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Calculation of Earthing and Screening Effects of Compensation Conductor Laid Alongside Underground Multi-Cable Power Lines
Calculation of Earthing and Screening Effects of Compensation Conductor Laid Alongside Underground Multi-Cable Power Lines
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical model
Consider two high-voltage power substations (”A” and ”B”) which are
interconnected by power cable lines with a set of M phase conductors. These
power cables have insulated metallic screens or sheaths that are connected at
Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI 207
both terminals on the appertained earthing grid. Let the number of insulated
screens/sheaths be N. Furthermore, we presume the existence of an earthing wire
which is laid in the same cable trench and parallel to cable sheaths. The total
number of connected neutral conductors is then N+1. To investigate this case,
the scheme of Figure 1 is constructed representing the zero-sequence equivalent
circuit for earthing system under consideration. Referring to Figure 1, the
following set of differential equations applies to neutral conductor circuits:
d
− {i } = [g]⋅ {v} (1)
dx
d
− {v } = [ z ]⋅ {i }− [z f ]⋅ {I f } (2)
dx
L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3
IfM
I f M-1
I f M-2
If3
If2
If1
IN+1
IN
Ik
I2
“ A” I1A I1B “ B”
i1(x) i1(x+ ∆x)
J rA JrB
v1(x) v1(x+ ∆x)
IA IB
VA ∆i1(x) VB
ZA ZB
∆x
x L-x
x=0 x=L
The axis of the power line is denoted as the x-axis, and the total line length is
denoted by L with the left end at x=0 and the right end at x=L. Denotations in
eqns (1) and (2) have the following meaning:
[z] - square (N+1, N+1) matrix of self and mutual unit-length serial
impedances of neutral conductors, with earth return.
[zf] - rectangular (N+1, M) matrix of unit-length mutual impedances
between neutral and phase conductors, with earth return.
[g] - (N+1, N+1) matrix of self and mutual unit-length shunt
admittances of neutral conductors.
{i} - the vector of unknown currents ik(x), k = 1, 2, ...,(N+1) of
neutral conductors at point x.
{v} - the vector of unknown voltages vk(x), k = 1, 2, ...,(N+1) of
neutral conductors at point x.
{If} - the vector of known phase conductors fault currents
If k, k = 1, 2, ..., M.
Matrices [z], [zf], {v} and {i} can be partitioned into blocks so that eqn (2) can
be rewritten as follows:
d v1 z 11 z 1s i 1 z f 1
− = ⋅ − ⋅ {I } (3)
dx vs z s1 z s s I z f s f
Since the cable metal screens are insulated from ground, we may assume that
gkk=0 (for k = 2, 3,…,N+1) and eqn (1) yield solutions:
d 2 v1 ( x )
− z11 ⋅g11 ⋅ v1 ( x ) = 0 (5)
dx 2
The equation (5) may be solved by standard methods to obtain the general
solution which can be written in terms of two arbitrary constants. Using the
general solution for v1(x) and eqns (3) and (4), one can obtain the general
solutions for i1(x) in terms of the same two arbitrary constants plus the additional
one. Furthermore, integrating eqn (3) and using eqn (4) and the general solution
for i1(x), yields the set of general solutions for insulated neutral conductor
voltages vk(x), k=2, 3, …,N+1, each of them in terms of a different arbitrary
constant. So the total number of arbitrary constants are N+3. Next, if we assume
that the boundary conditions at x=0 (i.e. at the fault point "A") are known:
i1 (x=0) = I1A
vk(x=0) = VA (k = 1, 2…,N+1)
the arbitrary constants can be determined and the required solutions can be
written, as follows:
Z csh ( γx ) N +1 M
v1 ( x ) = VA ch ( γx ) − I1A Z csh ( γx ) − ⋅ ∑ z1 k I k − ∑ z f 1 k I f k (6)
z11
k=2 k =1
VA ch ( γx ) − 1 N +1 M
i1 ( x ) = − sh( γx ) + I1A ch ( γx ) + ⋅ ∑ z1 k I k − ∑ z f 1 k I f k (7)
Zc z11
k =2 k =1
z s1 N +1 z s1 ⋅ z1k
vs ( x ) = v1 ( x ) − x ⋅ ∑ z s k − I k ,
z11 k =2 z11
(8)
M z s1 ⋅ z f 1k
+ x ⋅ ∑ zf sk − I f + 1 − z s1 VA .
z11 k
k =1 z11
s = 2, 3, …, N+1
where
210 Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI
γ = z11g11
z11
Zc =
g11
Hence, at x=L (i.e. at point “B”):
Z csh( γL) N +1 M
VB = VA ch ( γL) − I1A Z csh( γL) − ⋅ ∑ z1 k I k − ∑ z f 1 k I f k (9)
z11
k=2 k =1
VA ch ( γL) − 1 N +1 M
I1B = − sh( γL) + I1A ch ( γL) + ⋅ ∑ z1 k I k − ∑ z f 1 k I f k (10)
Zc z11
k =2 k =1
vk(x=L)=VB. (k = 1, 2…,N+1)
from eqn (8) we obtain:
N +1 z s1 ⋅ z1k z
L⋅ ∑ z s k − z11
I k −( VA − VB ) ⋅ 1 − s1 =
k =2 z11
(11)
M z s1 ⋅ z f 1k
L ⋅ ∑ zf sk − If .
