Journal of Hand Therapy: Hilal Keklicek PT, MSC, Fatma Uygur PT, PHD, Yavuz Yakut PT, PHD

Journal of Hand Therapy 28 (2015) 27e33
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Hand Therapy

journal homepage: www.jhandtherapy.org
JHT READ FOR CREDIT ARTICLE #336.

Scientific/Clinical Article
Effects of taping the hand in children with cerebral palsy

Hilal Keklicek PT, MSc *, Fatma Uygur PT, PhD, Yavuz Yakut PT, PhD
Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Altindag, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Background: Thumb in palm deformity restricts hand function by preventing somatosensory input in
Received 7 June 2014 children with cerebral palsy who have spasticity in their hands.
Received in revised form Objectives: To investigate the effects of thenar palmar tape application with and without pressure on
3 September 2014
upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy.
Accepted 10 September 2014
Available online 6 October 2014
Method: 45 children were randomly assigned to one of the thenar taping groups either with or without
pressure or to the control group. Nine hole peg test and nine parts puzzle test were used to measure upper
extremity function. The two study groups were evaluated initially, with taping 20 min later and 20 min after
Keywords:
Spasticity
taping was removed. The control group was evaluated initially, 20 min later and again after 20 min.
Thumb in palm Results: Intragroup analyses showed that initially there was a difference in favor of the control group:
Hand function number of pegs placed in the hole in 25 s (p ¼ 0.032); number of puzzle parts placed in the hole in 25 s
Cerebral palsy (p ¼ 0.028). Following 20 min of application, there was no longer any difference between the groups
Tape (p ¼ 0.458, p ¼ 0.286 respectively). This was accepted as a manifestation of the effectiveness of taping.
Intergroup analyses also showed a carry over effect 20 min after removing the tape only in the palmar
pressure group (p ¼ 0.004 and p ¼ 0.014).
Conclusion: It was concluded that taping can be an effective option for repositioning the thumb and
improves upper extremity function by controlling the thumb in palm mechanically and enabling
sensorial input by maintaining the correct hand position.
Ó 2015 Hanley & Belfus, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction plantar deep pressure along the foot is valuable for normal ambu-
lation,3,4 however there is insufficient evidence to either support or
Background refute the effect of applying palmar pressure to the hand. The aim of
this study is to investigate the effectiveness of taping with and
The most common postures of the upper extremity in children with without thenar palmar pressure on upper extremity function in
cerebral palsy are shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion, forearm children with cerebral palsy who have spasticity in their hands.
pronation, wrist flexion, finger flexion, and thumb-in-palm.1 Thumb in Current knowledge about motor behavior of prehension move-
palm is a very common problem seen in children with cerebral palsy ments conveys that sensory input, in particular proprioceptive is of
(CP) and its solution is difficult. The deformity is complex and can vital importance for movement. Therefore placing the hand in the
include: contracture of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint or global functional position and enabling the child to feel a correct body
instability; contractures of the intrinsic muscles and spasticity; image or awareness is the prerequisite of intentional movement.5e7
extrinsic motor imbalance with over lengthening and/or weakness of In addition to rehabilitation protocols, various methods have
the extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and abductor been used to support hand function by restricting abnormal
pollicis longus; and contracture and/or weakness of the flexor pollicis posture and decreasing spasticity such as casting, orthotics, taping
longus. Thumb in palm deformity can cause restrictions in functional and manual techniques.
ability and prevent somatosensory input in these children.2 However, limited data exists to support the effectiveness of taping
It is known that mechanoreceptors are important exposition as an adjunct to treatment in facilitating functional motor skills.
systems for normal function. There are studies suggesting that
Objectives
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ90 3051576 139, þ90 5447208798 (mobile).
E-mail addresses: hilal.keklicek@hacettepe.edu.tr, hhotaman23@gmail.com This study was carried out with the aim of determining whether
(H. Keklicek). taping the hand of children with moderate spasticity to inhibit
0894-1130/$ e see front matter Ó 2015 Hanley & Belfus, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2014.09.007
Downloaded for John Carlo Conge (carloconge@gmail.com) at Our Lady of Fatima University from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on July 06, 2018.
For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright ©2018. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
28 H. Keklicek et al. / Journal of Hand Therapy 28 (2015) 27e33
thumb in palm with and without thenar pressure was effective in

