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The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering

The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering

Design
Design of
of Smart
Smart Forestry
Forestry Cableway
Cableway
Manufacturing Engineering
,a Society
a International Conference
b 2017, MESICa 2017, 28-30 June
a
Daniel Lates * ,a, Sorina Moicaa, Cristina Veresb, Alexandru Pozdircaa, Elena Harpaa
Daniel Lates * , Sorina Moica , Cristina Veres , Alexandru Pozdirca , Elena Harpa
0F

0F
2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
a
a
“Petru Maior” University, Nicolae Iorga Street, 1, Tirgu Mures, 540088, Romania
“Petru Maior”of University, Nicolae Iorga Street, Street,
1, Tirgu28,Mures, 540088, 400114,
RomaniaRomania
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off
b
b
Technical University Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Cluj-Napoca,
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street, 28, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania

between used capacity and operational efficiency

Abstract
Abstract
A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb
In order to create a new product – a smart forestry cableway, a market survey was conducted among 118 companies belonging to
In order to create a new product – a smart a forestry cableway, a market survey was conducted among 118 companies belonging to
the private sector and dealing with the exploitation of Minho,
University of massive wood. Guimarães,
4800-058 Most of thePortugal
respondents were owners of articulated forestry
the private sector and dealing with the exploitation of massive wood. Most of
SC,the respondents were owners of articulated forestry
tractors, agricultural tractors equipped withUnochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, Brazil
b
forestry, crane equipment and various cableways. The aim of the study was to
tractors, agricultural tractors equipped with forestry, crane equipment and various cableways. The aim of the study was to
identify the main characteristics, which the buyer considers when purchasing the future product, for developing a smart prototype
identify the main characteristics, which the buyer considers when purchasing the future product, for developing a smart prototype
model.
model.
We collected information concerning the main elements that are influencing the design of a new product like: access to spare
We collected information concerning the main elements that are influencing the design of a new product like: access to spare
Abstract
parts, easy to repair and to use, the quality of new product, efficiency, price, access to service, versatile and with many
parts, easy to repair and to use, the quality of new product, efficiency, price, access to service, versatile and with many
accessories, robustness, reliability, affordable parts and fast delivery, technical support, low machine consumption and comfort.
accessories,
Under the robustness,
concept ofreliability,
"Industry affordable parts and fastprocesses
4.0", production delivery, technical
will besupport,
pushedlowto machine consumption
be increasingly and comfort.
interconnected,
information
© 2018
© 2018 The
2019 The
based on
Authors.
The Authors.
a real time
Published
Published
basis and,
by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd. necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization
Ltd.
©
goes beyond Authors.
the Published
traditional aimby of
Elsevier Ltd.maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value.
capacity
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is anlean
Indeed, open management
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review underand continuous
responsibility improvement
of the approaches
12th International Conferencesuggest capacity optimization
Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.instead of
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves
Keywords: Cableway;
contributions fromForestry;
both thePrototype;
practicalSmart.
and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical
Keywords: Cableway; Forestry; Prototype; Smart.
model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s
1. Introduction
value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity
1. Introduction
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
Cableway
© 2017 skidding
The Authors. is one by
Published of the mainB.V.ways of transporting trees in the forest during their logging [1,2].
Cableway skidding is one of Elsevier
the main ways of transporting trees in the forest during their logging [1,2].
To develop
Peer-review the
underthe prototype
responsibility of a new smart forestry cableway, a marketing survey wasInternational
conducted among 118
To develop prototype ofofthea scientific
new smart committee
forestryof the Manufacturing
cableway, Engineering
a marketing Society
survey was conducted Conference
among 118
companies, customers and users to identify the most important aspects the buyer consider when purchasing a new
2017.
companies, customers and users to identify the most important aspects the buyer consider when purchasing a new
forestry cableway. The questionnaire targeted issues related to new products’ characteristics and current product
forestry cableway. The questionnaire targeted issues related toOperational
new products’ characteristics and current product
experiences.
Keywords: The results
Cost Models; ABC;underlined 5 main
TDABC; Capacity characteristics
Management; which the buyerEfficiency
Idle Capacity; consider necessary.
experiences. The results underlined 5 main characteristics which the buyer consider necessary.

