A QUICK INTRODUCTION TO TABLES, GRAPHS & PROGRAMS

MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS

 Sequences
 Sum of a geometric series
 Displaying terms of a sequence in a table
 Graphs of sequences
 Defining sequences by recursión
 Fibonacci sequence
 Compound interest
 Accumulated value
 Rule of 72
 Applying the formula for the área of a circle
 Heron’s formula for the área of a triangle
 Applying the formulas for the volumen of a cylinder, sphere, cone, prism and pyramid

TI-89 COMMANDS & PROGRAMS

 MODE – to select SEQUENCE OF FUNCTION mode.

 [TblSet] – to set a table parameters
 [TABLE] – to construct a table
 Define – to define a function
 fPart ( - to yeld the fractional part of a number
 APPS + 7 + 3 – New programs created using the program editor.
 areacirc() – prompts for the radius of a circle and yields the area
 volcylin() – prompts for the radius and height of a cylinder and yields the volumen
EXPLORATION 1. TABLES: THE EARLIST NUMBER PATTERNS

From earliest recorded history, the quest for understanding has led the human intellect to the
investigation of mathematical ideas. Information about the ancient Egyptian mathematics has
come to us from a few payri (old “paper” scrolls). The most important of these is the Rhind
Mathematical Papyrus found in the ruins of a small building at Thebes on the Nile. It was
purchased in 1858 by Henry Rhind and donated to the British museum on his death.

This document was coipied by the Scribe, Ahmes, in about 1650 B.C. and describe about 87
mathematical problemas and their solutions that may have been deeveloped as early as 2500
B.C.! The Rhind papyrus was written in hieratic, a kind of “italic” form of hieroglyphics. On the
right, you see a copy of Problem 79 the way it appears in the papyrus and below it you see the
translation of the hieratic into hierglyphics and English.

The translation reveals that Problem 79 was the forerunner and perhaps the origin of the
familiar related nursery rhyme:

As I was going to St. Ives,

I met a man with seven wives;

Every wife had seven sacks,

Every sack had seven cats,

Every cat had seven kits,

Kits, cats, sakcs, and wives,

How many were going to St. Ives?

Problem 79 asks that we evaluate the sum, 71 +7 2+7 3+7 4 +7 5. In the column on the left,
Ahmes lists the power of 7 obtained by multipjying each term by 7 to get the next term. He
then writes the sum of these powers. >On the right, he shows that we can evaluate
71 +7 2+7 3+7 4 +7 5 by adding 1 to 71 +7 2+7 3+7 4 and multiplying (2801) by /. To multiply 2801
by 7, he doubles it (multiplying by 2) and then doubles it again (multiplying by 4) and then adds
it to the running total.

The Rhind papyrus and the few other papyri which have survived show that the earliest
relationships among numbers were displayed as tables. The development of tables was the
first step toward the development of formulas and ultimately equations and functions.

Worked Example

a) Write a formula for the nt h power of 7 and for the first n positive powers of 7.
b) Create a table to display the first n positive powers of 7 and su of these powers up to
the nt h.

Solution

a) The positive powers of 7 are written as 7t h where n=1,2,3 , ….

To evaluate 71 +7 2+7 3+ …+7n .
let S=71+ 72 +73 +7n
 Then following the method in the Rhind papyrus, we add 1 to S and multiply by 7, to get
the sum of the first n+1 powers of 7 .

Expanding yields 7 ( 1+S )=7 ( 1+7 1+7 2 +73 +…+7 n )

Subtraqcting S from both sides 7+7 S=71 +72 + 7 3+7 4 …+7 n+7 n+1¿
S=71+ 72 +73 +7 4 +…+7 n
7+6 S=7n +1
Solving for S yield 7 n+1−7
S=
6
b) To set the initial value of n (i.e. n=1) and the incrementing value for n (i.e. ∆ tb 1=1),
press:  TblSet]. Using the cursor keys to move thrugh the field in the “TABLE SETUP”,
enter the value shown in the display. Press “ENTER” twice.
To define u 1=7 n, we press these keys:  [Y=].
We then enter: 7 ^ alpha N ENTER.
7n +1−7
To define u 2= , we press these keys:
6
( 7 ^ ( alpha N + 1 ) – 7 ) + 6 ENTER
We obtain the display show non the right. Observe that the expressions are displayed
in estándar algebraic form (called “pretty printing”).
To create a table, we press:  [TABLE] . We obtain the table shown in the bottom
display. The column under u 1 shows the positive powers of 7 and the column under
u 2 shows the cumulative sums of these powers; i.e.,
7 , 7+7 2 , 7+72 +7 3 , …
Compare the numbers in our table with the numbers in the Rhind papyrus (Reading
the digits in reverse order). We observe that they aree for the first four powers of 7,
except for 7 4, witch the scrive wrote as 2301 instead of 2401. It is significant that such
questions were pondered over 4000 years ago by civilization with rudimentary
techonologies. Today, we merely press  to scroll down the table to peruse the power
of 7!
We note that for n ≥ 6, entries under n 1 and u 2 are in scientific notation. To see the
decimal display for a particular n , we move the cursor down to that cell. The edit line
shows u 1 (6 )=117649.
Exploration 2. From Tables to Grahps

Annual income twenty pounds, anual expenditure nineteen nineteen six, result happpines.
Annual income twenty pounds, anual expenditure, twenty pounds ought and six, result misery.