enhancing purposeful hand movements, consequently in aug-
menting function.
Methods
This study was planned as a randomized placebo controlled

parallel group study.
Participants
45 children with cerebral palsy undergoing neurodevelopmental

therapy in various centers three times a week were the subjects of
this study. The participants were randomly allocated into the control
(CG) or two study groups namely the taping group (TG) and the
taping plus thenar palmar pressure group (PPTG). Patients were
considered eligible if they met the following inclusion and exclusion
criteria given in Table 1. Fig. 1. Position of taping for the spastic hand.
Children with substantial spasticity on the MMAS of 3 or 4 were
also not eligible for inclusion as study participants. The subjects Trapeziometacarpal joint stabilization was provided by retrac-
were all evaluated by the same therapist FU to eliminate the vari- tion, abduction and opposition of the thumb mechanically with
ability found in assessing the degree of spasticity. tape. These applications were carried out by a therapist experi-
enced in the treatment of children with neurological involvement
Interventions and the application of elastic tape (HK).
Following the initial evaluation, children received intensive
In our study kinesiotape was used for its nonirritant properties. treatment for their lower extremities only. Activities that were in
The tape is latex free, very thin, stretches is the longitudinal plane accordance to the child’s neurodevelopmental level such as bal-
and conforms to the body, allowing for movement.9,10 When ance, jumping, sit to stand etc. but that would be hard enough for
applying tape we did not use any known or advocated technique; the child to make an effort and could probably exert associated
we devised are own technique with the rational of partially reactions in the upper extremities were chosen during the treat-
inhibiting thumb in palm via a tape on the extensor surface of the ment of the lower extremities.
thumb and an additional three piece tape starting from the anterior
proximal wrist crease crossing the first web space than descending Outcomes
to the posterior wrist. All four pieces of tape were secured with a
circumferential wrist piece (Fig. 1). Every child was evaluated with the following assessment tools:
The Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT); is a timed measure of fine dexterity
In the study groups either elastic tape was applied which
controlled the thumb in palm or in addition to this elastic tape a and involves placing and removing nine pegs in a pegboard. Several
researchers have tested the NHPT to establish norms, test validity
piece of polyurethane material aiming to give thenar pressure was
also applied. and reliability.11 The results have shown that the NHPT is valid and
reliable and can be used to determine the effects of treatment in
When pressure was used with taping a half spheric poly-
urethane piece was used according to child’s hand size to give children. Children were tested at a desk and chair of appropriate
height with their feet supported on the floor. The pegboard was
pressure which was fastened to the thenar eminence with elastic
tape. The amount of pressure was regulated so that the child felt the centered in front of the child with the container on the same side as
the hand being tested. All subjects tried the test till they learned the
pressure without being irritated and without restriction in grasping
functions. test one day before the application to eliminate the learning effect.
At application day, verbal directions were used and modified
slightly from standardized instructions provided in Mathiowetz
Table 1 et al12 as subjects were children. A stopwatch was used for timing
Inclusion and exclusion criteria and the mean of the three trials was recorded. Assuming that all
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria children would not be able to complete the test even if we waited
Diagnosed as cerebral palsy Undergone surgery for the upper for 5 min we also devised other means of assessing function. We
extremity used a nine parts puzzle test (NPPT), developed at our university to
4e14 years old Used an orthosis for the upper be used for children with developmental impairment (Figs. 2 and
extremity 3). Note how the interphalangeal joint of the pollicis goes into
Stable clinical status Has dense sensory and motor loss
(muscle grade zero to trace) in the
hyperextension when the patient tries to hold the puzzle peg and
area to be taped how it is corrected when tape is applied.
Hand and/or wrist spasticity 2-3 We also measured the:
according to Modified Modified
Ashworth Scale (MMAS)8
Number of pegs removed in the NHPT in 25 s.
Without upper extremity passive range