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-0741-074-024.
* The
Corresponding
cost
E-mail author.
of idle
address: Tel.: +4-0741-074-024.
capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance
daniellates@yahoo.fr
E-mail address: daniellates@yahoo.fr
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©ways:
2351-9789 tons
2018 The of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789
This © 2018
is anAfonso.
open The Authors.
access Published by Elsevier Ltd.
* Paulo
This is an and Tel.:article
openpeer-review
access article
under
+351 253
under
the761;
510 CC BY-NC-ND
the CC fax: +351 253license
BY-NC-ND
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
604 741
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mail address: under responsibility
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review
2351-9789 © under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.186
80 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 79–86
2 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

1.1. Objectives

The study aimed to identify the characteristics for developing a forestry cableway prototype using a marketing
and statistics analysis.
We developed a model, which incorporates the most important elements that a producer of Smart Cableway
needs to consider when making the design of a new product, taking into consideration the opinion of the actual users
of Forestry Equipment.

1.2. Methodology

Regarding the data collection and analysis, this study employs quantitative approach. The population of this
study is composed by companies belonging to the private sector and dealing with the exploitation of massive wood
in Romania. Since the study evaluates the characteristics of a new product – a smart forestry cableway, the
companies that are using forestry equipment were selected as the intended sample of the population. Owners of
articulated forestry tractors, agricultural tractors equipped with forestry, crane equipment and various cableways are
considering the most appropriate to make an opinion about a new forestry equipment. Therefore, the owners were
selected to be the respondents of this study to evaluate the characteristics of an innovative product. The following
table shows the questionnaire items used to measure the mains function that a new product should have.

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics for study variables.

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Quality 118 1 5 3.98 1.029
Yield 118 0 5 3.95 1.077
Easy to use 118 0 5 4.29 .997
Easy to repair 118 0 5 4.29 1.055
Fast access to spare parts 118 0 5 4.43 1.113
Fast access to service 118 0 5 3.48 1.419

To analyze the data, a descriptive analysis was conducted in this study. For doing that, SPSS (Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences), version 22 was used. In present study we used Likert scale - one of the common scales in
the field of marketing surveys. As part of the descriptive analysis, we created a correlation graph for a three pack
grouping variables and the results that we can see in figure 1 show a positive correlation level.

Fig. 1. Correlation of the variables of the study in 2 categories: Left: Yield, Easy to use and Quality; Right: Fast access to service, Fast access to
spare parts and Easy to repair.
 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 79–86 81
Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 3

Further, we used the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis to order the characteristics that the managers wish to find in
the new product - a smart forestry cableway, based on the importance they consider for all the items. Then, we
created a predicting model using the taken into consideration six variables. After analyzing the six elements that
were selected by the users, we created a model to see which one is the most important for the new Smart Forestry
Cableway.

2. Current stage of forestry industry

The Romanian wood economy consists of 53% furniture, 24% logging and wood processing, 23% wood based
panels. 6% of the nation’s production and 8% of the exportation are related the wood. Over 11% of employees in the
country are working in the wood industry. Over 2.3 billion € were made from 75,000 people working with wood and
wood products. The share of small to large enterprises in terms of employees is balanced [1].
The harvesting and wood processing sector is fully privatized. There are more than 5,000 companies in 2010.
Skidders, cable cranes, horses and gravitation are the currently used means for harvesting in Romania. Skidders are
extensively used even in cable crane areas. This makes harvesting more expensive and damages the environment.
Over the last 20 years, usage of cable cranes has fallen dramatically. Necessary: new forest roads a wider range of
machines: harvesters, forwarders, cable cranes and lorries [2]. This could also have a positive impact on the
mountain area (which holds over 50% of the forest fund), by using medium- and short-distance cableway to collect
the wood to the road [2].

