhefk eh uag mgrgmthrästfmg gutkdçtfmg eh`
efsh÷k (hasgyk mka hqufpk eh pruhcg fathlrgek), h` hstgc`hmfdfhatk eh ua prkmhefdfhatk eh
fasphmmfýa hsphmfg` gaths eh `g kphrgmfýa eh` sfsthdg, k fasphmmfýa eurgath `gs gmtfvfegehs eh
dgathafdfhatk. ]h puheh fdp`hdhatgr g` grrgamgr h` sfsthdg k mkatfaugdhath eurgath `g
kphrgmfýa k g `ks fathrvg`ks hstgc`hmfeks. Ha mug`qufhr mgsk, `g ehthmmfýa eh `g jg``g y su
gauamfk ehchräga fdphefr uag mkaefmfýa eh kphrgmfýa ph`flrksg.
@ks dkeks eh jg``g efjhrhaths eh` quh sh mkasfehrg, quh ega ùlgr g uag dgafjhstgmfýa feæatfmg,
sh ehchräga gag`fzgr y haudhrgr. ]h ehchräg mkasfehrgr `g ahmhsfege eh ehthmtgr ha jkrdg
shpgrgeg `g jg``g eh h`hdhatks rheuaegaths eurgath `g kphrgmfýa.
7=
_grg ua efsh÷k, `g ehthmmfýa mka GDJH mkasfehrg quæ tga prkcgc`h, muçaek y eýaeh sh
fehatfjfmgrç `g hjfmfhamfg eh ua efsh÷k (dhefgath rhvfsfýa, gaç`fsfs, sfdu`gmfýa, hasgyk, htm.).
_grg ua prkmhsk, `g ehthmmfýa mka GDJH mkasfehrg quæ tga pksfc`h y eýaeh puheh shr
fehatfjfmgeg uag ehjfmfhamfg ha h` prkmhsk, y mka quæ prkcgcf`fege, pkr hnhdp`k, pkr ua
kphrgekr, ua mkatrk` hstgeästfmk eh prkmhsks, ua prkmhefdfhatk eh vhrfjfmgmfýa eh mg`fege k ha
`ks þ`tfdks pgsks ha h` prkmhsk.
8.3.< Efspksfmfkahs pgrg mkdphasgmfýa eh jg``gs
Hs eh hxtrhdg fdpkrtgamfg `g fehatfjfmgmfýa eh mug`qufhr mgrgmthrästfmg eh efsh÷k g ua afvh` eh

sfsthdg egek u ktrgs efspksfmfkahs quh thalga `g mgpgmfege eh prhvhafr k rheumfr h` hjhmtk eh`
dkek eh jg``g. Gsä, h` GDJH ehchräg dkstrgr m`grgdhath h` mkdpkrtgdfhatk vhregehrk eh hstg
mgrgmthrästfmg ha prhshamfg eh hsh dkek eh jg``g. Ktrgs efspksfmfkahs mkatrg jg``g quh ahmhsftga
rhlfstrgrsh ha h` GDJH famùyha `gs sflufhaths>
g) Äthdhs rheuaegaths quh phrdftha `g kphrgmfýa mkatfaug sf g`luak eh `ks h`hdhatks jg``g.
c) Dhefks eh kphrgmfýa g`thragtfvks.
m) Efspksftfvks eh dkaftkrhk k eh g`grdg.
e) Mug`qufhr ktrk dhefk quh phrdftg `g kphrgmfýa hjfmgz k `fdfth h` eg÷k.
Eurgath ua prkmhsk eh efsh÷k `ks h`hdhatks juamfkag`hs (igrewgrh y skjtwgrh) eh ua äthd sh

puheha rhgmkdkegr k rhmkajflurgr vgrfgs vhmhs, k su mgpgmfege sh puheh mgdcfgr. Ha mgeg
htgpg, `g phrtfahamfg eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g fehatfjfmgeks y h` GDJH sh ehchräga gmtug`fzgr k
famùsk rhphtfr.
8.3.9 M`gsfjfmgmfýa eh `g shvhrfege
@g shvhrfege hs uag hvgùgmfýa eh `g fdpkrtgamfg eh` hjhmtk eh dkek eh jg``g skcrh `g

kphrgmfýa eh` äthd. @g m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh `ks hjhmtks eh shvhrfege ehphaeh mkasfehrgc`hdhath
mkasfehrgc`hdhath eh
`g gp`fmgmfýa eh` GDJH y sh ehsgrrk``g thafhaek ha muhatg vgrfks jgmtkrhs>
- @g agturg`hzg eh` sfsthdg ha rh`gmfýa mka `ks pksfc`hs hjhmtks skcrh `ks usugrfks k h`
gdcfhath, rhsu`tgaths eh `g jg``g.
- H` ehshdph÷k juamfkag` eh` sfsthdg k prkmhsk.
- Mug`qufhr rhqufsftk mkatrgmtug` fdpuhstk pkr h` m`fhath.
- Shqufsftks eh shlurfege eh` lkcfhrak k `g faeustrfg.
- Shqufsftks fdp`ämftks ha uag lgrgatäg.
@g Ugc`g 3 fùstrg ua hnhdp`k eh ua lrupk eh m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh shvhrfege mug`ftgtfvg pgrg ua

prkeumtk pgrg uak eh `ks tfpks eh GDJH.
75
Ugc`g 3. Hnhdp`k fùstrgtfvk eh uag m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh shvhrfege pgrg `ks hjhmtks jfag`hs
M`gsh Afvh` eh shvhrfege Mkashmuhamfg pgrg `gs phrskags k h` gdcfhath

Dkek eh jg``g quh puheh pkthamfg`dhath egr mkdk rhsu`tgek
jg``g ha `gs juamfkahs prfdgrfgs eh` sfsthdg, y pkr tgatk mgusg
FZ Mgtgstrýjfmk
eg÷ks lrgvhs g` sfsthdg y g su gdcfhath, y/k `hsfkahs
phrskag`hs.
Dkek eh jg``g quh puheh pkthamfg`dhath egr mkdk rhsu`tgek
jg``g ha `gs juamfkahs prfdgrfgs eh` sfsthdg, y pkr tgatk mgusg
FFF Mrätfmk eg÷ks mkasfehrgc`hs g` sfsthdg y g su gdcfhath, phrk quh ak
mkastftuyh uag gdhagzg shrfg pgrg `g vfeg, af prhshatg gdhagzg
eh `hsfkahs phrskag`hs.
Dkek eh jg``g quh puheh pkthamfg`dhath ehlrgegr `gs juamfkahs
eh ehshdph÷k eh` sfsthdg, sfa mgusgr eg÷k gprhmfgc`h g`
FF Dgrlfag`
sfsthdg af prhshatgr gdhagzgs pgrg `g vfeg af `hsfkahs
phrskag`hs.
Dkek eh jg``g quh puheh pkthamfg`dhath ehlrgegr `gs juamfkahs
F Fasflafjfmgath eh ehshdph÷k eh` sfsthdg phrk quh ak mgusgrç eg÷k g æsth af
rhprhshatg uag gdhagzg pgrg `g vfeg, af `hsfkahs phrskag`hs.
8.3.6 Jrhmuhamfg k prkcgcf`fege eh gpgrfmfýa
@g jrhmuhamfg k prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg eh mgeg dkek eh jg``g sh ehchräg ehthrdfagr mka h`

jfa eh hvgùgr gehmugegdhath h` hjhmtk k mrftfmfege eh` dkek eh jg``g.
_grg `g ehthrdfagmfýa eh `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg eh` dkek eh jg``g, gehdçs eh `g

fajkrdgmfýa puc`fmgeg mkamhrafhath g` pkrmhatgnh eh jg``g, hs fdpkrtgath mkasfehrgr h` phrjf`
kphrgmfkag` (hsjuhrzks gdcfhatg`hs, dhmçafmks y/k h`æmtrfmks) eh mgeg mkdpkahath quh
mkatrfcuyh g hstg prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg. Hstk sh ehch g quh `ks pkrmhatgnhs eh jg``g eh `ks
mkdpkahaths y ha mkashmuhamfg h` pkrmhatgnh eh jg``g eh` dkek eh jg``g quh sh mkasfehrg, ha
`g dgykräg eh mgsks sh famrhdhatga prkpkrmfkag`dhath mka h` famrhdhatk eh `ks hsjuhrzks
gp`fmgeks mka `g rh`gmfýa eh `hy eh pkthamfg k hxpkahamfg`dhath. @g prkcgcf`fege eh quh
kmurrga dkeks eh jg``g pgrg h` efsh÷k sh puheh hstfdgr g pgrtfr eh>
- Egtks skcrh h` hasgyk eh eurgcf`fege

eurgcf`fege eh `ks mkdpkahaths.
mkdpkahaths.
- Cgshs eh egtks efspkafc`hs eh `ks pkrmhatgnhs eh jg``g.
- Egtks eh jg``g ha mgdpk.
- Egtks eh jg``g pgrg äthdhs sfdf`grhs k pgrg `g m`gsh eh mkdpkahath.
Mugaek sh hstfdg `g prkcgcf`fege eh gpgrfmfýa, h` GDJH ehch thahr ha muhatg h` phräkek eh

tfhdpk pgrg h` quh sh igmha `gs hstfdgmfkahs. Xsug`dhath hs h` phräkek eh lgrgatäg k h`
phräkek prhehthrdfagek
prhehthrdfagek eh vfeg eh hsh äthd k prkeumtk.
@g gp`fmgmfýa eh `g jrhmuhamfg y prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg sh hxp`fmgrç gefmfkag`dhath ha `g

ehsmrfpmfýa eh` gaç`fsfs eh mrftfmfege.
8.3.7? _rkmhefdfhatk eh gaç`fsfs
H` jùnklrgdg eh `g Jflurg 3 fùstrg `ks pgsks eh ua gaç`fsfs.
78
Fafmfgr h` GDHJ k GMDHJ eh ua fthd
]h`hmmfkagr ua mkdpkahath eh` fthd pkr gag`fzgr
Fehatfjfmgr `ks dkeks eh jg``g eh` mkdpkahath sh`hmmfkage

sh`hmmfkagek
k
]h`hmmfkagr h` dkek eh jg``g pkr gag`fzgr
Fehatfjfmgr h` hjhmtk fadhefgtk y h` hjhmtk jfag` eh` dkek eh jg``g
Ehthrdfagr `g shvhrfege eh` hjhmtk jfag`
Fehatfjfmgr `gs mgusgs pkthamfg`hs eh hsh dkek eh jg``g
Hstfdgr `g jrhmuhamfg k prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg eh` dkek eh jg``g

eurgath h` phräkek eh tfhdpk prhehthrdfagek
»@g shvhrfege y/k

prkcgcf`fege eh Ak
kmurrhamfg nustfjfmga `g
ahshmfege eh gmmfýa;
]f
_rkpkahr ua dætkek eh dftflgmfýa, gmmfkahs mkrrhmtfvgs
mkrrhmtfvgs k efspksfmfýahs
pgrg mkdphasgmfýa. Fehatfjfmgr gmmfkahs y phrskag` rhspkasgc`h
Ekmudhatgr aktgs, rhmkdhaegmfkahs,

rhmkdhaegmfkahs,
gmfkahs y kcshrvgmfkahs
»Igy dçs dkeks »Igy ktrks

eh jg``g eh mkdpkahaths Ak Ak
mkdpkahaths pgrg
pkr gaç`fzgr gaç`fsfs;
]f
]f
Mkdp`htgr h` GDHJ. Ehthrdfagr `g sflufhath

jhmig eh gmtug`fzgmfýa, shlþa shg gprkpfgek
Jflurg 3. Jùnklrgdg eh gaç`fsfs
7:
8.= GAÇ@F]F] EH DKEK EH JG@@G, HJHMUK] V MSFUFMFEGE (GDJHM)
8.=.7 _rkpýsftk eh` gaç`fsfs
H` sädck`k M glrhlgek g` GDJH ehaktg quh h` gaç`fsfs eh dkek eh jg``g crfaeg tgdcfæa h`
gaç`fsfs eh mrftfmfege. @g ehthrdfagmfýa eh `g mrftfmfege fdp`fmg `g gefmfýa eh uag dhefeg
mug`ftgtfvg eh `g dglaftue eh ua hjhmtk eh dkek eh jg``g. @g mrftfmfege tfhah dumigs ehjfafmfkahs
y dhefegs, `g dgykräg eh `gs mug`hs supkaha ua sflafjfmgek sfdf`gr> fdpgmtk k fdpkrtgamfg eh
ua dkek eh jg``g quh hxflfräg shr gckregek y dftflgek. G`luags eh hstgs dhefegs sh hxp`fmga
ha `ks audhrg`hs 8.=.3 y 8.=.5. H` prkpýsftk eh` gaç`fsfs eh mrftfmfege hs mugatfjfmgr `g dglaftue
rh`gtfvg eh mgeg hjhmtk eh jg``g mkdk uag gyueg pgrg `g tkdg eh ehmfsfkahs, eh dgahrg quh
mka uag mkdcfagmfýa eh mrftfmfege y shvhrfege sh puheg hstgc`hmhr `g prfkrfege pgrg `g gmmfýa
eh dftflgr k dfafdfzgr h` hjhmtk eh ehthrdfagegs jg``gs.
8.=.3 Sfhslk S y aþdhrk eh prfkrfege eh` rfhslk (A_S)
Xak eh `ks dætkeks eh ehthrdfagmfýa mugatftgtfvg eh mrftfmfege hs h` aþdhrk eh prfkrfege eh`

rfhslk (A_S). H` rfhslk gquä sh hvg`þg dhefgath uag dhefmfýa sucnhtfvg eh `g shvhrfege eh`
hjhmtk y ua hstfdgek eh `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg hsphrgeg eurgath ua phräkek eh tfhdpk
prhehthrdfagek supuhstk pgrg h` gaç`fsfs. Ha g`luaks mgsks ha ekaeh hstgs dhefmfkahs ak
hstça efspkafc`hs, puheh ``hlgr g shr ahmhsgrfk igmhr rhjhrhamfg g uag jkrdg dçs sfdp`h eh ua
GDJH ak audærfmk.
audærfmk.
Xag rh`gmfýa lhahrg` mkamhrafhath g `g dhefeg eh ua rfhslk pkthamfg`, S , ha ua GDJHM ha

g`luaks tfpks eh gaç`fsfs sh hxprhsg mkdk sfluh>
S 4 ] x _
ha ekaeh
] hs ua aþdhrk ak efdhasfkag` quh rhprhshatg `g shvhrfege, hs ehmfr, ua hstfdgek eh quæ tga juhrth
`ks hjhmtks eh `g jg``g gjhmtgrça g` sfsthdg k g` usugrfk.
_ hs ua aþdhrk ak efdhasfkag` quh ehaktg `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg. Mugaek hs dhakr eh ?,3

sh puheh sustftufr pkr h` aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege quh sh usg ha g`luaks dætkeks eh GDJH
mugatftgtfvks, M , hxp`fmgek ha h` audhrg` 8.=.5, hs ua hstfdgek eh `g prkcgcf`fege eh quh kmurrg h`
hjhmtk eh jg``g.
G`luags gp`fmgmfkahs eh GDJH k GDJHM efjhrhamfga gefmfkag`dhath h` afvh` eh ehthmmfýa eh jg``gs g afvh` eh`
sfsthdg. Ha hstgs gp`fmgmfkahs sh hdp`hg uag mgthlkräg gefmfkag` pgrg ehthmmfýa eh jg``gs, E (tgdcfæa aþdhrk ak
efdhasfkag`) pgrg jkrdgr ua aþdhrk eh prfkrfege eh rfhslk (A_S)>
A_S 4 ] x K x E
ha ekaeh
K ehaktg `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg eh ua dkek eh jg``g pgrg ua phräkek eh tfhdpk

prhehthrdfagek k hstgc`hmfek, gua mugaek sh puheh ehjfafr mkdk ua aþdhrk eh m`gsfjfmgmfýa ha
vhz eh `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg rhg`.
E sflafjfmg ehthmmfýa, hs ehmfr, ua hstfdgek eh `g kpkrtuafege eh fehatfjfmgr y h`fdfagr `g jg``g gaths eh

quh sh vhg gjhmtgek h` sfsthdg k h` m`fhath. Hsth aþdhrk sh m`gsfjfmg usug`dhath ha kreha favhrsk
g pgrtfr eh `ks aþdhrks eh shvhrfege k eh kmurrhamfg> g dgykr aþdhrk eh ehthmmfýa, hs dhaks
prkcgc`h `g ehthmmfýa. @g dhakr prkcgcf`fege eh eh ehthmmfýa mkaeumh ha mkashmuhamfg g ua dgykr
A_S y g uag dgykr prfkrfege pgrg `g rhskùmfýa eh` dkek eh jg``g.
H` aþdhrk eh prfkrfege eh rfhslk sh puheh hatkamhs usgr pgrg `g prfkrfzgmfýa g` gckregr `g

dftflgmfýa eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g. Gehdçs eh `g dglaftue eh` aþdhrk eh prfkrfege eh rfhslk, `g
7<
ehmfsfýa skcrh `g dftflgmfýa sh vh fajùhamfgeg prfamfpg`dhath pkr `g shvhrfege eh` dkek eh