of motion limitation Number of pegs placed in the hole in 25 s.
Receiving neurodevelopmental Number of pegs removed in the NPPT test in 25 s.
rehabilitation programme regularly Number of pegs placed in the hole in 25 s.
Sufficient cognitive level to understand
the aim of the study and to follow the
directions of the testing protocols
We chose to count the number of pegs placed and removed from
the pegboard in 25 s because in the only normative validation study
H. Keklicek et al. / Journal of Hand Therapy 28 (2015) 27e33 29
for children aged 4e7 years (one block) and for those who were 8e
14 years (second block). The block randomization was prepared by
an investigator with no clinical involvement in the trial. The allo-
cation ratio was 1:1:1 and participants were assigned to one of the
three parallel groups in which one was the control group. Alloca-
tion was carried out by FU using sequentially numbered opaque
sealed envelopes. The therapist who taped and assessed the pa-
tients (HK) was blinded to the restricted randomization and allo-
cating procedures. The envelopes were opened by HK only after all
baseline assessments were completed for enrolled subjects. After
allocation it was not possible to blind the subjects or therapist
because of the nature of the treatment.
The two study groups were evaluated initially, with taping
20 min later and 20 min after taping was removed. The control
group was evaluated initially, 20 min later and again after 20 min.
Flow diagram is seen in Table 2.
Fig. 2. Patient trying to remove the puzzle pegs preapplication of tape. Data analysis
of the nine hole peg test with children, Smith and Hong reported Three groups were compared using KruskaleWallis test.13 After
that nine year old children requiring special education showed a which ManneWhitney U test14 was used to determine which group
statistical significant difference in completion time compared to caused the difference. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test15 was used to test
regular students and that they usually required 24.18 s to complete within group changes. The p value was set at. 05.
the test. However no details were given regarding the problems
that those children had.11 Results
Not all children were able to complete the test. We waited for
300 s and accepted this as an end point. For calculation, the time The age of the control group was 8.2 2.73 years and there were
required to complete the test was accepted as 5 min even if the 13 hemiparetic and 2 quadriparetic patients. The age of the taping
child got bored and did not or could not finish the test. Eight chil- group was 7.9 2.84 years and there were 13 hemiparetic and 2
dren among 45 could not complete the test. quadriparetic patients. The age of the thenar palmar pressure group
was 8.13 2.87 years and there were 12 hemiparetic, 2 quad-
Sample size riparetic and 1 triparetic patient.
Intra group analysis showed that there was no change in the CG,
An optimal total sample size of 45 children was calculated from while in PPTG and TG there were statistically significant differences
the GPower 3.0.10 analysis program. 45 participants, using a power in favor of post application values. When the control and study
of 0.9, power alpha level at 0.05 and medium high effect size 0.25. groups were compared initially there were differences between the
The university ethical committee approved our study. Care- groups in their spasticity and functional levels in favor of the CG;
givers and subjects gave informed consent (application number is number of pegs placed in the hole in 25 s, p ¼ 0.032; number of
LUT 09/24-47) and the clinical trial identifier number is puzzle pegs placed in the hole in 25 s; p ¼ 0.028. In other words, the
NCT02073513. CG displayed a higher level of function at the beginning of the
study. After 20 min of application of tape the difference between
Randomization the CG and study groups was eliminated showing that tape appli-
cation both with and without pressure had been effective in
Stratified randomization was used to avoid imbalances among enhancing upper limb function; number of pegs placed in the hole
the groups with regards of age. A separate randomization was used in 25 s, p ¼ 0.458; number of puzzle pegs placed in the hole in 25 s;
p ¼ 0.286.
While there was no carry over effect 20 min after removing the
tape in the TG, the positive effects sustained in the PPTG. There was
a carry over effect 20 min after the taping was removed; number of
pegs placed in the hole in 25 s, p ¼ 0.004; number of puzzle pegs
placed in the hole in 25 s; p ¼ 0.014. However intergroup com-
parison of the study groups showed that there was no additional
favorable effect of using pressure with taping (p ¼ 0.22) (Table 3).
Discussion
We investigated the immediate effect of tape application. The