3. Marketing surveys and Predictive Analysis

First, we calculated the correlations as a precondition for the regression analysis. The results for Pearson
Correlation (see table 2) between the all six variables was between 0,437 and 0,766 – strong enough to try
estimating/predicting the most important element of a new forestry equipment.

Table 2. Pearson Correlation for study variables.

Fast
access Fast
Easy to Easy to to spare access to
Quality Yield use repair parts service
Quality Pearson Correlation 1 .678** .663** .603** .499 **
.497**
N 118 118 118 118 118 118
Yield Pearson Correlation .678** 1 .691** .600** .703** .536**
N 118 118 118 118 118 118
Easy to use Pearson Correlation .663** .691** 1 .766** .742** .566**
N 118 118 118 118 118 118
Easy to repair Pearson Correlation .603** .600** .766** 1 .694** .437**
N 118 118 118 118 118 118
Fast access to spare parts Pearson Correlation .499** .703** .742** .694** 1 .554**
N 118 118 118 118 118 118
Fast access to service Pearson Correlation .497** .536** .566** .437** .554** 1
N 118 118 118 118 118 118
**. Correlation is significant
at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
82 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 79–86
4 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

Variable table
Q4.1 = Quality
Y4.2 = Yield
E4.3 = Easy to use
ER4.4 = Easy to repair
F4.5 = Fast access to
spare parts
FS4.6 = Fast access to
service
P4.7 = Price

Fig. 2. Hierarchical Cluster.

Fig. 3. Focal records and Nearest Neighbours.

The Cluster Analysis shows the formation of two main groups: the first one is containing the variables E4.3,
ER4.4, F4.5, Q4.1 and Y4.2. The other important group that is considered to have different results, is containing two
variables: FS4.6 and P4.7. This statistical analysis shows that Quality, which is in the middle of the dendogram is
similar as importance with Yield and Fast access to spare parts, and together with Easy to use and Easy to repair are
the most important variables which we will focus on in our future analysis.
Taking into consideration the main 6 predictors, we generated the Predictor Space (see Fig. 4) with the target to
reduce the product price.
The figure 3 presents the variables of the model agglomeration, processed with Nearest Neighbors, and this
initial analysis was used to create the Prediction Model.
We developed this model to identify the most important variables that the producer of Smart Cableway needs to
consider when making the design of a new product.
From the graphic represented in fig. 3, we can see the id numbers of the customers that are considered to have
given extreme answers. For example, the client with id number 20 indicated in all situations very low values and this
allows us to omit his answer and to make further steps to see what happens in this case, as it is not normal to
consider all the characteristics unimportant.
In the figure 4 was generated the model using all six variables of the study and the most important three are:
Quality, Yield and Easy to use.
The model was build taking into consideration the objective function to reduce the price of the product.
 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 79–86 83
Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 5

Fig. 4. Predictor Model for new Smart Cableway

4. Architecture of Smart Cableway

The criteria that define a product are: quality, efficiency, ease of use, ease of repair, performance, access to spare
parts, service, price, adaptability, etc.
Five of the most important features, underlined by the described study can be found in the pyramidal figure 1.

V. Fast access to service

IV. Easy to repair

III. Easy to use

II. Performance

I. Quality

Fig. 5. Architecture 5C

The listed criteria were chosen based on a questionnaire applied by a forestry company. The questionnaire
consists of a set of 15 questions, which point the characteristics of the existent and a future cableway:
- access to spare parts; - ease of repair;
84 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 79–86
6 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

- quality; - reliability;
- efficiency; - easy to use;
- price; - affordable parts and fast delivery;
- fast access to service; - technical support;
- versatile and with many accessories; - low machine consumption;
- robustness; - comfort.

The sample taken in the analysis consists of a number of 118 firms, located all over Romania, all of them being
part of the private sector and dealing with the exploitation of massive wood. Most of the respondents are owners of
articulated forestry tractors, agricultural tractors equipped with forestry, crane equipment and various cableways.