-Charles Dickens 1851

Brom Hilda has discovered too late the power of compound interest. One dollar invested at an
annnual interest rate of 3% grows according to the table show non the right, that is,

Number of Value at the End

years, n of nt h Year
After one year, the dollar has accumulated 1 1.03
3 interest, so the investment has grown
to a value of $1.03.
In the second year, the entire $1.03 earns 2 ( 1.03 )2
interest (not just the original $1.00
invested) and so the investment has grown 3 ( 1.03 )3
to $1.03 plus the interest on $1.03. So the
total value is $ 1.03+ ( .03 ) ( $ 1.03 ) .
Each year the investment grows to 1.03
times its value at the end of the previus The follows
year, so the value at the end of three years 1500 years of
Compounding
is $ ( 1.03 )3.
In general, the value at the end of the nt h
years is $ ( 1.03 )n, so the value at the end of 1500 ( 1.03 )1500
the 1500t h year is $ ( 1.03 )1500

Worked Example

a) Create a table showing the value of Broom Hilda’s $10 investment at the end of the nt h
year for n=1¿ 100 , if the investment accumulated interest at 3% per year. Use your
table to determine how many years it took for the investment to doublé.
b) Graph the value of the investment during the first 100 years. Trace along the curve to
determine how many years it took for the investment to grow to 5 times its original
value. What would be the value of the investmen after 1500 years?

Solution

a) The value of the investment at the end of the nt h year is 10 ( 1.03 )n.

We must make a table of the function u 1 ( n )=10 ( 1.03 )n, for positive integral values of n .
To do this, we must first select SEQUENCE mode bypressing MODE. Then adjust the MODE
settings so they match the display at the top of page 9.

To set the initial value of n (i.e. n=1) and the incrementing value for n (i.e., ∆ tb 1=1),
press:  [TblSet]. Then use your cursor keys to move through the field in the TABLE SETUP
and enter the value as in the display shown here.

To define u 1=10 ( 1.03 )n, we press these keys:  [Y=].

We then enter:
1 0 ( 1 . 0 3 9 ^ alpha N ENTER

To generate the table we enter  [TABLE]. At first, the table display the values of u 1 ( n ) for
n=1¿ 5 . We use the cursor key to move down hrough the values of n until the u 1 ( n )
column entry excedes $20. (i.e., the $10 investment is doubled). We obtain the display
show non the right. The value 20.328 opposite n=24 indicates that the investment doublé
to $20.33 in about 24 years.

b) To graph the value of the investment over its first 100 years, we press  [WINDOW]
and set the window variables to the values shown in the display.

Then we press:  [GRAPH].

To trace along the graph, we press: F3  and we continue to press the cursor key until the
cursor reaches a point with y-coordinate (i.e., yc) grater thn 50. The display shows that this
occurs when n=55. That is, the investment of $10 grows to 5 times its original size in
about 55 years.

The accumulated value of $10 @ 3% per annum over 1500 years is 10 ( 1.03 )1500 or about
$180 000 000 000 000 000 000. This is more than all the money in the world today!

Smoking is very expensive.

Exploration 3. Simple programs to apply formulas

When historicians of mathematics try to identify the greatest mathematician of all times,
they inevittably produce a list of three giants: Archimedes, Newton and Gauss. Although
Archimedes lived in ancient Greece, his mathematical techniques anticipated te invention
of calculus almost two millenia later! He also developed a variety of highly practical
devices such as the lever which he used to catapult huge quarter-ton rocks against an
attacking Roman fleet during the seige of Syracuse in 212 B.C. Of his countless
contributions to many branches of mathematics, Archimedes was most proud of his
Discovery that the volumen of a sphere is two-thirds the volumen of the cylinder in which
it is inscribed. The Discovery and the corresponding diagram was carved on the tomb of
Archimedes.

In Worked Example 1, we show how to program a TI-89 calculator to eliminate the need to
re-enter a formula each time we wish to perform a computation.

Worked Example 1

Write a program that prompts the user to enter a value for the radius of a circle, and then
display the area of that circle.

Solution

The formula for the area, A , of a circle of radius r is given by A=π r 2 . The keying
sequence below shows how we can embed this formula in a program, areacirc(), that
outputs the area for any input of the radius.

To execute this program we must first, exit from programming mode by pressing 2nd
[QUIT]. To run the program, we enter areacirc() on the command line of the home screen
and then press ENTER. Program areacirc() prompts the user with “radius”. Upon entering
6, we obtain the display shown here.

Keying Sequence Program on the Screen

APPS 7 3   areacirc ENTER ENTER 
Is AIDS an Invariably Fatal Disease?

This essay will address and answer the question: Is the acquired immunodeficienc syndrome
(AIDS), which is the end stage of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, an
invariably fatal disease?

Like other viruses, HIV has no metabolism and cannot reproduce itself outside of a living cell.
The genetic information of the virus is contained in two identical strands of RNA. To reproduce,
HIV must use the reproductive apparatus of the cell it invades and infects to produce exact
copies of the viral RNA. Once it penetrates a cell, HIV transcribes its RNA into DNA using an
enzyme (reverse transcriptase) contained in the virus. The double-stranded viral DNA migrates
into the nucleus