present study demonstrated that in children with cerebral palsy
who have moderate spasticity in their hands, the application of
tape both with and without pressure to control thumb in palm sign
is effective in enhancing functional activities. Also there was a
difference between the study groups in that there was a carry over
effect 20 min after the tape and pressure was removed in the PPTG
Fig. 3. Patient trying to remove the puzzle pegs post application of tape. while there was no such effect in the TG.
Table 2
Flow diagram
We did not aim to measure the effect of applying tape (with and A 2011 study aimed to evaluate whether supporting the hand in
without thenar pressure) on spasticity because its clinical impor- the antispastic posture with a reflex inhibitor orthosis was trans-
tance is questionable. It has been shown that spasticity is not lated to improvements in the performance of functional tasks.18
directly related to functional ability and that improvements in Carda and Molteni19 showed that the application of adhesive
motor indicators of spasticity did not always translate into greater taping could lead to higher and faster hypertonus reduction on wrist
gains in functional use of the upper extremity.16,17 and finger flexors compared to other treatment options. However in
Table 3
Nine hole peg test (NHPT) and nine parts puzzle test (NPPT) values for pre-post intervention and 20 min later in the control group (CG), taping group (TG), thenar palmar
pressure plus (PPTG)
Measurements CG TG TPPG KW test MWU test

3 groups TG-PPTG
n X SD n X SD n X SD Cs p z p
NHPT-r1 15 6.20 3.26 15 4.47 2.88 15 4.13 2.42 4.210 0.122
NHPT-p1 15 3.20 2.21 15 1.40 1.60 15 1.47 1.73 6.86 0.032 0.22 0.983
NPPT-r1 15 6.40 3.11 15 4.50 2.28 15 5.08 2.36 4.399 0.111
NPPT-p1 15 3.47 2.07 15 1.43 1.40 15 1.85 2.15 7.176 0.028 0.222 0.983
NHPT-r2 15 6.27 3.15 15 5.53 2.67 15 5.67 2.41 0.67 0.715
NHPT-r3 15 6.13 3.20 15 5.21 2.64 15 5.53 2.42 0.768 0.681
NHPT-p2 15 3.27 2.28 15 2.33 2.02 15 2.53 2.39 1.56 0.458
NHPT-p3 15 3.13 2.17 14 2.00 1.80 15 2.13 2.23 2.504 0.286
NPPT-r2 15 6.40 2.97 14 5.64 2.27 13 6.08 2.33 1.475 0.478
NPPT-r3 15 6.33 3.02 14 5.14 2.45 13 5.85 2.41 1.710 0.425
NPPT-p2 15 3.47 2.00 14 1.93 1.64 13 2.54 2.57 4.230 0.121
NPPT-p3 15 3.47 2.03 14 1.93 2.17 13 2.31 2.36 4.074 0.130
n ¼ number of cases, r ¼ removed, p ¼ placed, KW ¼ KruskaleWallis, MWU ¼ ManneWhitney U.

