1. Change one word in each of the sentences below to make them correct.

Look at A opposite to
help you.
1 Wrenches are well-known examples of fasteners.
2 In most cases, nuts are screwed onto bolts by turning them anticlockwise.
3 The threaded part of a bolt is the head.
4 Threads are cut to form a hexagonal pattern.
5 Allen keys are designed to fit around the heads of bolts.
2. Use the words in the box to complete the text about bolted joints, taken from a bolt supplier's
website. Look at B opposite to help you.
Loosen preload shear force tension tighten Torque over-tighten
work loose
In structural applications, it is essential to (1) ................................ bolts correct ly - firstly to make sure
that joints are held together with the right amount of (2) ................................ , and secondly to help ensure
that the bolts do not (3) ................................ over time. However, that does not mean to say, 'the t ighter
the better'. If excessive force is used to (4) ................................ a bolt, the bolt will no longer be strong
enough to transmit the extra load to the joint. At this point, various problems can occur. The shank may
begin to twist as it is subjected to additional (5) ................................ from the wrench, eventually causing
the bolt to fail. Altern atively, as the bolt is stretched due to increasing (6) ................................ in the
shank, this force will be t ransmitted to the threads in the form of a scissoring action, resulting in
excessive (7) ................................ acting between the threads of the bolt and nut, potentially causing
permanent damage to the threads. This will not only make it impossible to subsequently t ighten and (8)
................................ the bolt normally, but also cause tension to be released from the shank as the nut
slips, reducing preload and compromising the strength of the joint.
3. Decide whether the sentences below are true or false, and correct the false sentences. Look at C
opposite to help you.
1 The purpose of all washers is to spread the load from the bolt across the surfaces of the components
being bolted together.
2 Plain washers are flat.
3 Spring washers change shape as a bolt is tightened.
4 Spring washers ensure that, no matter how much a bolt is tightened, the amount of preload remains the
same.
5 In situations where components are subjected to shocks, spring washers ensure that no movement
occurs between the bolt and the component.
4. Over to you
Think about a type of machine or structure you know about which has bolted joints. Answer
the following questions about the technical characteristics of the joints:
• How accurately must preload be adjusted?
• Are the bolts designed to resist shear forces, or do they work as HSFG bolts?
• Arc any types of washer used? What is their purpose?
 1. Make word combinations with screw using words from A and B opposite. Then match the
combinations with the descriptions (1-5) below. One description can be used twice.

1 A ................................ screw is a thin bolt.

2 A ................................ screw does not require a predrilled hole.
3 A ................................ screw has a straight groove cut into the top.
4 A ................................ screw fits screwdrivers with an X-shaped profile at the end.
5 A ................................ screw applies pressure at its end to hold a component in place.

2. Complete the article from a home improvements magazine using the words in the box. Look
at A and B opposite to help you.

Crosshead expand head plug pullout screw screwdriver set in

How NOT to use wall plugs

You check the diameter of hole required, then choose a drill bit one millimetre narrower. You've tried
drilling the specified hole size many times in the past, only for it to be too big, leaving the (1)
................................ Spinning in the hole when you try to tighten the (2) ................................. You decide
it's better to ensure a tight fit So you drill a smaller hole than suggested,
then attempt to hammer in the plug. It bends sideways, useless. You try again. And again.
Eventually, you manage to get a plug into the hole. You insert the end of the screw, pick up your
(3) ................................ and get to work. It certainly is a tight fit. And hard work. And as the screw goes
in, and the plug starts to (4) ................................ ,the going gets harder.
By the time the screw's halfway in, the screwdriver has slipped off the screw so many times that what
used to be a (S) ................................ pattern on the screw (6) ............................... . now looks more like a
smooth, round hole. It's impossible to screw it in any further. Or unscrew it. So you take a pair of pliers,
grip the end of the screw, and attempt to drag the whole thing out of the wall But the (7)
................................ force is beyond the power of your now-aching arms. The screw might as well be (8)
................................ with epoxy resin.
3. Match the descriptions (1-5) to the terms (a-e). Look at C opposite to help you.
1 a type of fastener that is hollow a rivet gun
2 a type of fastener that is not hollow b shop head
3 a tool used for installing a type of fastener c factory head
4 the wide part at the top of a rivet, present when the rivet is supplied d solid rivet
5 the wide part at the bottom of a rivet, formed after the rivet is inserted e blind rivet.