jg``g, `k quh qufhrh ehmfr quh sf igy dkeks eh jg``g mka A_S sfdf`gr k feæatfmk, `ks dkeks eh
jg``g quh sh vga g gckregr prfdhrk ska `ks quh thalga `ks aþdhrks eh shvhrfege dgykrhs.
Hstgs rh`gmfkahs sh puheha hvgùgr audærfmgdhath yg shg ha uag hsmg`g efsmrhtg k mkatfaug
(ua aþdhrk jfaftk eh vg`krhs ehjfafeks).
Hatkamhs `ks dkeks eh jg``g sh krehaga mka rhsphmtk g su A_S y sh gsflag uag g`tg prfkrfege
g ua g`tk A_S. Ha g`luags gp`fmgmfkahs, `ks hjhmtks mka ua A_S quh hxmheha ua udcrg`
ehjfafek ak ska gmhptgc`hs, dfhatrgs quh ha ktrgs gp`fmgmfkahs sh eg g`tg fdpkrtgamfg g
aþdhrks eh shvhrfege g`tks, faehphaefhathdhath eh` vg`kr eh` A_S.
Efjhrhaths tfpks eh GDJHM gsflaga efjhrhaths hsmg`gs pgrg `ks vg`krhs eh ], K y E. G`luaks
ska eh 7 g 5 ý 8, y g`luaks, tg`hs mkdk h` GDJHM, usgeks gdp`fgdhath ha `g faeustrfg
gutkdktrfz pgrg h` gaç`fsfs eh` prkmhsk eh efsh÷k y prkeummfýa, mkakmfeks mkdk GDJHE
(Gaç`fsfs eh dkek eh jg``g y hjhmtks eh efsh÷k) y GDJH_ (Gaç`fsfs eh dkek eh jg``gs y hjhmtks
ha prkmhsks), utf`fzga hsmg`gs pgrg tkeks `ks trhs gtrfcutks eh 7 g 7?.
8.=.= Sh`gmfýa hatrh h` GDJHM y h` gaç`fsfs eh

eh rfhslk
Mkdcfagek mrätfmgdhath mka `g shvhrfege hs uag dhefeg eh` rfhslk, quh sh efjhrhamfg eh `gs
dhefegs eh rfhslk gmhptgegs usug`dhath sý`k ha h` dhaks rflurksk hajkquh pgrg hstg
hvgùgmfýa, quh mka jrhmuhamfg hs h` dhaks mkstksk. @g efjhrhamfg sh kcshrvg ak sk`gdhath ha
`g dgahrg eh prhehmfr `g shvhrfege eh ua hjhmtk eh jg``g, sfak tgdcfæa ha quh `g fathrgmmfýa
dumik dhaks mkdp`hng hatrh `ks jgmtkrhs quh mkatrfcuyha sh puheh dkeh`gr ha h` täpfmk
prkmhefdfhatk gsmhaehath gp`fmgek ha h` GDJHM. Ugdcfæa h` GDJHM usug`dhath eg mkdk
rhsu`tgek uag m`gsfjfmgmfýa rh`gtfvg eh `gs mkatrfcumfkahs g` rfhslk tktg`, dfhatrgs quh ua gaç`fsfs
eh rfhslk pgrg sfsthdgs eh g`tk rfhslk lhahrg`dhath sh efrflh g `g gmhptgcf`fege eh` rfhslk. ]fa
hdcgrlk, pgrg sfsthdgs eh cgnk rfhslk y cgng mkdp`hnfege h` GDJHM puheh shr ua dætkek
duy rhatgc`h y gprkpfgek. ]fhdprh quh eurgath h` GDJHM sh rhmkakzmg `g prkcgcf`fege eh
hjhmtks eh g`tk rfhslk, sh rhmkdfhaeg usgr ua gaç`fsfs eh rfhslk prkcgcf`ästfmk (GS_), ha vhz eh`
GDJHM.
_kr tgatk, ua GDJHM ak sh ehchräg usgr mkdk `g þafmg cgsh pgrg nuzlgr sf h` rfhslk eh ua
hjhmtk pgrtfmu`gr eh ua sfsthdg eh g`tk rfhslk k eh g`tg mkdp`hnfege hs gmhptgc`hdhath
phquh÷k k ak, famùsk sf h` hstfdgek eh jrhmuhamfg y shvhrfege sh cgsg ha egtks mkajfgc`hs.
Hstg shräg `g tgrhg eh ua gaç`fsfs prkcgcf`ästfmk eh rfhslk, ha ekaeh tgdcfæa sh puheha thahr
ha muhatg pgrçdhtrks mka dgykr fajùhamfg (y sus fathrgmmfkahs), pkr hnhdp`k, tfhdpk eh
hxpksfmfýa, prkcgcf`fege eh hvftgr `ks rfhslks, jg``gs `gthaths k fdp`ämftgs y dhmgafsdks eh
ehthmmfýa eh jg``gs.
G` usgr `ks hjhmtks eh jg``g fehatfjfmgeks pkr h` GDJH, mgeg hjhmtk hs gsflagek g uag m`gsh eh
shvhrfege gprkpfgeg. Xag jrhmuhamfg pgrg h` hvhatk sh mg`mu`g eh `ks egtks eh jg``g k eh `ks
hstfdgeks pgrg `g pgrth favkùmrgeg. G` du`tfp`fmgr `g jrhmuhamfg pkr h` tfhdpk eh `g dfsfýa eh
fathræs, sh kctfhah ua aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege quh sh puheh gp`fmgr g uag hsmg`g, yg shg eh
gmuhrek mka su prkpfk vg`kr, k sf `g hsmg`g rhprhshatg `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg eh `ks
hvhatks, hatkamhs hstg prkcgcf`fege sh dfeh pkr `g hsmg`g. @g m`gsh eh shvhrfege y `g m`gsh eh
mrftfmfege (k prkcgcf`fege eh gpgrfmfýa) pgrg mgeg hjhmtk mkanuatgdhath mkastftuyha `g dglaftue
eh` hjhmtk. ]h puheha efstfalufr eks hajkquhs prfamfpg`hs pgrg `g hvgùgmfýa eh `g mrftfmfege> h`
hajkquh eh dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege y h` mkamhptk eh aþdhrks eh prfkrfege eh rfhslk (A_S).
79
8.=.5 Ehthrdfagmfýa eh `g tgsg eh jg``g eh` dkek eh jg``g, prkcgcf`fege y aþdhrk eh

mrftfmfege
]f `gs tgsgs eh jg``g pgrg `ks dkeks eh jg``g eh äthdhs sfdf`grhs hstça efspkafc`hs y juhrka
ehthrdfagegs cgnk mkaefmfkahs kphrgmfkag`hs y gdcfhatg`hs sfdf`grhs g `gs supuhstgs pgrg h`
sfsthdg quh sh gag`fzg, `gs jrhmuhamfgs eh `ks hvhatks pgrg `ks hjhmtks sh puheha glrhlgr
efrhmtgdhath g` GDJHM. ]f `gs tgsgs eh jg``g hstça efspkafc`hs pgrg `ks h`hdhatks, mkdk hs
duy jrhmuhath, ha vhz eh pgrg `ks dkeks eh jg``g, y pgrg efjhrhaths mkaefmfkahs gdcfhatg`hs u
kphrgtfvgs, hs ahmhsgrfk mg`mu`gr `gs tgsgs eh jg``g eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g. Ha lhahrg`, sh
hstgc`hmh `g sflufhath rh`gmfýa>
β f 4 β n x η f x γ f
ha ekaeh
βf ehaktg h` hstfdgek eh `g tgsg eh jg``g pgrg `g mkastgath gsudfeg f eh dkek eh jg``g
β n rhprhshatg `g tgsg eh jg``g eh` mkdpkahath n.
ηf hs `g rh`gmfýa eh dkek eh jg``g eh` dkek eh jg``g f , hs ehmfr, hs `g prkcgcf`fege eh quh h` äthd
thaerç ua dkek eh jg``g f .
γf hs `g prkcgcf`fege mkaefmfkag` eh` hjhmtk eh jg``g egek ha h` dkek eh jg``g f .
@gs ehjfmfhamfgs prfamfpg`hs eh hsth hajkquh ska `g supksfmfýa fdp`ämftg eh `g tgsg eh jg``g
mkastgath, y quh dumiks eh `ks jgmtkrhs ska sk`gdhath prhefmmfkahs k `gs dhnkrhs mkanhturgs.
Hsth hs hsphmfg`dhath h` mgsk ha quh `ks mkdpkahaths eh` sfsthdg ak puheha thahr uag tgsg
eh jg``g gskmfgeg, sý`k `g prkcgcf`fege mg`mu`geg eh `g jg``g pgrg `g gp`fmgmfýa hsphmäjfmg, su
eurgmfýa y `ks hsjuhrzks gskmfgeks, tg`hs mkdk mkdpkahaths y sfsthdgs dhmçafmks.
@gs mkaefmfkahs gdcfhatg`hs, eh mgrlg y dgathafdfhatk efjhrhaths eh `gs rh`gmfkagegs mka `ks
egtks eh `g tgsg eh jg``g sh hxp`fmga pkr ua jgmtkr eh dkefjfmgmfýa. @g krfhatgmfýa skcrh `ks
vg`krhs gprkpfgeks pgrg hstg dkefjfmgmfýa sh puheh hamkatrgr ha puc`fmgmfkahs skcrh egtks eh
mkajfgcf`fege. Hs ahmhsgrfk thahr mufegek hsphmfg` pgrg gshlurgrsh eh quh `ks dkefjfmgekrhs
hsmklfeks ska mkrrhmtks y ska gp`fmgc`hs pgrg h` sfsthdg hsphmäjfmk y sus mkaefmfkahs eh
kphrgmfýa.
Ha g`luags gp`fmgmfkahs, tg`hs mkdk h` hajkquh mugatftgtfvk g` gaç`fsfs eh mrftfmfege, ua aþdhrk

M f eh mrftfmfege eh` dkek eh jg``g (ak rh`gmfkagek mka h` tærdfak lhahrg` "mrftfmfege", quh puheh
gsudfr efjhrhaths sflafjfmgeks) sh usg ha ùlgr eh `g tgsg eh jg``g eh` dkek eh jg``g, βf. H`
aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege hstgc`hmh uag mkahxfýa hatrh `g jrhmuhamfg eh jg``g mkaefmfkag` y h` t fhdpk
eh kphrgmfýa, `k quh puheh gyuegr hatkamhs g uag hvgùgmfýa dçs rhg`fstg eh ua rfhslk eh
dkek eh jg``g eurgath h` phräkek prhehthrdfagek
prhehthrdfagek eh usk eh` prkeumtk.
M f 4 β f x t n
Mf 4 β n x η f x γ f x t n
ha ekaeh
t n ehaktg h` tfhdpk eh kphrgmfýa eh` mkdpkahath eurgath tkek h` tfhdpk prhehthrdfagek usgek pgrg
h` GDJHM, pgrg h` mug` sh hvg`þg `g prkcgcf`fege - tfhdpk eh kphrgmfýa eh` mkdpkahath gmtfvk.
H` aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege pgrg h` mkdpkahath quh tfhah d dkeks eh jg``g hs hatkamhs>

d
M n 4 ∗ β n x η f x γ f x t n
f 47
76
]h ehch kcshrvgr quh h` aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege ak hstç rh`gmfkagek prkpfgdhath mka h` tærdfak
mrftfmfege. Hs gphags ua vg`kr mg`mu`gek pgrg g`luaks tfpks eh GDJHM ha h` mkathxtk ha quh
hxfsth uag dhefeg rh`gtfvg eh `g mkashmuhamfg eh ua dkek eh jg``g y su prkcgcf`fege eh
kmurrhamfg. Gquä h` aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege hs uag dhefeg eh rfhslk, ak uag dhefeg eh `g
prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg.
_grg ehthrdfagr _ f, `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg eh` dkek eh jg``g pgrg ua tfhdpk t n, g pgrtfr eh
`g mrftfmfege mg`mu`geg>
∓ M f
_ f 4 7∓ h
Mka uag gprkxfdgmfýa lhahrg`, mugaek `gs tgsgs eh jg``g eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g y `ks aþdhrks
eh mrftfmfege rhsu`tgaths ska phquh÷ks, sh puheh gjfrdgr quh pgrg prkcgcf`fegehs
prkcgcf`fegehs eh kmurrhamfg
eh dhaks eh ?,3 (ha ekaeh `g mrftfmfege shräg flug` g ?,33=), `ks vg`krhs eh` aþdhrk eh
mrftfmfege y `g prkcgcf`fege eh jg``g ska duy sfdf`grhs.
Ha h` mgsk eh tgsgs eh jg``g k jrhmuhamfgs eh jg``g vgrfgc`hs, `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg sh

ehch mg`mu`gr, ha vhz eh `g mrftfmfege, quh sh cgsg ha `g supksfmfýa eh uag tgsg eh jg``g
mkastgath (jrhmuhamfg).
8.=.5.7 Dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege
@g mrftfmfege sh puheh prhshatgr ha uag dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege, mkdk sh fùstrg ha `g Jflurg =. ]h

ehchräg kcshrvgr quh ak hxfsth uag ehjfafmfýa uafvhrsg` pgrg mrftfmfege, phrk hs ahmhsgrfk quh
shg ehjfafeg pkr h` gag`fstg y gmhptgeg pkr `g efrhmmfýa eh` prkyhmtk k prklrgdg. @gs
ehjfafmfkahs vgräga gdp`fgdhath hatrh efjhrhaths shmtkrhs eh gp`fmgmfýa.
8 Sfhslk
e
g (G) g`tk
e
f
`
f 5 Dkek eh
c g
g f
m (C) jg``g 7
c a
k h
r r
p r
- u =
e m
g k (M)
e h
f
`
f e 3 Dkek eh
c
f
s
(E) jg``g 3
k
_
7 Sfhslk cgnk
(H)
F FF FFF FZ
]hvhrfege
Jflurg =. Dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege
Ha `g Jflurg = sh eg g hathaehr quh `g shvhrfege sh famrhdhatg mugaek gudhatg h` kreha eh

`ks aþdhrks, ha ekaeh h` aþdhrk FZ tfhah `g shvhrfege dçs g`tg (pærefeg eh vfeg iudgag y/k
dfsfýa/kphrgmfýa, `hsfýa). Ugdcfæa hstç fdp`ämftk quh `g pksfcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg, ha h` hnh V,
tgdcfæa hstç rhprhshatgeg ha kreha gsmhaehath. ]f `g dgykr mgthlkräg eh prkcgcf`fege eh
kmurrhamfg ak hxmheh ua vg`kr eh ?,3, `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg y `ks vg`krhs eh mrftfmfege
ska gprkxfdgegdhath flug`hs hatrh sä. Xag eh `gs dgtrfmhs quh sh vh mka jrhmuhamfg tfhah `g
sflufhath hsmg`g>
- Aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege 7 ý H, prkcgcf`fege

prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg, fdprkcgc`h>
fdprkcgc`h> ? ≥ _ f 0 ?,??7
- Aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege 3 ý E, prkcgcf`fege

prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg, rhdktg> ?,??7 ≥ _ f 0 ?,?7
3?
- Aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege = ý M, prkcgcf`fege

prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg, kmgsfkag`> ?,?7 ≥ _ f 0 ?,7
- Aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege 5 ý C, prkcgcf`fege

prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg , prkcgc`h> ?,7 ≥ _ f 0 ?,3
- Aþdhrk eh mrftfmfege 8 ý G, prkcgcf`fege

prkcgcf`fege eh gpgrfmfýa, jrhmuhath _ f ≨ ?,3
@g Jflurg = sh prhshatg sk`gdhath g dgahrg eh hnhdp`k. Ktrks dætkeks puheha prhshatgr

mrftfmfege k shvhrfege mka efjhrhaths ehakdfagmfkahs
ehakdfagmfkahs y ehjfafmfkahs.
Ha h` hnhdp`k egek ha `g Jflurg =, h` dkek eh jg``g 7 tfhah

t fhah uag dgykr pksfcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg
kmurrhamfg
quh h` dkek eh jg``g 3, quh g su vhz tfhah uag dgykr shvhrfege. @g ehmfsfýa muyk dkek eh jg``g
thalg `g prfkrfege dçs g`tg pkr gckregr, ehphaeh eh `g hsmg`g eh `gs m`gshs eh jrhmuhamfg y eh
shvhrfege y eh `ks prfamfpfks eh m`gsfjfmgmfýa. Dfhatrgs quh ha uag hsmg`g `fahg` h` dkek eh jg``g 7
(mkdk usug`dhath sulfhrh `g dgtrfz) thaeräg uag mrftfmfege dgykr (k prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg) quh
h` dkek eh jg``g 3, puheh igchr gp`fmgmfkahs ha `gs quh `g shvhrfege tfhah prfkrfege gcskùtg
skcrh `g jrhmuhamfg, y eh hstg dgahrg h` dkek eh jg``g 3 sh mkavfhrth ha h` dkek eh jg``g dçs
mrätfmk. Ktrg kcshrvgmfýa hvfehath hs quh sý`k `ks dkeks eh jg``g rh`gmfkageks mka h` dfsdk
afvh` eh ehtg``h eh` sfsthdg sh puheha mkdpgrgr sflafjfmgtfvgdhath mka `g dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege
ehcfek g quh pgrg sfsthdgs eh cgng mkdp`hnfege, `ks dkeks eh jg``g ha ua afvh` fajhrfkr
usug`dhath tfhaeha g thahr uag jrhmuhamfg dçs cgng.
@g dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege (mkdk sh fùstrg ha `g Jflurg =) sh puheh gp`fmgr mug`ftgtfvg y

mugatftgtfvgdhath mkdk yg sh hxp`fmý.
8.=.8 Hvgùgmfýa eh `g gmhptgcf`fege eh` rfhslk
Mugaek h` prkeumtk jfag` rhquhrfek pgrg h` gaç`fsfs hs uag dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege, sh puheh trgzgr
ehseh `gs shvhrfegehs gsflagegs y `gs jrhmuhamfgs eh hvhatks. @g gmhptgcf`fege eh` rfhslk sh
ehjfah sucnhtfvgdhath k hs fdpu`sgeg pkr ehmfsfkahs prkjhsfkag`hs y jfagamfhrgs, y vgräg ha `ks
efjhrhaths tfpks eh faeustrfgs. @g Ugc`g = prhshatg g`luaks hnhdp`ks eh m`gshs eh gmhptgcf`fege
eh rfhslk y uag dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege dkefjfmgeg.
Ugc`g =. Dgtrfz eh rfhslk/mrftfmfege
Jrhmuhamfg eh Afvh`hs eh shvhrfege

kmurrhamfg eh`
7 3 = 5
hjhmtk eh jg``g
Fasflafjfmgath Dgrlfag` Mrätfmg Mgtgstrýjfmg
8> jrhmuhath Faehshgc`h Fatk`hrgc`h Fatk`hrgc`h Fatk`hrgc`h
5> prkcgc`h tk`hrgc`h Faehshgc`h Fatk`hrgc`h Fatk`hrgc`h
=> kmgsfkag` tk`hrgc`h Faehshgc`h Faehshgc`h Fatk`hrgc`h
3> rhdktg Fasflafjfmgath Uk`hrgc`h Faehshgc`h Faehshgc`h
7> fdprkcgc`h Fasflafjfmgath Fasflafjfmgath Uk`hrgc`h Uk`hrgc`h
8.=.: Ufpks eh GDJHM mka hsmg`gs eh m`gsfjfmgmfýa
@ks tfpks eh GDJHM ehsmrftks ha h` audhrg` 8.=.3 sh usga mkdþadhath ha `g faeustrfg

gutkdktrfz pgrg h` gaç`fsfs eh efsh÷k eh prkeumtks y pgrg h` gaç`fsfs eh` prkmhsk eh prkeummfýa
pgrg hsks prkeumtks.
@g dhtkek`kläg eh gaç`fsfs hs `g dfsdg quh `g ehsmrftg ha h` jkrdgtk lhahrg` GDJH/GDJHM,

hxmhptk quh `gs ehjfafmfkahs hstça prhehthrdfagegs ha trhs tgc`gs prhpgrgegs pgrg shvhrfege, ],
kmurrhamfg, K*, y ehthmmfýa, E.
37
8.=.:.7 Ehthrdfagmfýa g`thrag eh shvhrfege