z k
k =1 11
s = 2, 3, …, N+1
Usually, the known values are phase currents coming from all substation
transformers and power lines connected to buses L1, L2 and L3 of substations "A"
and "B" during the phase-to-ground fault. In order to achieve more realistic
results (as recommended in Seljeseth et al. [8]), the "reduced fault currents" JrA
and JrB should be calculated. These currents which actually enter the ground
through earthing structures connected at points "A" and "B" respectively, are
calculated separately using power line cross-section data and power line phase or
zero-sequence currents. Therefore, the boundary conditions should be modified
and the terminal impedances ZA and ZB incorporated as well. According to
Figure 1 these conditions can be written as:
VB − Z B I B = 0 (12)
VA − Z A I A = 0 (13)
N +1
I B − I1B − ∑ I k = J rB (14)
k =2
N +1
I A + I1A + ∑ I k = J rA (15)
k =2
Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI 211
where ZA and ZB are the earthing impedances of substations "A" and "B",
respectively, with neutral interconection conductors excluded. Finally, to obtain
the solution for voltages and currents {X} at both terminals, one has to solve the
set of simultaneous linear eqns (9)-(15) which can be written in the following
matrix form:
[A]⋅ {X} = {B} (16)
{X} = {VA {I }T }
T
where I1A VB I1B IA IB
The current in each neutral conductor has two components. One is caused by
inductive coupling between phase and neutral conductors and the other is caused
by voltage difference between the two earthing grids. The currents exclusively
caused by inductive coupling are of particular interest because they also reduce
negative electromagnetic influence of phase conductor fault currents on
neighbouring communication cables and other metallic installations that are
isolated in relation to the earth. They can be derived from eqns (16) as special
case when ZA = ZB = 0 or directly from eqns (2) substituting dv = 0. Thus for this
case the next matrix equation is valid:
[ z ]⋅ { I } = [ z f ]⋅ {I f } (17)
N +1
∑ Ii
r =1− i = 1 (18)
M
∑ If k
k =1
and using the solution for currents from (17) it can be finally expressed as:
N + 1 N + 1 M
∑ ∑ Yi j ⋅ ∑ z f jk ⋅ If
i = 1 j = 1
k
k =1
r =1− (19)
N +1
∑ If
k
k =1
212 Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI
The same procedure applied to the single line power cable conductors (phase and
neutral conductors) yields the value of the so called line screening factor that is
frequently used for substation earthing current calculations (e.q. Seljeseth et. al.
[8]).
4 Illustrative example
Two groups of three single-core 110 kV cables forming two power lines.
One earthing bare conductor (Cu 50 mm2) extended at depth 0,7 m.
Cable type: single-core 110 kV, (ABB AXKJ 1000Al mm2),
sheath 95 mm2 Cu, cable length L = 4000 m.
D = 0,086 m; S1 = 0,35 m; S = 0,7 m; H=0,5 m.
S1 S
Cu 50 mm
3 6
H
1 2 4 5
D D D D
1400
[V], [A]
1200
1000
| V1 |, | V2 |, | V20 |, | I1 |, | I1a |
800
V1
V2
600 V20
I1
I1a
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
x [m]
The main numerical results obtained using the derived mathematical model are
presented graphically in Figure 3, where.
The resultant nominal screening factor and the earthing wire current (both
obtained in case ZA = ZB = 0 Ω) are respectively: r = 0,058∠-83,8o and
I1a = 863,7∠-120o A. In case that earthing wire is absent the nominal screening
factor is r = 0,076∠-78,3o. At the same time the screening factor calculated for
single power line is r1 = 0,152∠-73,4o.
214 Electrical Engineering and Electromagnetics VI
5 Conclusion
This paper has derived a set of equations providing a more accurate calculation
of the fault current distribution and related voltages in underground cable neutral
conductors and the accompanied parallel earthing wire interconnecting two
neighboring substations. These equations are based on the assumption of a
uniformly distributed conductance between earthing wire and earth. Furthermore,
the procedure for determining resulting nominal screening factor of multi-
conductor connection between two power substations has been presented. The
paper outlines the effects of inductive coupling between cable neutral conductors
and earthing wire on both current and voltage distributions in the earthing system
during phase-to-ground fault. The earthing wire connection is always in favor of
both the substation safety and cable thermal withstanding. It also provides better
screening for nearby auxiliary cables against inductive interference. The results
obtained show that method using individual line screening factors cannot be
considered as generally recommendable for practical applications when more
power lines are in the same trench.
6 References