1: First measurement before application.
2. Second measurement 20 min after application.
3: Third measurement after taping removed.
their study they did not investigate whether the reduction in spas- Limitations
ticity caused an improvement in functional activities.
We used tape in order to prevent the thumb in palm, positioning There were some limitations noted. Following randomized
the thumb to allow free movement, to open distal sensation areas allocation, the outcome assessor knew which group the patients
for sensorial stimulation and improve function of the thumb and were in. This was mainly because of the nature of the study.
other fingers. This application was in accordance with the teachings Another limitation is the relatively small number of patients.
of Brunnstrom and Bobath, widely practiced by therapists, in upper Due to randomized allocation the functional capacity of the pa-
extremity spasticity for releasing tension in the flexor muscles in tients in the three groups were not homogenous at the initial
which the thumb is pulled out of the palm by a grip around the evaluation. The children in the control group were better func-
thenar eminence.20,21 In one of the study groups we also used a tionally at the beginning of the study. The fact that the functional
piece of polyurethane to make the grip even more firmer. It has levels of the groups became homogenous after the application of
been shown that direct manipulation of proprioceptors by pushing taping was accepted as a manifestation of effectiveness. The groups
or pulling on a muscle belly or attachments is also very effective.22 could have been more homogeneous at the beginning of the study
Our hypothesis was that prolonged stretching of a muscle, in this if the study had been carried out with a larger number of patients.
particular situation continuous tension applied to the thenar mus-
cles, could contribute to autogenic inhibition causing a relaxation in Conclusion
hypertonus and the application design would allow sensorial input
during movement. The positive effect of taping on proprioception It is a challenge for clinicians to incorporate new modalities into
has also been reported by Simoneau et al23 and Callagan et al.24 We therapy programs when they have demonstrable efficacy. Although
assumed that the effects of taping could be due to the cutaneous the use of kinesiotape is very widespread, limited data exists to
stimulation of the sensorimotor and proprioceptive systems. The support its use for repositioning the thumb to facilitate functional
result of these effects would be the enhancement of functional ac- motor skills of the upper extremity in the pediatric population and
tivities. Another explanation is that improved motion results from can be used as an adjunct to treatment. Whether using pressure
an increased recruitment in the motor units of the muscle to perform along with taping for positioning the thumb has any additional
the activity due to increased proprioceptive stimulus.25 benefits requires further investigation. The nine parts puzzle test
To our knowledge, the only study in the literature concerning seems to be an effective assessment tool for children.
the use of kinesiotape in children with various ailments, mainly
cerebral palsy, is a 2006 year study by Yasukawa et al in which References
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Med Child Neurol. 2008; November;50(11):832e838.
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Train. 1997;32:141e147. 28. Mueller K, Mc Poil T. Effect of tone-inhibiting ankle-foot orthosis on the foot-
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JHT Read for Credit

Quiz: #336
Record your answers on the Return Answer Form found on the c. 30 minutes
tear-out coupon at the back of this issue or to complete online d. 60 minutes
and use a credit card, go to JHTReadforCredit.com. There is #4. The tape employed was
only one best answer for each question. a. hypoallergenic athletic trainer’s tape
b. kinesiotape
#1. The authors imply that any improvement in function with tap- c. organic and biodegradable
ing is the result of d. specifically manufactured for this study
a. diminished spasticity #5. Taping appeared to have no positive effect on function
b. diminished MP adduction a. true
c. enhanced pinch power b. false
d. enhanced sensory input
#2. A primary outcome measure was the When submitting to the HTCC for re-certification, please batch your
a. Moberg Pick Up Test JHT RFC certificates in groups of 3 or more to get full credit.
b. Sollerman hand function battery
c. 9 hole peg test
d. Purdue Pegboard Test
#3. The taping group was taped into position for
a. 20 minutes
b. 10 minutes

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Journal of Hand Therapy 28 (2015) 27e33

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Hand Therapy

JHT READ FOR CREDIT ARTICLE #336.

Effects of taping the hand in children with cerebral palsy

thumb in palm with and without thenar pressure was effective in

This study was planned as a randomized placebo controlled

45 children with cerebral palsy undergoing neurodevelopmental

We investigated the immediate effect of tape application. The

Measurements CG TG TPPG KW test MWU test

n ¼ number of cases, r ¼ removed, p ¼ placed, KW ¼ KruskaleWallis, MWU ¼ ManneWhitney U.

JHT Read for Credit

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