@g Ugc`g 5 prhshatg ua hnhdp`k eh `gs m`gsfjfmgmfkahs
m`gsfjfmgmfkahs eh shvhrfege quh sh usga prfamfpg`dhath
ha `g faeustrfg gutkdktrfz.
Ugc`g 5. ]hvhrfege eh` dkek eh jg``g
]hvhrfege Mrfthrfks M`gsfjfmgmfýa

Afaluag Ak igy hjhmtk efsmhrafc`h 7
Duy dhakr Gnusth y thrdfagek/mifrrfek y trgquhthk. H` äthd ak mudp`h. Ehjhmtk 3
kcshrvgek pkr m`fhaths phrmhptfvks (dhaks eh` 38 %)
Dhakr Gnusth y thrdfagek/mifrrfek y trgquhthk. H` äthd ak mudp`h. Ehjhmtk =
kcshrvgek pkr h` 8? % eh `ks m`fhaths
Duy cgng Gnusth y thrdfagek/mifrrfek y trgquhthk. H` äthd ak mudp`h. Ehjhmtk 5
kcshrvgek pkr `g dgykräg eh m`fhaths (dçs eh` <8 %)
Cgng Zhiämu`k/äthd
Zhiämu`k/äthd kphrgc`h phrk äthd(hs) eh mkajkrt/mkavhafhamfg
mkajkrt/mkavhafhamfg kphrgc`h(s)
kphrgc`h(s) g 8
ua afvh` eh ehshdph÷k rheumfek. M`fhath ua pkmk fasgtfsjhmik.
Dkehrgeg Zhiämu`k/äthd kphrgc`h phrk äthd(hs) eh mkajkrt/mkavhafhamfg :
fakphrgc`h(s). M`fhath fasgtfsjhmik.
G`tg Zhiämu`k/äthd kphrgc`h phrk g ua afvh` eh ehshdph÷k rheumfek. M`fhath <
duy fasgtfsjhmik.
Duy g`tg Zhiämu`k/äthd fakphrgc`h (pærefeg eh `g juamfýa prfdgrfg). 9
_h`flrksg mka M`gsfjfmgmfýa eh shvhrfege duy g`tg mugaek ua dkek eh jg``g pkthamfg` 6
gevhrthamfg gjhmtg `g kphrgmfýa shlurg eh` vhiämu`k y/k fdp`fmg ak mkajkrdfege mka
`gs rhl`gdhatgmfkahs luchragdhatg`hs mka gevhrthamfg.
_h`flrksg sfa M`gsfjfmgmfýa eh shvhrfege duy g`tg mugaek ua dkek eh jg``g pkthamfg` 7?
gevhrthamfg gjhmtg `g kphrgmfýa shlurg eh` vhiämu`k y/k fdp`fmg ak mkajkrdfege mka
`gs rhl`gdhatgmfkahs luchragdhatg`hs sfa gevhrthamfg.
AKUG Ukdgek eh ]GH N 7<=6.
Xag m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh shvhrfege sh gsflag g` hjhmtk eh jg``g eh mgeg dkek eh jg``g mka cgsh ha
`g shvhrfege eh` hjhmtk skcrh h` ehshdph÷k lhahrg` eh` sfsthdg y `g shlurfege g `g ùz eh `ks
rhqufsftks, `ks kcnhtfvks y `fdftgmfkahs eh` sfsthdg, g` mkasfehrgr h` vhiämu`k mkdk ua sfsthdg.
Hstk sh igmh dçs jçmf`dhath ha `g ikng eh GDJHM. @g ehthrdfagmfýa eh `g shvhrfege eh
gmuhrek mka `g Ugc`g 5 hs duy efrhmtg pgrg `ks aþdhrks eh shvhrfege eh : ha geh`gath. @g
ehthrdfagmfýa
ehthrdfagmfýa eh `g shvhrfege eh = g 8 puheh shr sucnhtfvg.
8.=.:.3 Ehthrdfagmfýa g`thrag eh `g kmurrhamfg
@g Ugc`g 8 (tkdgeg tgdcfæa eh `g faeustrfg gutkdktrfz) prhshatg hnhdp`ks eh dhefegs eh
kmurrhamfg mug`ftgtfvgs quh sh puheha usgr ha h` mkamhptk eh A_S.
Ugc`g 8. Gpgrfmfýa eh` dkek eh jg``g, rh`gmfkageg mka `g jrhmuhamfg y prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg
Kmurrhamfg eh` dkek eh jg``g Mg`fjfmgmfýa, K Jrhmuhamfg _rkcgcf`fege

-8
Shdktg> 7 ≥ ?,?7? pkr df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs ≥ 7 x 7?
@g jg``g hs fdprkcgc`h
Cgng> 3 ?,7 pkr df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs 7 x 7?-5
Sh`gtfvgdhath pkmgs jg``gs
= ?,8 pkr df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs 8 x 7?-5
Dkehrgeg> 5 7 pkr df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs 7 x 7?-=
Jg``gs kmgsfkag`hs
8 3 pkr df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs 3 x 7? -=
: 8 pkr df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs 8 x 7?-=
G`tg> < 7? pkr df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs 7 x 7?-3
Jg``gs rhphtfegs
9 3? pkr df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs 3 x 7?-3
Duy g`tg> 6 8? pkr df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs 8 x 7?-3
@g jg``g hs mgsf fahvftgc`h -7
7? ≨ 7?? ha df` vhiämu`ks/äthdhs ≨ x 7?
AKUG Juhath> GFGL>
GFGL> _kthatfg` Jgfùrh Dkeh
Dkeh gae Hjjhmts Gag`ysfs,
Gag`ysfs, JDHG,
JDHG, Uhrmhrg hefmfýa.
33
Ehch kcshrvgrsh quh ha `g Ugc`g 8 h` tærdfak "jrhmuhamfg" sh usg mkdk `g rh`gmfýa eh kmurrhamfg ha
vgrfgs kpkrtuafegehs eurgath uag dfsfýa k tfhdpk eh vfeg ehsflagek, quh sh puheh mkdpgrgr mka
uag "jrgmmfýa quh jg``g" k prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg, y `gs prkcgcf`fegehs mkrrhspkaefhaths gphags
rhj`hnga hstg jrgmmfýa. _kr hnhdp`k, ua dkek eh jg``g g` quh sh gsflag ua vg`kr eh K eh 6 mgusgräg `g
jg``g eh uak eh `ks trhs sfsthdgs eurgath ua phräkek eh dfsfýa ehthrdfagek. Gquä, `g ehthrdfagmfýa
eh hstg prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg ehch hstgr rh`gmfkageg mka h` phräkek eh tfhdpk eh fathræs. Hs
rhmkdhaegc`h hstgc`hmhr hsth phräkek eh tfhdpk ha h` tätu`k eh` gaç`fsfs.
@g dhnkr prçmtfmg sh gp`fmg mugaek `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg sh mg`mu`g pgrg `ks mkdpkahaths y
sus dkeks eh jg``g, mka cgsh ha sus prkpfgs tgsgs eh jg``g hsphmäjfmgs cgnk `ks hsjuhrzks hsphrgeks
gp`fmgeks (gdcfhatg` y kphrgmfkag`). Mugaek hsg fajkrdgmfýa ak hstç efspkafc`h, sh puheh gsflagr ua
hstfdgek, phrk dfhatrgs sh igmh, h` hqufpk eh gaç`fsfs ehch thahr ha dhath h` sflafjfmgek eh `ks
aþdhrks eh kmurrhamfg - h` aþdhrk eh kmurrhamfgs pkr df` vhiämu`ks ha h` tfhdpk prhehthrdfagek
usgek pgrg h` gaç`fsfs (lgrgatäg, vfeg eh` vhiämu`k u ktrks)2 hs `g prkcgcf`fege mg`mu`geg k hstfdgeg eh
kmurrhamfg eh hsh dkek eh jg``g ha ua phräkek eh tfhdpk eh fathræs. Ugdcfæa sh ehch kcshrvgr quh, g
efjhrhamfg eh `g hsmg`g eh shvhrfege, `g hsmg`g eh kmurrhamfg ak hs `fahg` af `klgrätdfmg. _kr tgatk, sh
ehchräg thahr ha dhath quh mugaek sh mg`mu`g y hvg`þg h` aþdhrk A_S rhsu`tgath, tgdpkmk hs `fahg` y
sh ehch gckregr mka hsphmfg` mufegek.
8.=.:.= M`gsfjfmgmfýa eh `g prkcgcf`fege eh ehthmmfýa eh jg``g
Ha h` mkamhptk eh A_S, sh ehch hstfdgr `g pksfcf`fege eh quh uag jg``g shg ehthmtgeg2 hs ehmfr,
`g pksfcf`fege eh quh `gs mgrgmthrästfmgs/gyuegs eh efsh÷k k `ks prkmhefdfhatks eh vhrfjfmgmfýa
ehthmtha dkeks eh jg``g pkthamfg` ha h` tfhdpk pgrg fdphefr uag jg``g g afvh` eh` sfsthdg. _grg
uag gp`fmgmfýa eh` prkmhsk (GDJH k GDJHM eh` prkmhsk), hstk igmh rhjhrhamfg g `g
prkcgcf`fege eh quh ua mkanuatk eh mkatrk`hs eh prkmhsks fdp`hdhatgeks gmtug`dhath hstæa
ha pksfmfýa eh ehthmtgr y gfs`gr uag jg``g gaths eh quh shg trgasjhrfeg g `ks prkmhsks sflufhaths
k g `g sg`feg eh prkeumtk jfag`.
Ha pgrtfmu`gr pgrg prkeumtks lhaærfmks quh sh puheha usgr ha efjhrhaths sfsthdgs y
gp`fmgmfkahs,
gp`fmgmfkahs, puheh shr efjämf` eh hstfdgr `g prkcgcf`fege
prkcgcf`fege eh ehthmmfýa.
@g Ugc`g : prhshatg uak eh `ks dætkeks pgrg mrfthrfks eh ehthmmfýa usgeks ha `g faeustrfg gutkdktrfz.
Ugc`g :. Mrfthrfks eh hvgùgmfýa eh ehthmmfýa eh dkeks eh jg``g
Ehthmmfýa Mrfthrfks> pksfcf`fege eh ehthmmfýa dhefgath mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k M`gsfjfmgmfýa

Mgsf shlurg H` mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k mgsf sfa jg`tg ehthmtgrç uag mgusg/dhmgafsdk 7
pkthamfg` y h` dkek eh jg``g sucsflufhath
Duy g`tg Xag kpkrtuafege duy g`tg eh quh h` mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k ehthmth uag 3
mgusg/dhmgafsdk pkthamfg` y h` dkek eh jg``g sucsflufhath
G`tg Xag kpkrtuafege g`tg eh quh h` mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k ehthmth uag =
Dkehrgeg
Dkeh rgegdhat
dhathh g`tg
g`t g Xag kpkrtuafege
kpkrtuafege dkehrgegdhath
dkehrgegdhath g`tg eh quh h` mkatrk`
mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k 5
ehthmth uag mgusg/dhmgafsdk pkthamfg` y h` dkek eh jg``g sucsflufhath
Dkehrgeg Xag kpkrtuafege dkehrgeg eh quh h` mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k ehthmth 8
uag mgusg/dhmgafsdk pkthamfg` y h` dkek eh jg``g sucsflufhath
Cgng Xag cgng kpkrtuafege eh quh h` mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k ehthmth uag :
Duy cgng Xag kpkrtuafege duy cgng eh quh h` mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k ehthmth uag <
Shdktg Xag kpkrtuafege rhdktg g`tg eh quh h` mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k ehthmth 9
Duy rhdktg Xag kpkrtuafege duy rhdktg eh quh h` mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k ehthmth 6
Gcskùtgdhath H` mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k ak ehthmtgrç y ak puheh ehthmtgr uag 7?
famfhrtg mgusg/dhmgafsdk pkthamfg` y h` dkek eh jg``g sucsflufhath2 k ak igy
mkatrk` eh` efsh÷k.
AKUG Juhath> GFGL> _kthatfg` Jgfùrh
Jgfùrh Dkeh gae Hjjhmts Gag`ysfs, JDHG, Uhrmhrg
Uhrmhrg hefmfýa.
3=
8.=.:.5 Hvgùgmfýa eh` rfhslk
Hsth hajkquh mkasfehrgc`hdhath fatuftfvk ehsmrftk grrfcg ehch fr shlufek pkr uag m`gsfjfmgmfýa
eh prfkrfege eh `gs gmmfkahs quh sh vga g ``hvgr g mgck pgrg gshlurgr h` dhnkr afvh` eh
shlurfege pgrg h` m`fhath. _kr hnhdp`k, ua dkek eh jg``g mka uag g`tg shvhrfege, uag tgsg cgng
eh kmurrhamfg y uag ehthmmfýa duy g`tg (puheh shr 7?, = y 3 rhsphmtfvgdhath) puheh thahr ua
A_S dumik dçs cgnk (gquä :?) quh uak quh tfhah tkeks `ks pgrçdhtrks prkdhefk (puheh shr 8
ha mgeg mgsk, `k quh eg mkdk rhsu`tgek ua A_S eh 738). Gsä, mka jrhmuhamfg sh ehjfaha
prkmhefdfhatks gefmfkag`hs pgrg gshlurgr quh sh `hs eg prfkrfege g `ks dkeks eh jg``g mka uag
m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh shvhrfege g`tg (puheh shr 6 ý 7?), y ska dftflgeks prfdhrk. Ha hsth mgsk, `g
ehmfsfýa ehchräg hstgr krfhatgeg pkr `g dglaftue eh `g shvhrfege, y ak sý`k pkr h` A_S. Ha
tkeks `ks mgsks, uag cuhag prçmtfmg hs kcshrvgr `g m`gsh eh shvhrfege eh ua dkek eh jg``g
nuatk mka h` A_S pgrg ua dhnkr prkmhsk
prkmhsk eh tkdg eh
eh ehmfsfkahs.
@ks aþdhrks eh prfkrfege eh` rfhslk tgdcfæa sh ehthrdfaga ha ktrks dætkeks eh GDJH,
hsphmfg`dhath
hsphmfg`dhath gquh``ks quh ska prfamfpg`dhath
prfamfpg`dhath mug`ftgtfvks.
Mka `gs tgc`gs gathrfkrhs, `ks A_S sh mg`mu`ga y mka jrhmuhamfg sh usga mkdk uag luäg pgrg `g
dftflgmfýa eh` dkek eh jg``g. ]h ehcha rhmkregr `gs pg`gcrgs eh gevhrthamfg eh` audhrg` 8.=.3
y sh ehcha thahr ha dhath `gs ehjfmfhamfgs eh `ks A_S.
G`luags ehjfmfhamfgs
ehjfmfhamfgs eh `ks A_S
A_S ska>
- crhmigs ha `ks rgalks> 99 % eh` rgalk hstç vgmäk, sh lhahrga sý`k 73? eh 7??? aþdhrks.
- A_S pkr eup`fmgek> pgrg vgrfgs mkdcfagmfkahs

mkdcfagmfkahs ha ekaeh efjhrhaths jgmtkrhs mkaeumha
g` dfsdk A_S.
- ]hasfcf`fege
]hasfcf`fege g `ks mgdcfks phquh÷ks> ua mgdcfk phquh÷k ha ua jgmtkr quh tfhah ua
hjhmtk dumik dçs lrgaeh mugaek `ks ktrks jgmtkrhs ska dçs lrgaehs quh mugaek ska
phquh÷ks (hnhdp`k>
(hnhdp`k> 6x6x6 4 35=, y 6x6x5 4 =35 mkatrg =x5x= 4 =: y =x5x54 59).
- Fagehmugeg hsmg`g> @g rh`gmfkahs ha `g tgc`g eh kmurrhamfg ak ska prkpkrmfkag`hs

prkpkrmfkag`hs k
`fahg`hs, pkr hnhdp`k, `g rh`gmfýa puheh shr 3,8 k 3 hatrh eks m`gsfjfmgmfkahs
mkashmutfvgs.
- uag hsmg`g fagehmugeg eh A_S. @gs efjhrhamfgs ha h` aþdhrk eh A_S pkeräga pgrhmhr
fasflafjfmgaths mugaek eh ihmik ska fdpkrtgaths. Xa hnhdp`k shräg> `ks vg`krhs> ] 4 :,
K 4 5, E 4 3 prkeumfräga ua A_S 4 59, dfhatrgs quh ] 4 :, K 4 8, y E 4 3 prkeumfräga ua
A_S eh :?. H` shluaek A_S ak hs h` ekc`h eh` prfdhr aþdhrk, dfhatrgs quh eh ihmik
K 4 8 hs h` ekc`h eh `g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg mka K 4 5. _kr tgatk, `ks aþdhrks
A_S ak sh ehchräga mkdpgrgr `fahg`dhath.
- Mkamùsfkahs hrrýahgs eh `g mkdpgrgmfýa eh A_S mugaek `gs hsmg`gs ska krefag`hs y

ak rgmfkag`hs.
@g rhvfsfýa eh ua A_S rhqufhrh mufegek y cuha nufmfk. Xag cuhag prçmtfmg rhquhrfräg uag
prkjuaeg rhvfsfýa eh `ks vg`krhs pgrg shvhrfege, kmurrhamfg y ehthmmfýa, gaths eh jkrdgr uag
kpfafýa y hdprhaehr gmmfkahs mkrrhmtfvgs.
35
8.5 FAJKSDH EH GAÇ@F]F]
8.5.7 G`mgamh y mkathafek eh ua fajkrdh
H` fajkrdh skcrh GDJH puheh fr famùfek ha ua hstuefk dçs gdp`fk k puheh shr faehphaefhath.
Ha mug`qufhr mgsk, h` fajkrdh ehchräg famùfr ua rhsudha y ua rhlfstrk ehtg``gek eh` gaç`fsfs y
`ks efglrgdgs juamfkag`hs k eh c`kquh, quh ehjfaha `g hstrumturg eh` sfsthdg. H` fajkrdh
tgdcfæa ehchräg mkathahr uag `fstg eh `ks efcunks (famùfek h` hstgtus eh hxphefmfýa) ha h` quh
sh cgsg h` GDJH.
8.5.3 Shsudha eh hjhmtks
]h ehchräg h`gckrgr ua `fstgek eh `ks hjhmtks eh jg``g ha ua sfsthdg hsphmäjfmk, rhsg`tgeks pkr h`
GDJH.
GDJH. @g Ugc`g
Ugc`g < prhsh
prhshatg
atg ua mkanu
mkanuatk
atk täpfmk
täpfmk eh hjhmtk
hjhmtkss pgrg
pgrg ua grrgaq
grrgaquh
uh eh vhiämu`
vhiämu`k
k g dktkr
dktkr y
mfrmuftks.
Ugc`g <. Hnhdp`k eh ua mkanuatk eh hjhmtks eh jg``g
(pgrg h` grrgaquh eh ua vhiämu`k g dktkr)
7 H` grrgaquh eh` dktkr ak juamfkag