4.1. Quality

The notion of product quality and the issues related to its realization have preoccupied people a long time ago.
The Business Dictionary defines quality as a measure of excellence or a state of being free from defects, deficiencies
and significant variations. It is brought about by strict and consistent commitment to certain standards that achieve
uniformity of a product to satisfy specific customer or user requirements [3]. At the same time, quality is considered
to be a perceptual, conditional, and somewhat subjective attribute [4,5].

4.2. Performance

Actual dynamic performance ratios for the machine are defined as the average dynamic power usage index -
defined as the ratio between the dynamic component of the average power required over a work phase and the
maximum installed power of the machine [6].

4.3. Easy to use

Easy to use is an important characteristic of the forestry machines and brings together more aspects. The
instrument panel and tools should display clear information in readable way, the tools should be easy to reach and
use, ensuring comfort while working.

4.4. Easy to repair

What every company wants is that the fixed assets work for their entire lifetime, at nominal parameters, with as
few as possible disruptions and costs for repairs and maintenance [7].
As a result of the physical wear of the production equipment, there is a process of gradual loss of use value and,
ultimately, a loss of its capacity to meet a social necessity, ultimately resulting in the loss of his value. In order to
maintain the functional characteristics of the equipment during its use and operation in optimal conditions and with
the possibilities closest to the initial ones, a maintenance and repair system of the production equipment is organized
within the enterprises. The organization of maintenance and repair works on a scientific basis, must take into
account the particularities of the machinery and the physical wear and tear of the different parts of the machinery.
From the analysis of the physical wear and tear behaviour of the parts, the semi-finished products, the assemblies or
the mechanisms that make up the production equipment, their wear is produced differently in time. A good
maintenance and repair of the production equipment ensures its operation is maintained according to the technical
and economic performances provided in the technical book, influencing directly the efficiency and precision of the
production and production in the quantity and quality envisaged [8].

4.5. Fast access to service

Usually the work with forestry cableway in done in specific conditions, most of the times deep in the forest. If
there is need for service and spare parts, the user wants to be sure that the cableway is rapidly repaired and can
 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 79–86 85
Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 7

continue working as soon as possible. For not losing time, good work conditions and money, it is extremely
important to have fast access to service.

5. The smart cableway prototype

Meeting customer requirements assume the need of a rigorous substantiation of product design and
manufacturing processes, starting with marketing and market researches. The identified customer requirements
following market studies need to be translated into product specifications [9]
From the elaborated analysis in the first part of the paper and the study on user samples, a functional prototype
was set up. This prototype is based on the structural pyramid of Figure 1. Next, the 5C criteria are taken and the
technologies and design of this pilot project developed (see table 1).