4. Over to you

Think of an assembly or installation you know about, where screws are used as fasteners.
Say what types of screw are used, and suggest why each type was specified.
 1. Complete the extract from a technical document about welding using the words in the box.
You will need to use some words twice. Look at A opposite to help you.

Base discontinuities dissimilar fuse heat –affected materials metal Molten

pool residual stresses together weld welded zone

It is possible for components made of different metals to be ( I) ............................... . For instance, steel
can be welded to copper and to brass. However, it is much more difficult to weld components made often
(2) ............................... than it is to weld those made of the same (3)........................................ While there
is no difficulty in melting two different metals and mixing them together in a (4) ............................... .
state, problems occur once the hot, liquid metal forming the (5) .................................. starts to cool. As
this process takes place, the two metals will not necessarily (6) ................................ properly. Once the
joint has cooled, this can result in (7) ................................ , such as cracks, at the heart of the
(8)......................................... In addition, as the metals contract at different rates (due to different
coefficients of thermal expansion), powerful (9)................................ can build up, not only in the joint,
but also in the wider ( I 0) ................................. near the joint.
2. Match the two parts to make eleven correct sentences about welding techniques. You will
need to use some parts more than once. Look at B opposite to help you.
1 Shielded metal arc welding uses
2 Gas welding uses
3 Gas metal arc welding uses
4 Gas tungsten arc welding uses

a burning gas.
b a consumable electrode.
c a non-consumable electrode.
d a separate welding rod which is not an electrode.
e a special coating on the welding rod which produces a shielding gas.
f a separate gas supply, blown onto the weld as a shielding gas.
g a shielding gas generated by burned oxyfuel.
h a gas whose purpose is to increase the temperature of the welding process.

3. Match each of the substances (1-6) to the description (a-h) above that uses the substance.
Look at B opposite to help you.
1 flux
2 argon
3 oxygen
4 tungsten
5 acetylene
6 carbon dioxide

4. Over to you
Think about the different techniques used for welding metals in the industry you work in, or
in an industry you know about. In what specific situations are different techniques used, and
why are they suitable?
 1. Make word combinations with welding using words from A opposite. Then match the
combinations with the descriptions (1-4) below.
1 components are joined by several small welded points
2 the weld is in the form of a very thin line
3 high-frequency vibrations are generated by sound, causing friction and subsequent fusion
4 both components are connected to an electrical supply in order to be joined by spot
welding or seam welding.

2. Tick one or more of the boxes to show which technique(s) each sentence applies to, or leave
all three boxes empty if the sentence applies to none. Look at B opposite to help you.
1. Copper is used in the filler material. Brazing Soft soldering Hard soldering
2. A soldering iron is used to melt the filler.
3. The filler material contains silver.
4. The base metal is melted to fuse with the filler.
5. Heat is provided by a flame, often from oxyfuel.
6. Tin is used in the filler material.
7. This produces stronger joints than welding.
3. Choose the correct words from the brackets to complete the sentences about adhesives. Look
at C opposite to help you.
1 Surfaces can be glued together by applying different types of (adhesive I adhesion).
2 When adhesive-covered surfaces touch, they (adhere to I apply to) each other.
3 If an adhesive reacts with the material which the components are made from, it forms a
(chemical bond I mechanical bond) with the material.
4 An adhesive that is applied to the surfaces of both components, then allowed to dry before
they are joined, is called a (contact adhesive I two-part adhesive).
5 In order to form an effective mechanical bond, an adhesive must be absorbed quite deeply
into the (solvent I substrate) of the material.
6 When two-part adhesives are mixed, they react chemically, which enables them to (cure I
evaporate) and form a hard, strong material.

4. Over to you
Think about the adhesives used in assemblies you're familiar with. Use language from C
opposite to explain how the adhesives are used, and how they work.