3 @g vh`kmfege eh` dktkr hs fajhrfkr g `g hsphmfjfmgeg
= H` dktkr eh` grrgaquh ak sh gmkp`g g` halrgagnh
5 H` dktkr eh` grrgaquh kphrg prhdgturgdhath
AKUG 7 Hstg `fstg hs sk`k ua hnhdp`k. Mgeg sfsthdg k sucsfsthdg ehch shr gag`fzgek mka su prkpfk mkanuatk eh
hjhmtks eh jg``g.
Xa rhsudha eh hjhmtks eh jg``g puheh shr rhquhrfek pgrg ehthrdfagr `g prkcgcf`fege eh jg``g eh`
sfsthdg, rhsu`tgath eh `g `fstg eh hjhmtks eh jg``g y eh` hstgc`hmfdfhatk eh prfkrfegehs pgrg
gmmfkahs mkrrhmtfvgs k prhvhatfvgs. H` rhsudha eh hjhmtks eh jg``g sh ehchräg cgsgr ha `g `fstg
eh hjhmtks eh jg``gs jfag`hs y ehchräg mkathahr ehtg``hs eh `g mkatrfcumfýa eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g
eh` fthd g mgeg hjhmtk eh jg``g. @g prkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg eh mgeg dkek eh jg``g hs
mg`mu`geg pkr h` phrfkek eh tfhdpk prhehthrdfagek eh usk eh` fthd mkdk pkr h` phrjf` eh usk
hsphrgek y `ks hsjuhrzks hstgc`hmfeks.
Ugc`g 9. Hnhdp`k eh prkcgcf`fege eh hjhmtks eh jg``g
Mkatrfcumfýa eh` dkek _rkcgcf`fege eh kmurrhamfg

Aþdhrk Hjhmtk
eh jg``g eh rhjhrhamfg eh hjhmtk eh jg``g
7 H` grrgaquh eh` dktkr ak juamfkag 7,=, <, 9, 6, 7:, 37, 33 9 x 7?-=
3 @g vh`kmfege
vh`kmfege eh` dktkr
dktkr hs fajhrfkr
fajhrfkr g `g hsphmfjfm
hsphmfjfmgeg
geg :, 77, 73, 76, 3? : x 7?-5
= H` dktkr eh` grrgaquh ak sh gmkp`g g` halrgagnh 3,5,
3,5 , 8, 7?, 7= 7,7 x 7?-8
5 H` dktkr eh` grrgaquh kphrg prhdgturgdhath 75, 78, 7<, 79 =,: x 7?-<
AKUG 7 Hstg Ugc`g sh puheh mkastrufr pgrg ktrgs m`gsfjfmgmfkahs mug`ftgtfvgs y mugatftgtfvgs eh ua äthd k
sfsthdg.
H` rhsudha tgdcfæa ehchräg mkathahr uag crhvh ehsmrfpmfýa eh` dætkek eh gaç`fsfs y h` afvh` g`
mug` sh ``hvý g mgck, `gs ifpýthsfs y `gs rhl`gs cçsfmgs. Gehdçs, ehchräg famùfr `fstgs eh `k
sflufhath>
g) Dkeks eh jg``g quh ega mkdk rhsu`tgek hjhmtks lrgvhs.
c) Shmkdhaegmfkahs
Shmkdhaegmfkahs pgrg efsh÷gekrhs,
efsh÷gekrhs, phrskag` eh dgathafdfhatk,
dgathafdfhatk, p`gafjfmgekrhs
p`gafjfmgekrhs y
usugrfks.
m) Mgdcfks eh efsh÷k quh yg sh iga famkrpkrgek mkdk rhsu`tgek eh` GDJH.
e) Hjhmtks quh ska dftflgeks pkr `ks mgdcfks eh efsh÷k famkrpkrgeks.

famkrpkrgeks.
38
:. KUSG] MKA]FEHSGMFKAH]
:.7 JG@@G] EH MGX]G MKDÞA
Ha ua gaç`fsfs eh mkajfgcf`fege ak hs sujfmfhath mkasfehrgr þafmgdhath jg``gs g`hgtkrfgs h

faehphaefhaths, yg quh puheha kmurrfr g`luags jg``gs mka "mgusg mkdþa" (JMM) quh mgusga
ehlrgegmfýa k jg``g ha h` ehshdph÷k eh` sfsthdg k jg``g kmgsfkageg pkr `g ehjfmfhamfg
sfdu`tçahg ha vgrfks mkdpkahaths eh` sfsthdg ehcfek g uag sk`g juhath, mkdk pkr hnhdp`k ua
hrrkr eh efsh÷k (ehsm`gsfjfmgmfýa fagprkpfgeg eh mkdpkahaths), hsjuhrzks gdcfhatg`hs
(fùdfagmfýa)
(fùdfagmfýa) k hrrkr iudgak.
@gs jg``gs mka mgusg mkdþa (JMM) ska gquh``gs jg``gs quh mkatrgefmha `g ifpýthsfs juaegdhatg`
eh quh `ks dkeks eh jg``g quh sh mkasfehrga ha h` GDJH ska faehphaefhaths. @gs JMM igrça
quh dçs eh ua äthd jg``h sfdu`tçahgdhath k ehatrk eh ua phräkek sujfmfhathdhath mkrtk eh
dgahrg quh thalg h` hjhmtk eh jg``gs sfdu`tçahgs.
Igcftug`dhath,
Igcftug`dhath, `gs juhaths eh JMM famùyha>
- Efsh÷k> skjtwgrh, m`gsfjfmgmfýa.

m`gsfjfmgmfýa.
- Jgcrfmgmfýa> ehjhmtks eh mkdpkahaths rh`gmfkageks

rh`gmfkageks mka h` `kth.
- Dhefk gdcfhath> fathrjhrhamfg h`æmtrfmg, mfm`gnh eh thdphrgturg, vfcrgmfýa.
- Jgmtkrhs iudgaks> kphrgmfýa k gmmfkahs eh dgathafdfhatk

dgathafdfhatk famkrrhmtgs.
_kr tgatk, h` GDJH ehch mkasfehrgr pksfc`hs juhaths eh JMM mugaek gag`fzg ua sfsthdg quh
usg `g rheuaegamfg pgrg dgathahr `g juamfýa, k h`hdhatks dþ`tfp`hs pgrg dftflgr `gs
mkashmuhamfgs
mkashmuhamfgs ha mgsk eh jg``g.
Xa JMM hs h` rhsu`tgek eh ua hvhatk quh, ehcfek g `gs ehphaehamfgs `ýlfmgs, mgusg uag
mkfamfehamfg ha `ks hstgeks eh jg``g eh eks k dçs mkdpkahaths (hxmhptk `gs jg``gs shmuaegrfgs
mgusgegs pkr `ks hjhmtks eh uag jg``g prfdgrfg). @gs jg``gs eh mgusg mkdþa puheha hstgr ha
pgrths feæatfmgs mka `ks dfsdks dkeks eh jg``g y ehcf`fegehs usgeks ha efjhrhaths hasgdc`hs
eh ua sfsthdg - pksfc`hdhath rheuaegaths, ha ekaeh `g rheuaegamfg sh favg`feg.
H` JMM sh puheh gag`fzgr mugatftgtfvgdhath usgaek h` GDJH, phrk `g mgpgmfege eh æsth pgrg
gag`fzgr mkdp`htgdhath
mkdp`htgdhath h` JMM
JMM hs cgstgath `fdftgeg.
`fdftgeg. ]fa
]fa hdcgrlk, h` GDJH hs ua
prkmhefdfhatk pgrg hxgdfagr sumhsfvgdhath mgeg dkek eh jg``g y mgusgs gskmfgegs y pgrg
fehatfjfmgr tkeks `ks hasgyks phrfýefmks, dhefegs eh dgathafdfhatk prhvhatfvk, htm. Ugdcfæa
phrdfth hstuefgr tkegs `gs mgusgs quh faeumha g ua JMM pkthamfg`.
Xag mkdcfagmfýa eh vgrfks dætkeks hs þtf` pgrg prhvhafr k dftflgr h` JMM (dkeh`gek eh`
sfsthdg, gaç`fsfs jäsfmk eh `ks mkdpkahaths)> efvhrsfege juamfkag` (ha ekaeh `gs shmmfkahs k
pgrths rheuaegaths eh` sfsthdg quh rhg`fzga `g dfsdg juamfýa ak ska feæatfmgs y tfhaha
efjhrhaths dkeks eh jg``g), shpgrgmfýa jäsfmg pgrg h`fdfagr `g fajùhamfg eh `ks hsjuhrzks
gdcfhatg`hs k eh FHD (fathrjhrhamfg h`hmtrkdglaætfmg) quh mgusga JMM, hasgyks, htm.
Xsug`dhath h` GDJH ak mkasfehrg h` hxgdha eh dhefegs prhvhatfvgs mkatrg JMM. ]fa
hdcgrlk, hstgs dhefegs sh tfhaha quh famùfr ha `g mkùdag kcshrvgmfkahs, pgrg gyuegr g
hathaehr mkdp`htgdhath
mkdp`htgdhath h` GDJH.
3:
:.3 JGMUKSH] IXDGAK]
G`luaks
G`luaks sfsthdgs
sfsthdgs tfhaha
tfhaha quh shr
shr efsh÷geks
efsh÷geks pgrg
pgrg prhvhafr
prhvhafr k dftflgr
dftflgr g`luaks
g`luaks hrrkrhs
hrrkrhs iudgak
iudgaks. s. Xa
hnhdp`k eh hstgs dhefegs shräg h` sudfafstrk eh c`kquhks dhmçafmks ha `gs sh÷g`hs eh `gs vägs
jærrhgs y mkatrgsh÷gs pgrg usk eh` mkdputgekr k rhmuphrgmfýa eh egtks. Ha ekaeh hxfstha hstgs
efspksfmfkahs ha ua sfsthdg, h` hjhmtk eh `g jg``g eh `gs efspksfmfkahs ehphaehrç eh` tfpk eh hrrkr.
G`luaks
G`luaks dkeks
dkeks eh hrrkr iudgak
iudgak sh ehchräga
ehchräga mkasfehrgr
mkasfehrgr tgdcfæa
tgdcfæa pgrg
pgrg ua sfsthdg `fcrh
`fcrh eh jg``gs,
jg``gs,
mka h` jfa eh vhrfjfmgr `g hjfmgmfg eh `gs efspksfmfkahs. Guaquh famkdp`htg, uag `fstg pgrmfg` eh
hstks dkeks hs chaæjfmg pgrg `g fehatfjfmgmfýa eh `gs ehjfmfhamfgs ha h` efsh÷k y ha h`
prkmhefdfhatk2 `g fehatfjfmgmfýa eh tkegs `gs jkrdgs pksfc`hs eh hrrkr iudgak prkcgc`hdhath
shräg fdpksfc`h.
Dumiks JMM favkùmrga hrrkrhs iudgaks. _kr hnhdp`k, h` dgathafdfhatk famkrrhmtk eh äthdhs
sfdf`grhs puheh ahlgr `g rheuaegamfg. _grg hvftgr hstk, mka jrhmuhamfg sh fatrkeumh efvhrsfege
eh dgthrfg` ha `ks h`hdhatks rheuaegaths.
:.= HSSKSH] EH ]KJU\GSH
Xa GDJH rhg`fzgek skcrh h` igrewgrh eh ua sfsthdg mkdp`hnk puheh thahr rhphrmusfkahs ha h`

skjtwgrh eh` sfsthdg. Gsä, `gs ehmfsfkahs gmhrmg eh `ks hjhmtks, `g mrftfmfege y `gs prkcgcf`fegehs
mkaefmfkag`hs quh rhsu`tga eh` GDJH puheha ehphaehr eh `ks h`hdhatks eh skjtwgrh y eh su
agturg`hzg, shmuhamfg y kpkrtuafege. Mugaek hsth hs h` mgsk, `gs fathrrh`gmfkahs hatrh h`
igrewgrh y h` skjtwgrh ahmhsftga fehatfjfmgrsh m`grgdhath yg quh mug`qufhr g`thrgmfýa k dhnkrg
pksthrfkr eh` skjtwgrh puheh dkefjfmgr h` GDJH y `gs hvgùgmfkahs ehrfvgegs eh æ`. @g
gprkcgmfýa eh` ehsgrrk``k y mgdcfk eh` skjtwgrh puheh hstgr mkaefmfkageg pkr `g gmtug`fzgmfýa
eh` GDJH y `gs hvgùgmfkahs rh`gmfkagegs, pkr hnhdp`k, `g `ýlfmg eh` skjtwgrh sh puheh vhr
g`thrgeg pgrg dhnkrgr `g shlurfege g hxphasgs eh `g shlurfege eh juamfkagdfhatk kphrgmfkag`.
@ks juamfkagdfhatks ehjhmtuksks ehcfeks g hrrkrhs k fasujfmfhamfgs ha h` skjtwgrh thaerça

hjhmtks fdpkrtgaths quh hstgrça ehthrdfageks pkr h` efsh÷k tgatk eh` igrewgrh mkdk eh`
skjtwgrh. @g pkstu`gmfýa eh hstks hrrkrhs k fasujfmfhamfgs y h` gaç`fsfs eh sus hjhmtks hs pksfc`h
sk`gdhath ha ua lrgek `fdftgek. @ks hjhmtks skcrh h` igrewgrh gskmfgek k `ks pksfc`hs hrrkrhs
ha h` skjtwgrh sh puheha hstfdgr y mka jrhmuhamfg hsth gaç`fsfs sulfhrh efspksfmfkahs eh
hdhrlhamfg ha h` skjtwgrh k ha h` igrewgrh.
:.5 GDJH GMHSMG EH @G] MKA]HMXHAMFG] EH @G JG@@G EH@ ]F]UHDG
Xa GDJH eh` sfsthdg sh puheh ``hvgr g mgck sfa rhjhrhamfg g afaluag gp`fmgmfýa pgrtfmu`gr y sh
puheh hatkamhs gegptgr pksthrfkrdhath pgrg usk eh` prkyhmtk. Hstk sh gp`fmg g hasgdc`hs
rh`gtfvgdhath phquh÷ks quh pkeräga ha sä dfsdks shr mkasfehrgeks mkdk mkdpkahaths
lhaærfmks (pkr hnhdp`k, ua gdp`fjfmgekr
gdp`fjfmgekr h`hmtrýafmk, ua dktkr h`æmtrfmk, uag vç`vu`g dhmçafmg).
]fa hdcgrlk, hs dçs usug` ehsgrrk``gr ua GDJH hsphmäjfmk pgrg prkyhmtks y mkasfehrgr `gs
mkashmuhamfgs
mkashmuhamfgs pgrtfmu`grhs eh jg``g eh` sfsthdg. _keräg shr ahmhsgrfk mgthlkrfzgr `ks hjhmtks eh
`gs jg``gs ha h` sfsthdg eh gmuhrek mka `gs mkashmuhamfgs eh hstgs jg``gs, pkr hnhdp`k,
prkthmmfýa ha mgsk eh jg``g, jg``g
j g``g rhpgrgc`h, jg``g ak rhpgrgc`h, dfsfýa ehlrgegeg, dfsfýa jg``feg,
hjhmtks skcrh `ks faefvfeuks, lrupks k `g skmfhege ha lhahrg`.
@g ahmhsfege eh rh`gmfkagr ua GDJH mka `g mkashmuhamfg jfag` eh `g jg``g eh` sfsthdg

ehphaehrç eh` prkyhmtk y eh `g rh`gmfýa hatrh h` GDJH y ktrgs jkrdgs eh gaç`fsfs, tg`hs mkdk
çrck`hs eh jg``gs, lrçjfmks eh Dgrbkv , rhehs eh _htrf , htm.
3<
<. G_@FMGMFKAH]
<.7 X]K EH@ GDJH/GDJHM
H` GDJH hs ua dætkek quh hstç gegptgek prfamfpg`dhath g` hstuefk eh jg``gs eh hqufpks y