Table 3. Development of prototype project

No. Criteria Development and next actions

1 Quality In order to meet this criterion, the semi-products and raw materials used for the realization
of this prototype were taken into consideration, in this respect the following shall be done:
materials with coefficients of superior mechanical resistance, with anticorrosive resistance,
etc. shall be chosen; type or standardized assembly organs are selected with high strength
upper classes (DIN and / or ISO norms made of steel, stainless steel, brass or plastics);
profiles, tubes and calibrated bars are selected. A second thing that defines quality is the
workmanship that takes place, namely: cutting (with straight and profiled prisms), bending
(with optimal radius, ergonomics), welding (as thoroughly groomed, without spraying,
without machining), riveting (with the highest degree of precision), sandblasting (as small a
roughness as possible), painting (modern methods: cataphoresis or electrostatics). Another
thing that defines quality is electronic and electrical components that have IP (protection
class and protection of water and dirt).
2 Performance The components that come in the speed and moment transmission will soon get the desired
speed and power, for example: a hydraulic pump and a high-capacity and torque hydraulic
motor. The control and brakes are as discreet as possible, for example: the coil control is
proportional so that we can fine-tune the accelerations.
3 Easy to use Writing the operating manual. Handles and clamps should be ergonomic. Consider the
human topology to create preferential adjustment systems, for example: the joystick to be
programmable. Labelling in symbol driving areas for each operating element, example:
brake lever, accelerator lever, energy / fuel indicator, load / drift used. Drive the machine as
silent as possible.
4 Easy to repair Making maintenance and maintenance manual (Extremely comprehensive catalogue of
online spare parts with the possibility of viewing the availability of spare parts). Refer to
the maintenance manual and chapter on: Identifying defects / cause / removal of defects. A
dashboard with displays will indicate possible defects (it reports problems, wear, errors or
defects on certain machine systems). A wide portfolio of standard and personalized training
programs (introductory programs for beginners, customized courses tailored to the needs of
specialized users and specific applications, fast and efficient learning programs, on-the-job
training, multilevel training on machines or e-Learning etc.)
5 Fast access to The service and support team telephone number will be shared on the service sheet and
service printed on the machine. Telephone service will be consulted for possible fixes and small
difficulties (providing a full range of predictive, preventive and reactive maintenance
solutions). Maintenance services are designed to reduce the total cost of operation of the
equipment purchased.

6. Conclusions

After analyzing the literature regarding the equipment design for forestry sector, a statistical analysis was
86 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 79–86
8 Daniel Lates et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

elaborated to identify the main characteristics in the creation of a new Smart cableway project.
As it is illustrated in Fig. 6, the prototype shall consider five elements in developing a new smart Cableway,
presented as a model with the following influencing score: “the quality of new product (10,581), access to spare
parts (14,819), easy to repair and to use (15,752), performance (18,694), fast access to service (21,549)”. The
described characteristics are considered significant factors to evaluate a new forestry product and are playing an
important role towards design and production of new forestry equipment. The model is presented as an influencing
map (see Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. New Smart Cableway model

Further steps are planned to be taken with the aim to improve the prototype project according to customers’
needs.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Romanian company management, who helped us with useful information.

References

[1] C. J. Saunders, Cableway Extraction. Forest Research, The Research Agency of the Forestry Commission (2006).
[2] P. Beňo, J. Krilek, J. Kováč, D. Kozak, C. Fragassa, The Analysis of the New Conception Transportation Cableway System Based on the
Tractor Equipment, FME Transactions 46, (2018) 17-2.
[1] M. C. Barbu, Forest And Wood Industry In Romania, ISSN 2069-7430 ISSN-L 1841-4737, Pro Ligno, Vol. 9, N° 4 (2013).
[2] N. Tucunel, The Romanian forest resources – recent developments and future prospects, ASFOR The Romanian Forest Resources– Recent
Developments and Future Prospects (http://www.idanmetsatieto.info/tiedostot/tiedotteet/Bukarest-Asfor.pdf)
[3] http://www.businessdictionary.com/ (2018).
[4] V. Nanda, Quality Management System Handbook for Product Development Companies, CRC Press (2016).
[5] H.S. Gitlow, Quality Management Systems: A Practical Guide, CRC Press (2000).
[6] C. Debeleac, “Analiza regimului tranzitoriu de lucru al unei masini de constructii in vederea stabilirii performantei tehnologice”,
Universitatea ,,Dunarea de Jos”, Facultatea de Inginerie din Braila, Galati (http://www.sinuc.utilajutcb.ro/11.II.8.pdf).
[7] Mentenanta echipamentelor (http://www.rasfoiesc.com/inginerie/tehnica-mecanica/MENTENANTA-ECHIPAMENTELOR48.php)
[8] Proiect pentru examenul de certificare a competenţelor profesionale pentru obţinerea certificatului de calificare profesională nivel III
(https://www.scribd.com/document/133086640/Strungul-Revolver-intretinere-Si-Reparare) (2013).
[9] L. Moldovan, Managementul calitatii, Editura Universitatii Petru Maior, Targu-Mures (2011).