Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Andrew M. Sherman
Manufacturing and Vehicle Design Research
Laboratory
Ford Motor Company
u Recyclability
North American Light Vehicle
Aluminum Content
300
250
Pounds per Vehicle
200
150
100
50
0
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
Calendar Year
Source: Ducker Research
1999 North American Aluminum
Component Penetration Rates
Body In White
Hoods
Heat Shields
Heat Exchangers
Front Knuckles
Wheels
Engine Blocks
Intake Manifolds
Cyl. Heads
0 20 40 60 80 100
Source: Ducker Research
Aluminum Alloys
Opportunities and Challenges
u Currently About 250 Lbs. per Vehicle
– 200 lb. Castings
– 50 lb. Wrought (Heat Exchangers,
Bumpers, Trim, Heat Shields, Body
Panels)
480 (24%)
Ferrous Metal 2155 (64.9%)
Aluminum 733 (37%)
284 (8.6%)
86 (4.3%)
Magnesium 10 (.31%)
11 (0.6%)
Titanium 0 (0%)
270 (13%)
Plastic 381 (11.4%)
223 (11.1%)
Other 249 (7.5%)
123 (6%)
Rubber 146 (4.4%) P2000
36 (1.8%)
Glass 93 (2.8%) 1997 Taurus GL
30 (1.5%)
Lexan 0 (0%)
8 (0.3%)
Carbon Fiber 0 (0%)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Weight (lbs.)
Ford Prodigy
Aluminum Intensive Vehicles -
Potential Usage
Closure Panels
6xxx e.g. 6111
Important characteristics: surface quality, strength of
finished part (after painting want Y.S. of ~35 ksi)
formability,
Gages: 0.8 to 1.0 mm
Aluminum Body Sturctures - The
State of the Art
u Aluminum closure panels and body
structures can be designed to meet vehicle
requirements
BUT . . .
Aluminum Body Applications -
The State of the Art (Continued)
u Both the material cost and the manufacturing
cost are higher than for steel
Design Reliable,
Optimization Low-Cost
to Maximize Manufacturing
Weight
Reduction
Lower Material
Costs
Recycling
• Alloy Sorting
Aluminum Vehicle Cost - Material Needs
Smelting, Sheet
Material
Production, Economy of
Cost
Scale
1.0X
0.75X
1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X
Aluminum Cost Per Lb. vs. Steel
Continuous Casting Technology
UTS, MPa
240
45
0.30
200
0.25
Strain 1
0.20 160
0.15 180
Con Cast DC Cast
Yield, MPa
0.10 140
Mechanical properties of continuous cast material are within specification for this
alloy and formability and fatigue testing have shown that this m aterial is nearly
identical to the conventional DC-ingot material.
Continuous Cast Aluminum
Demonstration Part
Blankholder Force
u By varying the
blankholder force by Wrinkles
position and during the
forming stroke the
Draw Depth
window for producing
good parts may be
enlarged
Flexible Binder
l Individual control of local
binder areas produces
flexibility in controlling
sheet metal flow
l Technology demonstration
on Liftgate Feb/Mar
Binder Load Control Apparatus
Tailor-Welded Blank Technology
Conventional
Tailor-Welded Blank
Laser Direction
l
ia
er
at
m
e ld
w
Welding Stamping
Differential Gauge Effects - Formability
Diagonal Weld Orientation Perpendicular Weld Orientation
45 21.33 0.073
90 15.05 0.945
No weld 25.77 0.079
Scenario for the Next Two Decades
u
u Steel will remain the staple
for high volume,
small/medium vehicles
u Aluminum production
infrastructure can be
developed for an
integrated, low -cost system
low-cost
analogous to the beverage
can industry
u
u If so, aluminum can
predominate in high
volume, medium/large
vehicles
Areas for Automotive Aluminum R & D
Reduce Aluminum Primary Aluminum Smelting,
Production Cost Continuous Casting, Economy of
Scale, Process Optimization
Reduce Component Weight Design Optimization, Improved Alloy
Properties, Continuous Joining