dgthrfg`, y quh sh puheh gp`fmgr g mgthlkrägs eh sfsthdgs cgsgegs ha efjhrhaths thmak`klägs
(h`æmtrfmg, dhmçafmg, iferçu`fmg, htm) y mkdcfagmfkahs eh thmak`klägs, k puheh shr hsphmäjfmk g
pfhzgs pgrtfmu`grhs eh hqufpks, g sfsthdgs k g prkyhmtks ha mkanuatk.
H` GDJH tgdcfæa ehchräg famùfr mkasfehrgr h` ehshdph÷k eh` skjtwgrh y eh `gs phrskags,
mugaek ska phrtfahaths pgrg `g shlurfege eh juamfkagdfhatk eh` sfsthdg. Xa GDJH puheh shr
ua hstuefk pgrg usk lhahrg` gmhrmg eh efjhrhaths prkmhsks (dæefmk, eh `gckrgtkrfk, jgcrfmgmfýa,
ehsgrrk``k, heumgtfvk, htm.), mugaek igcftug`dhath gsudh h` akdcrh eh` GDJH k GDJHM eh`
prkmhsk. Mugaek sh ``hvg g mgck ua GDJH eh` prkmhsk, sfhdprh sh igmh ha rh`gmfýa mka `g
dhtg jfag` eh` prkmhsk k h` kcnhtfvk eh ua prkmhsk, y ùhlk mkasfehrg mgeg pgsk ehatrk eh hsh
prkmhsk mkdk ua pkthamfg` pgrg prkeumfr ua rhsu`tgek ehsjgvkrgc`h eh `ks ktrks pgsks ha h`
prkmhsk k eh `g dhtg jfag` eh` prkmhsk.
<.7.7 Gp`fmgmfýa ehatrk eh ua prkyhmtk
Xa usugrfk ehchräg ehthrdfagr mýdk y pgrg quæ prkpýsftks sh usg h` GDJH ehatrk eh su prkpfg
efsmfp`fag tæmafmg. ]h puheh usgr sk`k k pgrg mkdp`hdhatgr y gpkygr ktrks dætkeks eh gaç`fsfs
eh mkajfgcf`fege. @ks rhqufsftks pgrg h` GDJH sh krflfaga ha `g ahmhsfege eh mkdprhaehr h`
mkdpkrtgdfhatk eh` igrewgrh y sus fdp`fmgmfkahs pgrg `g kphrgmfýa eh` sfsthdg k hqufpk. @g
ahmhsfege eh` GDJH puheh vgrfgr gdp`fgdhath eh ua prkyhmtk g ktrk.
H` GDJH gpkyg h` mkamhptk eh rhvfsfýa eh` efsh÷k y sh ehchräg fdp`hdhatgr `k gaths pksfc`h ha
h` phräkek eh efsh÷k eh` sfsthdg y sucsfsthdg. H` GDJH hs gp`fmgc`h g tkeks `ks afvh`hs eh
efsh÷k eh` sfsthdg phrk hs dçs gprkpfgek pgrg `ks afvh`hs fajhrfkrhs ha ekaeh igy
favkùmrgeks lrgaehs aþdhrks eh äthdhs y/k hxfsth mkdp`hnfege juamfkag`. Hs hshamfg` quh h`
phrskag` quh ``hvg g mgck h` GDJH rhmfcg hatrhagdfhatk hsphmfg` y ehcha hstgr ha hstrhmig
mk`gckrgmfýa mka `ks efsh÷gekrhs h falhafhrks eh sfsthdgs. H` GDJH sh ehchräg gmtug`fzgr g
dhefeg quh h` prkyhmtk gvgazg y quh `ks efsh÷ks ska dkefjfmgeks. G` jfag`fzgr h` prkyhmtk, h`
GDJH sh usg pgrg vhrfjfmgr h` efsh÷k y puheh shr hshamfg` pgrg `g ehdkstrgmfýa eh
mkajkrdfege eh ua sfsthdg efsh÷gek, mka `gs akrdgs y rhl`gdhatgmfkahs rhquhrfegs,
rhquhrfegs, y mka `ks
rhqufsftks eh` usugrfk.
@g fajkrdgmfýa eh` GDJH fehatfjfmg prfkrfegehs pgrg h` mkatrk` hstgeästfmk eh prkmhsks,

duhstrhk y hasgyks eh fasphmmfýa eurgath `g jgcrfmgmfýa h fastg`gmfýa y pgrg hasgyks eh
mg`fjfmgmfýa, gprkcgmfýa, gmhptgmfýa y grrgaquh. Crfaeg fajkrdgmfýa hshamfg` pgrg `ks
prkmhefdfhatks eh efglaýstfmk y dgathafdfhatk pgrg famùsfýa ha dgaug`hs.
G` ehmfefr skcrh `g hxthasfýa y `g jkrdg ha quh sh ehchräg gp`fmgr h` GDJH g ua äthd k g ua
efsh÷k, hs fdpkrtgath mkasfehrgr `ks prkpýsftks hsphmäjfmks pgrg `ks mug`hs ska ahmhsgrfks `ks
rhsu`tgeks eh` GDJH, `g sfamrkafzgmfýa ha h` tfhdpk mka ktrgs gmtfvfegehs, y `g fdpkrtgamfg eh
hstgc`hmhr ua lrgek prhehthrdfagek eh mkamfhamfg y mkatrk` skcrh dkeks eh jg``g y hjhmtks ak
ehshgeks. Hstk mkaeumh g `g p`gafjfmgmfýa eh` GDJH ha tærdfaks mug`ftgtfvks g afvh`hs
hsphmfjfmgeks (sfsthdg, sucsfsthdg, mkdpkahath, äthd) pgrg rh`gmfkagr`ks mka h` prkmhsk
fthrgtfvk eh efsh÷k y ehsgrrk``k.
_grg gshlurgr quh hs hjfmgz, h` ùlgr eh` GDJH sh ehchräg hstgc`hmhr m`grgdhath ha h`
prklrgdg eh shlurfege eh juamfkagdfhatk, nuatk mka h` tfhdpk, `g juhrzg `gckrg` y ktrks
rhmursks ahmhsgrfks pgrg igmhr`k hjfmgz. Hs vftg` quh h` GDJH ak sh gcrhvfh pgrg gikrrgr
tfhdpk y efahrk. ]f h` tfhdpk y efahrk ska hsmgsks, h` GDJH sh ehchräg mkamhatrgr ha `gs
39
pgrths eh` efsh÷k quh ska auhvgs k sh usga ha jkrdgs auhvgs. H` GDJH puheh hstgr efrflfek
hmkaýdfmgdhath
hmkaýdfmgdhath g `gs çrhgs fehatfjfmgegs mkdk mrumfg`hs pkr ktrks dætkeks eh gaç`fsfs.
<.7.3 Gp`fmgmfýa mka ua prkmhsk
Mugaek sh h`gckrg pgrg ua prkmhsk, h` ehshdph÷k eh` GDJH_ rhqufhrh `k sflufhath>
g) Xag ehjfafmfýa m`grg eh `g dhtg eh` prkmhsk. Mugaek ua prkmhsk hs mkdp`hnk, `g dhtg
eh` prkmhsk sh puheh ehtg``gr igstg `g dhtg l`kcg`, k h` prkeumtk eh` prkmhsk, `g dhtg
k prkeumtk eh ua mkanuatk eh shmuhamfgs k pgsks eh prkmhsks, y h` prkeumtk eh `ks
pgsks eh ua prkmhsk faefvfeug`.
c) @g mkdprhasfýa eh `ks pgsks faefvfeug`hs eh` prkmhsk.
m) @g mkdprhasfýa eh `ks ehjhmtks pkthamfg`hs ha mgeg pgsk eh` prkmhsk.
e) @g mkdprhasfýa eh` hjhmtk quh mgeg ehjhmtk faefvfeug` (jg``g pkthamfg`) puheh thahr ha
h` prkeumtk eh` prkmhsk.
h) @g mkdprhasfýa eh `gs mgusgs pkthamfg`hs eh mgeg uak eh `ks ehjhmtks k

jg``gs/ehjhmtks pkthamfg`hs eh` prkmhsk.
]f ua prkmhsk tfhah dçs eh ua prkeumtk, hatkamhs sh puheh gag`fzgr mka h` prkeumtk hsphmäjfmk
ha dhath2 hs ehmfr, ua GDJH_ sh igmh pgrg prkeumtks faefvfeug`hs. H` prkmhsk tgdcfæa sh
puheh gag`fzgr ha tærdfaks eh sus pgsks y `ks rhsu`tgeks ehsjgvkrgc`hs pkthamfg`hs, quh
egräga mkdk rhsu`tgek ua GDJH_ lhahrg`fzgek pgrg h` prkmhsk, faehphaefhathdhath eh `ks
tfpks eh prkeumtks faefvfeug`hs.
faefvfeug`hs.
<.3 CHAHJFMFK] EH@ GDJH
G`luags gp`fmgmfkahs
gp`fmgmfkahs y chahjfmfks
chahjfmfks ehtg``geks
ehtg``geks eh` GDJH ska `ks sflufhaths>
sflufhaths>
g) Hvftgr mkstksgs dkefjfmgmfkahs

dkefjfmgmfkahs dhefgath `g fehatfjfmgmfýa thdprgag eh ehjfmfhamfgs ha h`
efsh÷k.
c) Fehatfjfmgr jg``gs quh mugaek kmurrha sk`gs k ha mkdcfagmfýa,

mkdcfagmfýa, tfhaha hjhmtks
fagmhptgc`hs
fagmhptgc`hs k sflafjfmgtfvks, y ehthrdfagr `ks dkeks eh jg``g quh puheha gjhmtgr
shrfgdhath `g kphrgmfýa hsphrgeg k rhquhrfeg.
AKUG 7 Hstks hjhmtks puheha famùfr `gs jg``gs shmuaegrfgs.
m) Ehthrdfagr `g ahmhsfege eh dætkeks eh efsh÷k pgrg `g dhnkrg eh `g mkajfgcf`fege

mkajfgcf`f ege
(rheuaegamfg, hsjuhrzks kphrgmfkag`hs, prkthmmfýa ha mgsk eh jg``g, sh`hmmfýa eh
mkdpkahaths y ehsm`gsfjfmgmfýa, htm.)
e) ]udfafstrgr
]udfafstrg r h` dkeh`k `ýlfmk rhquhrfek pgrg hvgùgr `g prkcgcf`fege k tgsg eh kmurrhamfg
eh mkaefmfkahs eh kphrgmfýa gaýdg`gs eh` sfsthdg ha `g prhpgrgmfýa pgrg gaç`fsfs eh
mrftfmfege.
h) Shvh`gr `gs çrhgs mka prkc`hdgs eh rhspkasgcf`fege

rhspkasgcf`f ege mfvf` pkr `ks prkeumtks y shlurfege,
k ak mkajkrdfege mka rhqufsftks rhlu`gtkrfks.
AKUG 3 Mka jrhmuhamfg sh rhquhrfrça hstuefks shpgrgeks pgrg shlurfege, phrk hs fahvftgc`h quh igyg
mkfamfehamfg pgrmfg`, y pkr tgatk sh rhmkdfhaeg hajçtfmgdhath mkkphrgmfýa.
36
j) Gshlurgr quh h` ehsgrrk``k eh` prklrgdg eh hasgyk puheh ehthmtgr dkeks eh jg``g
pkthamfg`.
l) Hajkmgrsh ha çrhgs m`gvh ha `gs mug`hs mkamhatrgr h` mkatrk` eh mg`fege y `ks mkatrk`hs
eh prkmhsks eh fasphmmfýa y jgcrfmgmfýa.
i) Gyuegr g ehjfafr efvhrsks gsphmtks eh `g hstrgthlfg y prklrgdg lhahrg` eh

dgathafdfhatk
dgathafdfhatk prhvhatfvk.
f) Jgmf`ftgr k gpkygr `g ehthrdfagmfýa

ehthrdfagmfýa eh `ks mrfthrfks eh hasgyk, `ks p`gahs eh hasgyk y
`ks prkmhefdfhatks eh efglaýstfmk, pkr hnhdp`k, `g ehthrdfagmfýa eh` ehshdph÷k y `ks
hasgyks eh mkajfgcf`fege.
mkajfgcf`fege.
n) Gpkygr h` efsh÷k

efsh÷k eh shmuhamfgs
shmuhamfgs eh gfs`gdfhatk
gfs`gdfhatk eh jg``gs y gpkygr
gpkygr `g p`gafjfmgmfýa
p`gafjfmgmfýa eh
dkeks g`thragtfvks eh kphrgmfýa y rhmkajflurgmfýa.
rhmkajflurgmfýa.
b) Crfaegr g `ks efsh÷gekrhs hathaefdfhatk

hathaefdfhatk eh `ks jgmtkrhs quh fajùyha ha `g mkajfgcf`fege
eh` sfsthdg.
`) ]udfafstrgr ua ekmudhatk jfag` quh shg pruhcg eh` ihmik (y h` lrgek) eh quh sh ig
thafek mufegek pgrg gshlurgr quh h` efsh÷k mudp`frç su hsphmfjfmgmfýa ha shrvfmfk.
(Hstk hs hsphmfg`dhath fdpkrtgath ha h` mgsk eh `g mkajfgcf`fege eh` prkeumtk).
<.= @FDFUGMFKAH] V EHJFMFHAMFG] EH@ GDJH
H` GDJH hs hxtrhdgegdhath hjfmfhath mugaek sh gp`fmg g` gaç`fsfs eh h`hdhatks quh mgusga

uag jg``g ha tkek h` sfsthdg k ha uag juamfýa fdpkrtgath eh` sfsthdg. ]fa hdcgrlk, h` GDJH
puheh shr efjämf` y thefksk pgrg h` mgsk eh sfsthdgs mkdp`hnks quh tfhaha dþ`tfp`hs juamfkahs
quh favkùmrga efjhrhaths mkanuatks eh mkdpkahaths eh` sfsthdg. Hstk sh ehch g `g mgatfege eh
fajkrdgmfýa ehtg``geg eh` sfsthdg quh ahmhsftg mkasfehrgrsh. Hstg efjfmu`tge sh puheh
famrhdhatgr pkr `g hxfsthamfg eh ktrks dkeks eh kphrgmfýa pksfc`hs, g` flug` quh g` mkasfehrgr
`gs pk`ätfmgs eh rhpgrgmfýa y dgathafdfhatk.
H` GDJH puheh shr ua prkmhsk thefksk h fahjfmfhath g dhaks quh sh gp`fquh nufmfksgdhath. @ks
usks quh sh vga g egr pksthrfkrdhath g `ks rhsu`tgeks sh ehchräga ehjfafr, y h` GDJH ak sh
ehchräg famùfr faefsmrfdfagegdhath
faefsmrfdfagegdhath ha `gs hsphmfjfmgmfkahs eh `ks rhqufsftks.
Mugaek h` GDJH fathatg mucrfr vgrfks afvh`hs ha uag hstrumturg nhrçrqufmg, puheha kmurrfr
mkdp`fmgmfkahs,
mkdp`fmgmfkahs, dg`ks hathaefeks y hrrkrhs, sf sh gp`fmg rheuaegamfg ha h` efsh÷k eh` sfsthdg.
Mug`qufhr rh`gmfýa hatrh faefvfeuks k lrupks eh dkeks eh jg``g k mgusgs eh dkeks eh jg``g ak sh
puheh prhshatgr hjfmgzdhath ha h` GDJH, yg quh `g ifpýthsfs prfamfpg` eh hsth gaç`fsfs hs `g
faehphaehamfg eh `ks dkeks eh jg``g. Hstg ehjfmfhamfg sh igmh gþa dçs prkauamfgeg g` mkasfehrgr
`gs fathrgmmfkahs skjtwgrh/igrewgrh, ha ekaeh ak sh gp`fmg `g ifpýthsfs eh faehphaehamfg. H`
dfsdk tfpk eh efjfmu`tge sh puheh hamkatrgr mugaek sh gefmfkaga `gs fathrgmmfkahs iudgags mka h`
igrewgrh y sh dkeh`ga sus fathrehphaehamfgs. @g ifpýthsfs eh faehphaehamfg puheh igmhr efjämf`
eh vhr ua dkek eh jg``g quh puheh thahr mkashmuhamfgs erçstfmgs mugaek hs h` rhsu`tgek eh ktrk
dkek eh jg``g, dfhatrgs quh mgeg uak eh h``ks pkr shpgrgek pkeräg thahr uag cgng prkcgcf`fege eh
kmurrhamfg. @ks hsmhagrfks eh fathrrh`gmfýa sh dkeh`ga dumik dhnkr usgaek h` gaç`fsfs eh dkek
eh jg``gs mka `g ihrrgdfhatg eh` Çrck` eh Gaç`fsfs eh Jg``gs GGJ (FHM :?=??-=-7, hefmfýa 3).
_kr tgatk, hs prhjhrfc`h quh ua GDJH sh `fdfth g rh`gmfkagr sk`gdhath eks afvh`hs ha `g
hstrumturg nhrçrqufmg. _kr hnhdp`k, uag tgrhg rh`gtfvgdhath sfdp`h hs fehatfjfmgr `ks dkeks eh
jg``g eh h`hdhatks y ehthrdfagr sus hjhmtks ha h` hasgdc`h. Hstks hjhmtks hatkamhs ``hlga g
=?
shr `ks dkeks eh jg``g ha h` afvh` suphrfkr sflufhath. ]fa hdcgrlk, mka jrhmuhamfg sh ``hvga g
mgck GDJH du`tfafvh` hxftksks.
Xag ehjfmfhamfg gefmfkag` eh` GDJH hs su famgpgmfege pgrg crfaegr uag dhefmfýa eh `g
mkajfgcf`fege tktg` eh` sfsthdg y pkr `g dfsdg rgzýa ak puheh crfaegr afaluag dhefeg eh `gs
dhnkrgs eh efsh÷k.
<.5 SH@GMFKAH] MKA KUSK] DÆUKEK]
H` GDJH (k GDJHM) sh puheh usgr sk`k. Mkdk dætkek eh gaç`fsfs faeumtfvk sfsthdçtfmk, h`
GDJH sh usg mka dçs jrhmuhamfg pgrg mkdp`hdhatgr
mkdp`hdhatgr ktrks hajkquhs, hsphmfg`dhath
hsphmfg`dhath `ks
eheumtfvks, tg`hs mkdk h` GGJ. Ha `g htgpg eh efsh÷k, mka jrhmuhamfg hs efjämf` ehmfefr sf h`
ekdfagath hs h` hajkquh faeumtfvk k h` eheumtfvk, yg quh gdcks sh mkdcfaga ha prkmhsks eh
phasgdfhatk y gaç`fsfs. Ha ekaeh sh fehatfjfmga afvh`hs eh rfhslk ha fastg`gmfkahs y sfsthdgs
faeustrfg`hs, sh prhjfhrh h` hajkquh eheumtfvk, phrk h` GDJH sfluh sfhaek uag ihrrgdfhatg eh
efsh÷k þtf`. ]fa hdcgrlk, sh ehchräg mkdp`hdhatgr mka ktrks dætkeks. Hsth hs h` mgsk
pgrtfmu`grdhath mugaek hs ahmhsgrfk fehatfjfmgr prkc`hdgs y hamkatrgr skùmfkahs ha
sftugmfkahs ha `gs quh hs ahmhsgrfk hstuefgr dþ`tfp`hs jg``gs y h`hdhatks shmuhamfg`hs. H`
dætkek usgek prfdhrk ehphaehrç eh` prklrgdg eh` prkyhmtk.
Eurgath `gs prfdhrgs htgpgs eh efsh÷k, ha ekaeh sý`k sh iga ehjfafek `gs juamfkahs, `g
hstrumturg lhahrg` eh` sfsthdg y `ks sucsfsthdgs, h` ehshdph÷k hxftksk eh` sfsthdg sh puheh
ehsmrfcfr dhefgath ua efglrgdg eh c`kquhs eh mkajfgcf`fege, k dhefgath uag trgyhmtkrfg eh
jg``gs, mka ua çrck` eh jg``gs. ]fa hdcgrlk, pgrg gyuegr g efcungr hstks efglrgdgs eh` sfsthdg,
sh ehchräg gp`fmgr g `ks sucsfsthdgs ua prkmhsk faeumtfvk eh GDJH gaths eh efsh÷gr`ks. Cgnk
hstgs mfrmuastgamfgs, h` dætkek eh GDJH ak puheh shr ua prkmhefdfhatk gdp`fk sfak ua
prkmhsk eh phasgdfhatk ak hxprhsgek jçmf`dhath ha jkrdg tgcu`gr rälfeg. Ha lhahrg`, mugaek
sh gag`fzg ua sfsthdg mkdp`hnk quh favkùmrg vgrfgs juamfkahs, audhrksks äthdhs h
fathrrh`gmfkahs
fathrrh`gmfkahs hatrh hstks, h` GDJH ehduhstrg shr hshamfg` phrk ak sujfmfhath.
H` gaç`fsfs eh çrck` eh jg``gs (GGJ) hs ua dætkek eheumtfvk mkdp`hdhatgrfk pgrg h` gaç`fsfs eh

`ks dkeks eh jg``g y sus rhsphmtfvgs mgusgs. Sgstrhg `gs mgusgs eh cgnk afvh` eh uag jg``g eh
g`tk afvh` pkstu`geg. Guaquh h` gaç`fsfs `ýlfmk puheh shr usgek, y g`luags vhmhs `k hs, pgrg
gaç`fsfs purgdhath mug`ftgtfvk eh shmuhamfgs eh jg``g, usug`dhath hs ua prhmurskr pgrg hstfdgr
`g jrhmuhamfg eh `g jg``g eh g`tk afvh` pkstu`geg. H` GGJ hstç ha mgpgmfege eh dkeh`gr `g
fathrehphaehamfg eh efvhrsks dkeks eh jg``g, ha ekaeh hstg fathrgmmfýa puheh egr mkdk
rhsu`tgek ua hvhatk eh prkpkrmfkahs mkasfehrgc`hs, y qufzçs eh g`tg shvhrfege. Hs
hsphmfg`dhath fdpkrtgath ha ekaeh kmurrh prfdhrk ua dkek eh jg``g pkeräg faeumfr `g
kmurrhamfg eh ktrk mka prkcgcf`fege y shvhrfege g`tgs. Hsth hsmhagrfk ak sh puheh dkeh`gr
hxftksgdhath mka ua GDJH, ha ekaeh mgeg dkek eh jg``g sh mkasfehrg ha jkrdg faehphaefhath
h faefvfeug`. Xag eh `gs ehjfmfhamfgs eh ua GDJH hs su famgpgmfege pgrg mkasfehrgr `g
fathrgmmfýa y efaçdfmg eh `g kmurrhamfg eh dkeks eh jg``g ha ua sfsthdg.
H` GGJ sh mkamhatrg ha `g `ýlfmg eh hvhatks mkfamfehaths (k shmuhamfg`hs) y g`thragtfvks quh

mgusga mkashmuhamfgs faehshgc`hs. _uheh prkeumfr ua dkeh`k mkrrhmtk eh` sfsthdg quh sh
gag`fzg, g` flug` quh ua hstfdgek eh su mkajfgcf`fege (k prkcgcf`fege eh jg``g), y tgdcfæa puheh
hvgùgr `g fajùhamfg eh `gs dhnkrgs eh efsh÷k y `g dftflgmfýa eh dkeks eh jg``g ha `g
mkajfgcf`fege eh` sfsthdg lhahrg`, `k mug` puheh shr vhatgnksk. H` jkrdgtk eh GDJH puheh shr
dçs ehsmrfptfvk. Gdcks dætkeks tfhaha sus usks ha ua gaç`fsfs mkdp`htk eh `g shlurfege y
shlurfege eh juamfkagdfhatk ha ua sfsthdg mkdp`hnk. ]fa hdcgrlk, sf h` sfsthdg hstç cgsgek
prfamfpg`dhath ha shrfhs `ýlfmgs, mka pkmgs rheuaegamfgs y pkmgs juamfkahs, hatkamhs h` GGJ
hs uag jkrdg faahmhsgrfgdhath mkdp`fmgeg eh prhshatgr `g `ýlfmg h fehatfjfmgr `ks dkeks eh
jg``g. Ha hstks mgsks, h` GDJH y `ks efglrgdgs eh c`kquh eh mkajfgcf`fege ska sujfmfhaths. Ha
=7
ktrks mgsks ha ekaeh sh prhjfhrh h` GGJ, hs ahmhsgrfk dhnkrgr`k mka ehsmrfpmfkahs eh dkeks
eh jg``g y hjhmtks.
@g prfamfpg` mkasfehrgmfýa g` sh`hmmfkagr h` dætkek eh gaç`fsfs ehchräg ehphaehr eh `ks

rhqufsftks pgrtfmu`grhs eh` prkyhmtk, ak sk`gdhath ha rh`gmfýa mka `ks rhqufsftks tæmafmks, sfak
tgdcfæa `g hsmg`g eh tfhdpk, h` mkstk, `g hjfmfhamfg y usk eh `ks rhsu`tgeks. @gs efrhmtrfmhs
lhahrg`hs ska `gs sflufhaths>
g) H` GDJH hs gprkpfgek mugaek sh rhqufhrh ua mkakmfdfhatk gdp`fk eh `gs mgrgmthrästfmgs

eh jg``g eh ua äthd.
c) H` GDJH hs dçs gprkpfgek pgrg sfsthdgs, dýeu`ks k hasgdc`hs phquh÷ks.
m) H` GDJH hs uag ihrrgdfhatg hshamfg` ha `g htgpg eh favhstflgmfýa y ehsgrrk``k k efsh÷k,

mugaek hs ahmhsgrfk fehatfjfmgr fagmhptgc`hs hjhmtks eh jg``g, y hamkatrgr sus skùmfkahs.
e) H` GDJH puheh shr ahmhsgrfk pgrg äthdhs muyk efsh÷k hs faakvgekr y sus
mgrgmthrästfmgs eh jg``g ak sh puheha mkakmhr pkr `g hxphrfhamfg kphrgmfkag` prhvfg.
h) H` GDJH hs usug`dhath dçs gp`fmgc`h g sfsthdgs quh tfhaha ua lrga aþdhrk eh

mkdpkahaths pkr mkasfehrgr, quh hstça rh`gmfkageks pkr uag `ýlfmg eh jg``gs
prhekdfagathdhath ha shrfh.
j) H` GGJ hs lhahrg`dhath
lhahrg`dhath dçs gehmugek pgrg h` gaç`fsfs eh dkeks eh jg``g dþ`tfp`hs y
ehphaehamfg quh favkùmrga rheuaegamfg y uag `ýlfmg eh jg``gs mkdp`hngs. H` GGJ sh
puheh usgr g afvh`hs dçs g`tks eh `g hstrumturg eh` sfsthdg g` fafmfk eh `g htgpg eh
efsh÷k y puheh gyuegr g fehatfjfmgr `g ahmhsfege eh ua GDJH ehtg``gek g afvh`hs dçs
cgnks eurgath h` efsh÷k ehtg``gek.
=3
GAHYK G
(Fajkrdgtfvk)
SH]XDHA EH _SKMHEFDFHAUK] _GSG GDJH V GDJHM
G.7 _G]K] _GSG @G SHG@F^GMFÝA EH@ GAÇ@F]F]
@ks pgsks eh` prkmhefdfhatk ahmhsgrfks pgrg ``hvgr g mgck ua gaç`fsfs ska>
g) Ehmfefr sf sh rhqufhrh ua GDJH k ua GDJHM.
c) Ehjfafr `ks `ädfths eh` sfsthdg pgrg gaç`fsfs.
m) Mkdprhaehr
Mkdprhaehr `ks rhqufsftks y juamfýa eh` sfsthdg.
e) Ehjfafr `ks mrfthrfks eh jg``g/æxftk.
h) Ehthrdfagr `ks dkeks eh jg``g eh mgeg äthd, sus hjhmtks eh jg``g y rhlfstrgr`ks.
j) Shsudfr mgeg hjhmtk eh jg``g.
l) Shpkrtgr `ks ig``gzlks.
@ks pgsks gefmfkag`hs pkr tkdgr pgrg h` GDJHM ska>
i) Ehthrdfagr `gs m`gshs eh shvhrfege eh jg``g eh` sfsthdg.
f) Hstgc`hmhr `g shvhrfege eh` dkek eh jg``g eh` äthd.
n) Ehthrdfagr h` dkek eh jg``g eh`

eh` äthd y `gs jrhmuhamfgs
jrhmuhamfgs eh `ks hjhmtks.
b) Ehthrdfagr `gs jrhmuhamfgs eh` dkek eh jg``g.
`) Urgzgr uag dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege pgrg `ks dkeks eh jg``g eh` äthd.
d) Igmhr ua rhsudha skcrh `g mrftfmfege eh `ks hjhmtks eh jg``g eh `g dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege.
a) Urgzgr `g dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege pgrg `ks hjhmtks eh jg``g eh` sfsthdg.
k) Shpkrtgr `ks ig``gzlks ha tkeks `ks afvh`hs eh gaç`fsfs.

AKUG @g mugatfjfmgmfýa eh` dkek dkek eh jg``g y `gs `gs jrhmuhamfgs eh `ks hjhmtks sh puheh ``hvgr g mgck ha ua GDJH
dhefgath `g rhg`fzgmfýa eh `ks pgsks i), f) y n) g` jfag` eh` GDJH.
G.3 IKNG EH USGCGNK EH GDJH
G.3.7 G`mgamh eh uag ikng eh trgcgnk
@g ikng eh trgcgnk eh GDJH mgpturg `ks ehtg``hs eh` gaç`fsfs ha jkrdg tgcu`gr. Guaquh h`
prkmhefdfhatk lhahrg` eh GDJH hs ua pgtrýa, h` efsh÷k eh uag ikng eh trgcgnk pgrtfmu`gr sh
puheh gegptgr g `ks rhqufsftks eh `g gp`fmgmfýa y eh` prkyhmtk.
@g Jflurg G.7 hs ua hnhdp`k eh ua jkrdgtk eh ikng eh trgcgnk eh GDJH.

==
G.3.3 Hamgchzgek eh `g ikng eh trgcgnk
@g pgrth eh` hamgchzgek eh` jkrdgtk famùyh `g sflufhath fajkrdgmfýa>

fajkrdgmfýa>
- H` sfsthdg, mkdk ua äthd jfag`, fehatfjfmg h` äthd pgrg h` mug` sh fehatfjfmga `ks hjhmtks
jfag`hs. Hsth fehatfjfmgekr ehchräg shr mkasfsthath mka `g thrdfak`kläg usgeg ha `ks
efglrgdgs eh c`kquh, hsquhdgs u ktrks efcunks.
- H` dkek eh kphrgmfýa gsudfek pgrg h` gaç`fsfs.
- Fthd igmh rhjhrhamfg g` äthd (dýeu`k, mkdpkahath k pgrth) quh sh gag`fzg ha hstg ikng
eh trgcgnk.
- Afvh` eh gmtug`fzgmfýa,
gmtug`fzgmfýa, jhmig y akdcrh eh` gag`fstg quh mkkrefag `g `gckr eh GDJH, g`
flug` quh `ks akdcrhs eh `ks dfhdcrks eh` hqufpk prfamfpg` quh crfaegrka fajkrdgmfýa
gefmfkag` pgrg prkpýsftks eh mkatrk` eh ekmudhatks.
G.3.= Hatrgegs eh `g ikng eh trgcgnk
@gs hatrgegs pgrg ‐rhjhrhamfg eh` äthd— y ‐ehsmrfpmfýa y juamfýa eh` äthd— tfhaha mkdk jfa
fehatfjfmgr h` thdg eh` gaç`fsfs. @g rhjhrhamfg ehchräg shr gprkpfgeg pgrg h` efglrgdg eh c`kquhs
u ktrks ekmudhatks eh gpkyk. ]h hsmrfch uag crhvh ehsmrfpmfýa eh` äthd y su juamfýa.
@g jkrdg ha `g quh h` äthd pkeräg jg``gr sh hsmrfch ha h` hamgchzgek ‐dkek eh jg``g—. H` audhrg` 8.3.=
sudfafstrg krfhatgmfýa pgrg fehatfjfmgr `ks dkeks eh jg``g pkthamfg`hs. Falrhsgr ua fehatfjfmgekr þafmk
(‐mýeflk eh dkek eh jg``g—) pgrg mgeg dkek eh jg``g eh ua äthd þafmk jgmf`ftgrç h`gckrgr ua rhsudha
eh `ks rhsu`tgeks eh` gaç`fsfs.
@gs mgusgs dçs prkcgc`hs eh` dkek eh jg``g sh haudhrga cgnk h` hamgchzgek ‐pksfc`hs
mgusgs eh jg``g—.
Cgnk h` hamgchzgek ‐hjhmtk `kmg`— sh hsmrfch uag ehsmrfpmfýa mkamfsg eh `ks hjhmtks eh` dkek
eh jg``g skcrh h` äthd quh hs gag`fzgek. Ha `g mkùdag ‐hjhmtk jfag`— sh falrhsg fajkrdgmfýa
gefmfkag` pgrg faefmgr `ks hjhmtks eh` dkek eh jg``g ha h` äthd jfag`. _grg g`luaks gaç`fsfs eh
GDJH hs rhmkdhaegc`h hvgùgr h` hjhmtk eh jg``g g ua afvh` fathrdhefk. Ha hsth mgsk, h` hjhmtk
ha h` ‐sflufhath hasgdc`h dçs g`tk— sh hsmrfch ha uag mkùdag gefmfkag`. @g fehatfjfmgmfýa eh
`ks hjhmtks eh dkeks eh jg``g sh trgtg ha h` audhrg` 8.3.8.
Xag crhvh ehsmrfpmfýa eh mýdk sh ehthmtg h` dkek eh jg``g sh faefmg ha `g mkùdag ‐dætkek
eh ehthmmfýa—. H` dætkek eh ehthmmfýa sh puheh ``hvgr g mgck gutkdçtfmgdhath dhefgath uag
mgrgmthrästfmg eh efsh÷k "hqufpk eh pruhcg fathlrgek", k puheh rhquhrfr prkmhefdfhatks eh
efglaýstfmk pkr h` phrskag` eh kphrgmfýa k eh dgathafdfhatk. Hs fdpkrtgath fehatfjfmgr h`
dætkek eh ehthmmfýa eh dgahrg quh h` gag`fstg puheg gshlurgr quh kmurrfrç `g gmmfýa
mkrrhmtfvg.
@gs mgrgmthrästfmgs eh efsh÷k quh dftflga h` dkek eh jg``g pgrtfmu`gr, tg`hs mkdk `g
rheuaegamfg,
rheuaegamfg, sh ehcha famùfr cgnk ‐dhefegs eh mkdphasgmfýa
mkdphasgmfýa mkatrg jg``gs—.
j g``gs—. @g mkdphasgmfýa
quh crfaega gmmfkahs hsphmäjfmgs eh dgathafdfhatk k eh` kphrgekr tgdcfæa sh ehch famùfr
gquä.
@g ‐m`gsh eh shvhrfege— fehatfjfmg h` afvh` eh shvhrfege mkdk `k ehthrdfaga `ks gag`fstgs eh`
GDJH.
=5
‐@g jrhmuhamfg k prkcgcf`fege eh gpgrfmfýa— fehatfjfmg `g tgsg eh kmurrhamfg eh` dkek eh jg``g
pgrtfmu`gr. @g hsmg`g eh jrhmuhamfg sh gnustg g `g gp`fmgmfýa (pkr hnhdp`k, jg``gs pkr df``ýa eh
ikrgs, jg``gs pkr efstgamfg rhmkrrfeg, hs ehmfr, 7 ??? bd, htm.).
Cgnk `g hatrgeg ‐Kcshrvgmfkahs— sh hsmrfcha `gs kcshrvgmfkahs y rhmkdhaegmfkahs eh `ks

gag`fstgs, mkdk sh ehsmrfch ha h` audhrg` 8.=.5.
G.3.5 Kcshrvgmfkahs eh `g ikng eh trgcgnk
@g þ`tfdg hatrgeg eh `g ikng eh trgcgnk ehchräg famùfr kcshrvgmfkahs phrtfahaths pgrg gm`grgr
ktrgs hatrgegs. @gs pksfc`hs gmmfkahs juturgs, tg`hs mkdk rhmkdhaegmfkahs pgrg `gs dhnkrgs
ha h` efsh÷k sh puheha rhlfstrgr y ùhlk gdp`fgr ha h` fajkrdh. Hstg mkùdag tgdcfæa puheh
famùfr `k sflufhath>
g) Mug`qufhr mkaefmfýa fausug`.
c) Hjhmtks eh `gs jg``gs eh h`hdhatks rheuaegaths.
m) Shmkakmfdfhatk
Shmkakmfdfhatk eh mgrgmthrästfmgs eh efsh÷k hsphmfg`dhath
hsphmfg`dhath mrätfmgs.
e) Mug`qufhr kcshrvgmfýa pgrg gdp`fgr `g hatrgeg.
h) Shjhrhamfgs g ktrgs hatrgegs pgrg gaç`fsfs eh jg``gs shmuhamfg`hs.

shmuhamfg`hs.
j) Shqufsftks eh dgathafdfhatk sflafjfmgtfvks
l) Mgusgs eh jg``gs ekdfagaths
i) Hjhmtks eh jg``gs ekdfagaths
f) Ehmfsfkahs tkdgegs, pkr hnhdp`k, ha `g rhvfsfýa eh` efsh÷k.
=8
GDJH
Äthd jfag`> Äthd> H`gckrgek pkr>

_hräkek eh kphrgmfýa> Gmtug`fzgmfýa> Jhmig>
Mgusgs Dhefeg eh Jrhmuhamfg k
Ehsmrfpmfýa y Dkek eh Mýeflk dkek eh Hjhmtk Hjhmtk Dætkek eh M`gsh eh Kcshrvg
Äthd rhj. pksfc`hs mkdphasgmfýa prkcgcf`fege
juamfýa eh` äthd jg``g jg``g `kmg` jfag` ehthmmfýa shvhrfege mfkahs
eh jg``gs Mkatrg jg``gs eh kmurrhamfg
Jflurg G.7. Hnhdp`k eh` jkrdgtk eh uag ikng eh trgcgnk eh GDJH
=:
GAHYK C
(Fajkrdgtfvk)
HNHD_@K] EH GAÇ@F]F]
C.7 HNHD_@K 7. GDJHM pgrg uag pgrth eh `g h`hmtrýafmg gutkdktrfz mka mç`mu`k eh A_S
Ha `g Jflurg C.7 sh prhshatg uag phquh÷g pgrth eh ua GDJHM hxthask rhg`fzgek pgrg ua
prkeumtk gutkdktkr. H` hasgdc`h gag`fzgek hs h` sudfafstrk eh pkthamfg y sý`k sus mkahxfkahs
g `g `äahg eh cgthräg.
@g `äahg eh `g cgthräg tfhah ua efkek E7 y ua mkaehasgekr

mkaehasgekr M6 quh mkahmtg h` `gek pksftfvk eh `g
cgthräg g tfhrrg. Hsth efkek tfhah pk`grfege favhrsg, eh dgahrg quh sf sh mkahmtg h` `gek
ahlgtfvk eh `g cgthräg g` äthd, hstg thasfýa ahlgtfvg igräg mkrtkmfrmuftk g tfhrrg, prkthlfhaek g`
äthd mkatrg eg÷k. H` mkaehasgekr hs pgrg h` jf`trgek eh `g FHD. ]f mug`qufhrg eh hstgs pgrths
ehcfhrg igmhr mkrtkmfrmuftk g tfhrrg, `g cgthräg tgdcfæa igräg mkrtk g tfhrrg, `k quh mkaeumfräg g`
hsmgph eh `äqufek eh `g cgthräg eh` vhiämu`k. Mfhrtgdhath hstg jg``g ak tfhah gevhrthamfg, y uag
jg``g ‐mgdfak g mgsg— ha `g faeustrfg gutkdktrfz sh mkasfehrg ph`flrksg. _kr tgatk, pgrg `ks
dkeks eh jg``g eh` ‐mkrtk— eh gdcgs pgrths, h` rgalk ] hs 7?. @gs kmurrhamfgs sh mg`mu`grka eh
`gs tgsgs eh jg``g eh `gs pgrths cgnk sus hsjuhrzks rhsphmtfvks pgrg `g vfeg eh` vhiämu`k, y ùhlk
sh gmkp`grka g `g hsmg`g K eh` GDJH gutkdktrfz. @g ehthmmfýa hs duy cgng, yg quh h` mkrtk eh
mug`qufhrg eh `gs pgrths sh aktgräg eh fadhefgtk ha h` hasgyk2 h` äthd ak hs kphrgmfkag`.
kphrgmfkag`.
@g gphrturg eh mug`qufhrg eh `gs pgrths gathrfkrhs ak mgusgräg eg÷k g` äthd, hxmhptk sf h` efkek
sh gcrh, hatkamhs ak igcräg prkthmmfýa favhrsg eh `g cgthräg, dfhatrgs quh mka h` mkaehasgekr
gcfhrtk ak igcräg jf`trgek eh FHD, y igcräg pksfc`h rufek pgrg ktrks hqufpks ha h` vhiämu`k.
Igy uag ckcfag, `g @7, hatrh `g cgthräg y h` mfrmuftk prfdgrfk eh` äthd prfamfpg`dhath pgrg
jf`trgek. ]f `g ckcfag sh gcrh, h` äthd ak shräg kphrgmfkag` yg quh `g cgthräg hstgräg
ehsmkahmtgeg y ak sh fùdfagräg `g pgatg``g eh gevhrthamfg. @gs ckcfags tfhaha uag tgsg eh
jg``g duy cgng, eh dgahrg quh `g kmurrhamfg hs 3.
@g rhsfsthamfg S6 pkrtg `g thasfýa eh `g cgthräg g `ks trgasfstkrhs eh mkadutgmfýa2 sf sh gcrha

pkr jg``g, ehngräga h` äthd fakphrgc`h, `k quh tgdcfæa egräg uag shvhrfege eh 6. Vg quh `gs
rhsfsthamfgs tfhaha uag tgsg eh jg``g duy cgng, `g kmurrhamfg hs 3. @g ehthmmfýa hs 7, yg quh h`
äthd ak shräg kphrgmfkag`.
kphrgmfkag`.
=<
` k Gmmfýa Shsu`tgeks

g
f z
m s g
`
a h p
h
t Mgusg A
a y
k Ehtg``h g
f k
f
p _ktha mgusgs/ m _rhvhamfýa Ehthmmfýa Ý
f m e
g
Äthd/juamfýa g Hjhmtk(s) pkthamfg`(hs) mfg` a mkatrk`hs eh M S g e
`
` Dhmgafs h
r mkatrk`hs eh M e f
`
/dhmg _ a f s
g
j eh `g jg``g dk
r efsh÷k H A h c g
afsdks
u
m gmtug`hs efsh÷k gmtug`hs U g e G
h H d s g E F A
e (s) eh jg``g K E k a M
k E eh jg``g m k d G
A
Ý
F
e h p k E
F M
G S s t H
k E H s S S M A_S
D F ] h H H
S G S h S
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Z M f ] M E
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] m
G
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f d k k k
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a d h h
j
u H k j
] M H H
]udfafstrk eh
pkthamfg
Z7
E7 Mkrtk Uhasfýa eh Julg eh` 7? Ehjhmtk Jg``g eh` = ]h`hmmfýa eh Hvgùgmfýa y 7 =?
cgthräg + mkrtks `äqufek eh `g faihrha dgthrfg` dgykr mg`fege mkajfgcf`fege.
g tfhrrg - cgthräg, th eh` y m`gsfjfmgmfýa Hasgyk eh
"mgdfak g mkdpk vg`fegmfýa
mgsg" ahath
E7 Gcfhrtk Ak igy Ak hs aktkrfk 3 Ehjhmtk Mkaahxfýa = ]h`hmmfýa eh Hvgùgmfýa y 3 73
prkthmmfýa faihrha hqufpktha dgykr mg`fege mkajfgcf`fege.
mkatrg thasfýa th eh` mfg` k y m`gsfjfmgmfýa Hasgyk eh
favhrsg mkdpk ]hdfmkaeu vg`fegmfýa
ahath mtkr.k lrfhtg
M6 Mkrtk Uhasfýa eh Julg eh` 7? Ehjhmtk Jg``g = ]h`hmmfýa eh Hvgùgmfýa y 7 =?
cgthräg + mkrtks `äqufek eh `g faihrha efh`æmtrfmg k dgykr mg`fege mkajfgcf`fege.
g tfhrrg cgthräg, th eh` lrfhtg y m`gsfjfmgmfýa Hasgyk eh
"Mgdfak g mkdpk vg`fegmfýa
mgsg" ahath
M6 Gcfhrtk Ak igy jf`trgek Kphrgmfýa eh` 3 Ehjhmtk Gchrturg 3 ]h`hmmfýa eh Hvgùgmfýa y 7 5
eh FHD äthd juhrg eh faihrha eh` dgykr mg`fege mkajfgcf`fege.
hsphmfjfmgmfýa th eh` efh`æmtrfmk, y m`gsfjfmgmfýa Hasgyk eh
mkdpk julg, vgmäk vg`fegmfýa
ahath k lrfhtg
@7 Gcfhrtk Ak igy Z7 Äthd 6 Ehjhmtk Jg``g eh` 3 ]h`hmmfýa eh Hvgùgmfýa y 7 79
fakphrgc`h, ak faihrha dgthrfg` dgykr mg`fege mkajfgcf`fege.
sh vfsug`fzg th eh` y m`gsfjfmgmfýa Hasgyk eh
gevhrthamfg mkdpk vg`fegmfýa
ahath
S67 Gcfhrtk Ak igy thasfýa Äthd 6 Ehjhmtk Mkaahxfýa 3 ]h`hmmfýa eh Hvgùgmfýa y 7 79
pgrg h` mfrmuftk fakphrgc`h, ak faihrha hqufpktha dgykr mg`fege mkajfgcf`fege.
eh mkadutg sh vfsug`fzg th eh` mfg` k lrfhtg y m`gsfjfmgmfýa Hasgyk eh
mfýa äthd gevhrthamfg mkdpk ha h` vg`fegmfýa
ahath dgthrfg`
Jflurg C.7. GDJH pgrg uag pgrth eh h`hmtrýafmg gutkdktrfz mka mç`mu`k eh A_S
A_ S
=9
C.3 HNHD_@K 3 GDJH pgrg h` sucsfsthdg eh ua mkanuatk dktkr-lhahrgekr
Hsth hnhdp`k fùstrg `g gp`fmgmfýa eh `g tæmafmg eh GDJH g ua sfsthdg eh dktkr-lhahrgekr (D ”

L). H` kcnhtfvk eh` hstuefk sh `fdftý g hsh sfsthdg sk`gdhath y ak g `ks hjhmtks eh `g jg``g skcrh
mug`qufhrg eh `gs mgrlgs g`fdhatgegs mka pkthamfg h`æmtrfmg eh` mkanuatk D-L k mug`qufhr ktrk
hjhmtk hxthrak eh `gs jg``gs. _kr tgatk, ehjfah `ks `ädfths eh` gaç`fsfs. H` hnhdp`k, dkstrgek sý`k
pgrmfg`dhath, fùstrg mýdk sh rhprhshatý h` sfsthdg ha uag jkrdg eh efglrgdg eh c`kquhs
nhrçrqufmk. @g sucefvfsfýa fafmfg` fehatfjfmý mfamk sucsfsthdgs (vægsh `g Jflurg C.3) y uak eh
hstks, h` sfsthdg eh mg`hjgmmfýa, hajrfgdfhatk y vhatf`gmfýa eh` mhrrgdfhatk, sh ehsgrrk``ý pkr
dhefk eh afvh`hs dçs cgnks eh `g hstrumturg nhrçrqufmg igstg h` afvh` eh mkdpkahaths, ha h`
mug` sh ehmfefý egr fafmfk g` GDJH (vægsh `g Jflurg C.=). @ks efglrgdgs eh c`kquh tgdcfæa
duhstrga h` sfsthdg eh audhrgmfýa gekptgek quh sh usý mkdk uag rhjhrhamfg mruzgeg mka `gs
ikngs eh trgcgnk eh GDJH.
Xa hnhdp`k eh uag ikng eh trgcgnk sh fùstrg pgrg uak eh `ks sucsfsthdgs eh` mkanuatk D-L
(vægsh `g Jflurg C.5), quh lhahrg`dhath mudp`h mka h` jkrdgtk rhmkdhaegek ha hstg akrdg.
Xa prhrrhqufsftk hshamfg` pgrg hsth GDJH hs `g ehjfafmfýa y m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh `g shvhrfege eh `ks

hjhmtks eh `gs jg``gs ha tkek h` sfsthdg eh DL mkdp`htk. _grg `g gp`fmgmfýa pgrtfmu`gr eh`
sfsthdg hnhdp`k, hstgs sh ehjfafhrka ha `g Ugc`g C.7.
Ugc`g C.7. Ehjfafmfýa y m`gsfjfmgmfýa eh `g shvhrfege eh `ks hjhmtks eh `gs jg``gs ha h` sfsthdg DL mkdp`htk
Afvh` ]hvhrfege Ehsmrfpmfýa

8 Mgtgstrýjfmg Jg``g ha lhahrgr pkthamfg pgrg h` rhstk eh `g dfsfýa.
5 Mrätfmg Ehlrgegmfýa eh` sfsthdg pgrg h` rhstk eh `g dfsfýa
= Dgykr _ærefeg eh lhahrgmfýa eh pkthamfg ehcfek g uag fathrrupmfýa
jkrzgeg igstg su rhpgrgmfýa
3 Dhakr Ehlrgegmfýa thdpkrg` eh` sfsthdg igstg quh shg mkavhafhath
rhpgrgr`k.
7 Fasflafjfmgath Ak igy pærefeg af ehlrgegmfýa sflafjfmgtfvg ha `g mgpgmfege eh
lhahrgmfýa.
Mkanuatk
dktkr-lhahrgekr
7? 3? =? 5? 8?
]fsthdg eh
Hstrumturg eh mg`hjgmmfýa, vhatf`gmfýa Dçqufag eh m.m Dçqufag eh m.g
`g dçqufag (mkatrk` GZJS) (mkatrk` GZJS) Fastrudhatgmfýa
y hajrfgdfhatk eh`
mhrrgdfhatk
Jflurg C.3. Efglrgdg eh sucsfsthdgs eh ua mkanuatk dktkr-lhahrgekr
=6
3?
]fsthdg eh
mg`hjgmmfýa, vhatf`gmfýa
y hajrfgdfhatk eh`
mhrrgdfhatk
3?.7 3?.3 3?.= 3?.5

_uhrtgs eh
]fsthdg eh vhatf`gmfýa hajrfgdfhatk eh ]fsthdg eh erhagnh
]fsthdg mg`hjgmtkr y hajrfgdfhatk hdhrlhamfg eh glug-hajrfgdfhatk/
(hatrgeg/sg`feg) mkaehasgek
3?.3.7 3?.3.3 3?.5.7 3?.5.3

Uucks eh erhagnh
Fathrmgdcfgekr eh Uucks eh erhagnh eh
Zhatf`gekrhs mkaehasgek
mg`kr gfrh/glug julg/mkaehasgek
(efçdhtrk phquh÷k)
3?.7.7 3?.7.3 3?.3.=
Mgng eh thrdfag`hs Jf`trks eh gfrh eh

Mg`hjgmtkrhs eh` mg`hjgmtkr, hspudg p`çstfmg
thrdfag`hs/mgc`hs
3?.5.= 3?.5.5 3?.5.8 3?.5.:

Uucks eh erhagnh eh
Mçdgrg eh ehthmfýa Çrhg eh rhmk`hmmfýa
julgs eh `g mçdgrg eh ]udfehrk eh julgs eh julgs
ehthmmfýa eh julgs
Jflurg C.=. Efglrgdg eh sfsthdgs eh hajrfgdfhatk, vhatf`gmfýa y mg`hjgmmfýa
5?
Afvh` eh shvhrfege eh `g tgsg

Shj. Mkdpkahath
Mkdpkahath Juamfýa Dkek eh jg``g Hjhmtk eh jg``g Dætkek eh ehthmmfýa Sheuaegamfg eh dkek eh jg``g Kcshrvgmfkahs
k säatkdg sudfafstrgeg
J/Dir
7 3 = 5 8
3?.7 ]fsthdg mg`hjgmtkr (73 gpglgek Ukegs AKUG @g dçqufag sh

” : gpglgek) puheh skcrhmg`hatgr sf `ks
mg`hjgmtkrhs ak sh gpglga
(ha usk sk`gdhath mugaek `g gutkdçtfmgdhath mugaek
dçqufag ak hstç kphrgmfkag`) hstça ha juamfkagdfhatk
3? 7.7 Mg`hjgmtkrhs Mg`hatgr h` g) k/m, mg`hjgmtkr Mg`hatgdfhatk g) Faefmgmfýa eh Ukeks ha pgrg`h`k, 7,3
mhrrgdfhatk quhdgek rheumfek thdphrgturg 0 8 skcrh ak igy rheuaegamfg
h` gdcfhath
c) s/m k jg``g g _ærefeg eh tkeg `g c) G`fdhatgmfýa, jusfc`h ?,= Xag jg``g g tfhrrg ak
tfhrrg ehcfek g mg`hjgmmfýa ” k fathrruptkr ehchräg igmhr jg``gr h`
jg``g eh` pksfc`h gutkdçtfmk sfsthdg
gfs`gdfhatk mkaehasgmfýa dkaftkrhgeks
3?.7.3 Mgng eh thrdfag`hs eh` Mkahmtgr `g g) h` thrdfag` k _ærefeg k g) Faefmgmfýa eh ?,8

mg`hjgmtkr, thrdfag`hs, mgc`h g`fdhatgmfýa g mgc`h eh k/m rheummfýa eh thdphrgturg. 0 8 skcrh
`ks mg`hjgmtkrhs puheh igmhr mg`hjgmmfýa ” h` gdcfhath
jg``gr uak, trhs, pksfc`h
shfs k tkeks `ks mkaehasgmfýa G`fdhatgmfýa
mg`hjgmtkrhs dkaftkrhgeg
c) thrdfag`hs eh _ærefeg eh tkeg `g fasflafjf

s/m (jkrdgmfýa mg`hjgmmfýa ” mgath
eh mgdfaks mkaehasgmfýa
mkaeumtkrhs)
Uktg`hs 3,?
Jflurg C.5. GDJH pgrg h` sucsfsthdg 3?
57
C.= HNHD_@K = GDJHM _GSG XA _SKMH]K EH JGCSFMGMFÝA
Xa GDJHM eh jgcrfmgmfýa k eh ua prkmhsk mkasfehrg mgeg uak eh `ks prkmhsks favkùmrgeks

ha `g jgcrfmgmfýa eh` äthd g` quh sh igmh rhjhrhamfg. Mkasfehrg `k quh pkeräg sg`fr dg`, quæ
prkthmmfkahs hxfstha mkatrg hstg jg``g, mka quæ jrhmuhamfg pkeräga kmurrfr, y mýdk sh pkeräga
h`fdfagr dhefgath h` rhefsh÷k eh` äthd k h` prkmhsk. H` kcnhtfvk hs mkamhatrgr `g gthamfýa ha `ks
prkc`hdgs pksfc`hs (k mkakmfeks) g` sksthahr k `klrgr `g mg`fege eh sg`feg rhquhrfeg. ]h
rhmkdfhaeg g `ks hasgdc`gekrhs eh cfhahs mkdp`hnks tg`hs mkdk vhiämu`ks g dktkr, fasfstfr ha
quh `ks prkvhhekrhs eh mkdpkahaths ``hvha g mgck hstks gaç`fsfs, phrk `ks jgcrfmgaths eh
mkdpkahaths ska usug`dhath `ks chahjfmfgrfks prfamfpg`hs. Hsth hnhrmfmfk mka``hvg ua rh-
hxgdha eh `g dhtkek`kläg hstgc`hmfeg ha `g jgcrfmgmfýa y rgrg vhz ehng eh mkaeumfr g dhnkrgs
ha mkstks.
H` jkrdgtk hs cçsfmgdhath sfdf`gr g` eh ua GDJHM eh prkeumtk, phrk fdp`fmg g`luaks mgdcfks

dhefgath rhqufsftks `flhrgdhath efjhrhaths (vægsh `g Jflurg C.8). @g dætrfmg eh `g mrftfmfege hs
h` aþdhrk eh prfkrfege eh gmmfýa (A_G) phrk ha hshamfg hs hqufvg`hath g` aþdhrk eh prfkrfege
eh rfhslk (A_S) yg efsmutfek. H` GDJHM eh` prkmhsk hxgdfag mýdk puheha surlfr ehjhmtks y
prkeumtks ehjhmtuksks y ``hlgr g `ks m`fhaths, k hamkatrgrsh dhefgath prkmhefdfhatks eh
mkatrk` eh mg`fege. Ak hxgdfag mýdk h` prkeumtk puheh jg``gr ha shrvfmfk ehcfek g ehslgsth u
kphrgmfýa fagprkpfgeg. Fahvftgc`hdhath igy g`luags mkfamfehamfgs pgrmfg`hs pkrquh g`luaks
ehjhmtks gjhmtga `g eurgcf`fege eh `ks mkdpkahaths ha shrvfmfk, dfhatrgs quh ktrks mgusga
jg``g fadhefgtg k thdprgag.
t hdprgag.
53
Mkaefmfkahs Mkaefmfkahs rhvfsgegs

hxfsthaths
Shj. _rkmhsk Dkek eh jg``g Hjhmtk Hjhmtk pkthamfg` Z Mgusg pkthamfg` Mkatrk`hs
skcrh hxfsthaths
g
f e a g
f e a
m g ý
f m g ý
f
a e
f m S Gmmfýa a e
f m G
h
r r m Gmmfýa rhmkdhaegeg h
r r m
r h _ r h _
v h
t A tkdgeg v h
t A
u h h u h h
m m
K ] E K ] E
?7-?7-?7 Fashrtks Ugdg÷k famkrrhmtk k f)g Fashrtks sfa mgrlg skcrh `g dgtrfz. Dgaujgmturg k mkatrk` _`gahs eh duhstrhk 7 6 6 97 Shvfsfýa eh `ks p`gahs eh
çalu`ks eh ekc`gek _rkeumtfvfege rheumfeg. eh mg`fege ehjfmfhath eh` prkeumtkr y eh duhstrhk. ]hpgrgmfýa eh`
eh` ikdcrk gmhptgmfýa dgthrfg` ehjhmtuksk eh`
?3 f)c Fashrtk ehsg`fahgek. dgthrfg` cuhak. Hatrhagdfhatk
?= f)g Hsphskr famkrrhmtk eh` rhckreh eh` g `ks hasgdc`gekrhs.
fashrtk.
?5 fv)c Ehshdph÷k rheumfek.
?8 fv)m Zfeg rheumfeg.
?7-?3-?7 Fashrtks Shvhstfdfhatk eh ff)g Mkrrksfýa. Shmigzgek ha `g htgpg Fasphmmfýa vfsug` 8 : 7 =? Famùfr fastrummfkahs
fastrummfkahs ha `g
aäquh` ehjfmfhath eh gmgcgek eurgath h` p`ga eh fasphmmfýa eh duhstrhk pgrg
duhstrhk eh ``hvgr g mgck `g vhrfjfmgmfýa
gmhptgmfýa vfsug` eh ua rhvhstfdfhatk
mkrrhmtk.
?7-?=-?7 Fashrtks Duhsmgs f)g Jùnk eh dhtg` ehjfmfhath. Hsphskr Dgaujgmturg k mkatrk` Fasphmmfýa vfsug` 3 9 : 6: Famùfr fastrummfkahs ha `g
fagehmugegs eh `g famkrrhmtk eh `g pgrhe. Ehsphrefmfk eh mg`fege ehjfmfhath eurgath h` p`ga eh fasphmmfýa eh duhstrhk
suphrjfmfh duhstrhk eh pgrg ``hvgr g mgck `g
?3 ff)g _grhehs eh`lgegs hamkatrgegs gmhptgmfýa vhrfjfmgmfýa vfsug` eh ua
eurgath h` dgqufagek. rhvhstfdfhatk mkrrhmtk.
Ehsphrefmfk
?= fv)g Zfeg rheumfeg

Mýeflk eh hjhmtk> Mýeflk eh mrftfmfege>
Hjhmtk skcrh h` prkmhsk eh juaefmfýa> Kmurrhamfg> prkcgcf`fege eh gpgrfmfýa x 7?
Hjhmtk skcrh h` prkmhefdfhatk eh thrdfagek ]hvhrfege> shvhrfege eh` hjhmtk ha uag hsmg`g eh 7-7?
Hjhmtk skcrh h` hasgdc`gekr Ehthmmfýa> prkcgcf`fege eh ak ehthmtgr gaths eh quh ``hluh g` m`fhath x 7?
Hjhmtk skcrh h` usugrfk jfag` A_G> Aþdhrk eh prfkrfege eh `g gmmfýa> kmurrhamfg. x shvhrfege x ehthmmfýa.
Jflurg C.8. _grth eh ua GDJHM eh ua prkmhsk pgrg uag juaefmfýa eh gùdfafk dgqufageg
5=
CFC@FKLSGJÄG
7) C] 8<:?-8> 7667, Sh`fgcf`fty kj ]ysthds, Hqufpdhat gae Mkdpkahats. _grt 8> Lufeh tk
Jgfùrh Dkehs, Hjjhmts gae Mrftfmg`fty Gag`ysfs (JDHG gae JDHMG).
3) ]GH N7<=6>3???,
N7<=6>3???, _kthatfg` Jgfùrh Dkeh gae Hjjhmts Gag`ysfs fa Ehsfla (Ehsfla JDHG)
gae _kthatfg` Jgfùrh Dkeh gae Hjjhmts Gag`ysfs fa Dgaujgmturfal gae Gsshdc`y
_rkmhsshs (_rkmhss JDHG), gae _kthatfg` Jgfùrh Dkeh gae Hjjhmts Gag`ysfs jkr
Dgmifahry.
=) ]GH GS_889?> 3??7, Jgfùrh Dkehs, Hjjhmts, gae Mrftfmg`fty Gag`ysfs _rkmheurhs.
5) GFGL, _kthatfg` Jgfùrh Dkeh gae Hjjhmts Gag`ysfs, Uifre Heftfka, 3??7.
8) D. Brgsfmi, Jgu`t Urhh Gag`ysfs jkr Jgfùrh Dkehs Fehatfjfmgtfka gae _rkeumt Sh`fgcf`fty
Fdprkvhdhat, Uutkrfg` _rhshathe gt tih Sh`fgcf`fty gae Dgfatgfagcf`fty ]ydpksfud2
Uutkrfg` _rkmhhefals kj 3??3, 3??=, gae 3??8.
:) N. Ckw`hs, Ga Gsshssdhat kj S_A _rfkrfzgtfka fa g Jgfùrh Dkehs Hjjhmts gae Mrftfmg`fty

Gag`ysfs, Uhmiafmg` _gphr _rhshathe gt tih Sh`fgcf`fty gae Dgfatgfagcf`fty
Dgfatgfagcf`fty ]ydpksfud,
]ydpksfud,
3??=.
<) FHM :??8? (767)> 766?, Fathragtfkag` H`hmtrkthmiafmg` Zkmgcu`gry (FHM). Migpthr 767>
Ehphaegcf`fty
Ehphaegcf`fty gae Wug`fty kj ]hrvfmh.
9) FHM :?=??-7, Ehphaegcf`fty Dgaglhdhat. _grt 7> Ehphaegcf`fty Dgaglhdhat ]ysthds.
6) FHM :?=??-3 Ehphaegcf`fty Dgaglhdhat. _grt 3> Lufeh`fahs jkr Ehphaegcf`fty

Dgaglhdhat.
7?) FHM :?=??-=-6, Ehphaegcf`fty Dgaglhdhat. _grt => Gpp`fmgtfka Lufeh. ]hmtfka 6> Sfsb
Gag`ysfs kj Uhmiak`klfmg`
Uhmiak`klfmg` ]ysthds.
]ysthds.
77) FHM :77:?, Jkrdg` Ehsfla Shvfhw.
73) FHM :77:8, Gpp`fmgtfka kj Dgrbkv

Dgrbkv Uhmiafquhs.
Uhmiafquhs.
7=) FHM :?=??-=-77,

:?=??-=-77, Ehphaegcf`fty Dgaglhdhat. _grt =-77> Gpp`fmgtfka Lufeh. Sh`fgcf`fty
Mhatrhe Dgfathagamh
75) AUM-F]K 6???>3??8,

6???>3??8, ]fsthdg eh lhstfýa eh `g mg`fege. Juaegdhatks y vkmgcu`grfk .
55
EKMXDHAUK EH SHJHSHAMFG
FAUHSAGUFKAG@ H@HMUSKUHMIAFMG@ MKDDF]]FKA. Gag`ysfs Uhmiafquhs jkr ]ysthd

Sh`fgcf`fty. _rkmheurh jkr Jgfùrh Dkeh gae Hjjhmts Gag`ysfs (JDHG) . Lhahvh, F]K> 3??:. 6= p.
(`HM :?973).
58

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AKSDG UÆMAFMG AUM-FHM

H> DGAGLHDHAU ]V]UHD]. GAG@V]F] UHMIAFWXH]

EH]MSF_UKSH]> gaç`fsfs hstgeästfmk2 hvg`ugmfýa2

Heftgeg pkr h` Fastftutk Mk`kdcfgak eh Akrdgs Uæmafmgs y Mhrtfjfmgmfýa (FMKAUHM)

_rkifcfeg su rhprkeummfýa Heftgeg 3??<-?9 -?=

H` Fastftutk Mk`kdcfgak eh Akrdgs Uæmafmgs y Mhrtfjfmgmfýa, FMKAUHM,

@g rhprhshatgmfýa eh tkeks `ks shmtkrhs favk`umrgeks ha h` prkmhsk eh Akrdg`fzgmfýa Uæmafmg

@g AUM-FHM :?973 juh rgtfjfmgeg pkr h` Mkashnk Efrhmtfvk eh 3??<-?<-38.

G mkatfaugmfýa sh rh`gmfkaga `gs hdprhsgs quh mk`gckrgrka ha h` hstuefk eh hstg akrdg g

GMMFÝA ]KMFG@ _SH]FEHAMFG

Gehdçs eh `gs gathrfkrhs, ha Mkasu`tg _þc`fmg h` _rkyhmtk sh pusk g mkasfehrgmfýa eh `gs

GMXGZFZG ].G. H]_

3. SHJHSHAMFG] AKSDGUFZG] .......................................................

=. UÆSDFAK] V EHJFAFMFKAH] ............................................................

5.3 _SK_Ý]FUK V KCNHUFZK] EH@ GAÇ@F]F]............................................

8. GAÇ@F]F] EH DKEK] EH JG@@G V HJHMUK] ........................................................8

8.7 MKA]FEHSGMFKAH] LHAHSG@H] .........................................................

8.3 UGSHG] _SH@FDFAGSH] ........................................................

8.= GAÇ@F]F] EH DKEK] EH JG@@G, HJHMUK] V MSFUFMFEGE (GDJHM)................7<

8.5 FAJKSDH EH GAÇ@F]F].................................................

:. KUSG] MKA]FEHSGMFKAH] .............................................................

:.7 JG@@G] EH MGX]G MKDÞA ........................................................

:.3 JGMUKSH] IXDGAK]..............................................

:.= HSSKSH] EH ]KJU\GSH.................................................

:.5 GDJH GMHSMG EH @G] MKA]HMXHAMFG] EH @G JG@@G EH@ ]F]UHDG.........3<

<.7 X]K EH@ GDJH/GDJHM ..........................................................

<.3 CHAHJFMFK] EH@ GDJH.................................................

<.= @FDFUGMFKAH] V EHJFMFHAMFG] EH@ GDJH .........................................................=

<.5 SH@GMFKAH] MKA KUSK] DÆUKEK] ..................................................................

Jflurg 3. J`unklrgdg eh gaç`fsfs.........................................................................................7:

Jflurg =. Dgtrfz eh mrftfmfege ..........................................................

Ugc`g :. Mrfthrfks eh hvg`ugmfýa eh ehthmmfýa eh dkeks eh jg``g ...................................3=

Ugc`g <. Hnhdp`k eh ua mkanuatk eh hjhmtks eh jg``g (pgrg h` grrgaquh eh

Ugc`g 9. Hnhdp`k eh prkcgcf`fege eh hjhmtks eh jg``g .......................................................

@g prhshath akrdg hs uag gekpmfýa feæatfmg pkr trgeummfýa g` mgsth``gak eh `g akrdg

@g prhshath akrdg ehsmrfch h` Gaç`fsfs eh Dkek eh Jg``g y Hjhmtks (GDJH), y h` Gaç`fsfs eh

- @g prhshatgmfýa eh `ks pgsks eh` prkmhefdfhatk

- @g fehatfjfmgmfýa eh `ks tærdfaks, supksfmfkahs,

- @g ehjfafmfýa eh `ks prfamfpfks cçsfmks2

- @g prhshatgmfýa eh hnhdp`ks eh `gs ikngs eh trgcgnk ahmhsgrfgs u ktrgs jkrdgs tgcu`grhs.

Ukegs `gs mkasfehrgmfkahs mug`ftgtfvgs lhahrg`hs prhshatgegs pgrg h` GDJH sh gp`fmgrça g`

@ks sflufhaths ekmudhatks akrdgtfvks rhjhrhamfgeks ska faefsphasgc`hs pgrg `g gp`fmgmfýa eh

_grg rhjhrhamfgs ak jhmigegs, sh gp`fmg `g þ`tfdg hefmfýa eh` ekmudhatk akrdgtfvk

FHM :?=??-=-7>3??=, Ehphaegcf`fty Dgaglhdhat. _grt =-7> Gpp`fmgtfka Lufeh. Gag`ysfs

FHM :7?38, Jgu`t Urhh Gag`ysfs (JUG).

FHM :7?<9, Gag`ysfs Uhmiafquhs

_grg `ks prkpýsftks eh hsth ekmudhatk sh gp`fmga `gs sflufhaths ehjfafmfkahs>

=.= Ehjhmtk (Jgu`t ).

=.5 Hjhmtk eh jg``g (Jgf`urh Hjjhmt ).). Mkashmuhamfg eh ua dkek eh jg``g ha mugatk g `g

=.8 Dkek eh jg``g. (Jgf`urh Dkeh). Dgahrg ha `g mug` ua äthd jg``g.

=.: Mrftfmfege eh `g jg``g. (Jgf`urh Mrftfmg`fty ).

=.< ]fsthdg ]

g) _rkpýsftks ehjfafeks hxprhsgeks ha tærdfaks eh `gs juamfkahs rhquhrfegs.

c) Mkaefmfkahs hstgc`hmfegs eh` usk eh `g kphrgmfýa (vægsh 767-?7-73).

AKUG 3 @g hstrumturg eh ua sfsthdg hs nhrçrqufmg.

=.9 ]hvhrfege eh `g jg``g (Jgf`urh hvhrfty ).

H` Gaç`fsfs eh Dkek eh Jg``g y Hjhmtks (GDJH) hs ua prkmhefdfhatk sfsthdçtfmk pgrg h` gaç`fsfs

Hs hshamfg` h` dkdhatk eh rhg`fzgmfýa eh` GDJH2 puheh shr rhatgc`h sf sh igmh `k

Xa GDJH mkdp`htk hs h` rhsu`tgek eh ua hqufpk mkajkrdgek pkr faefvfeuks mg`fjfmgeks pgrg

hdcgrlk, ha g`luags gp`fmgmfkahs h` GDJH tgdcfæa fam`uyh uag hstfdgmfýa eh `g prkcgcf`fege

5.3 _SK_Ý]FUK V KCNHUFZK] EH@ GAÇ@F]F]

c) ]gtfsjgmhr `ks rhqufsftks mkatrgmtug`hs eh ua m`fhath, shlþa shg gp`fmgc`h.

m) _hrdftfr dhnkrgs ha `g mkajfgcf`fege k shlurfege eh` sfsthdg (pkr hnhdp`k, dhefgath