ANSWERS cont.

Questions :

1. Metal modified GIC – 4M

2. Epoxy resin die material – 4m
3. Conventional composite – 4m
4. Resilient liners – 4m
5. Factors affecting cutting efficiency of dental burs – 4m
6. Soldering index – 2m

Answers :

1. Metal modified GIC

 Metal reinforced glass ionomer cements were introduced to
improve strength, fracture toughness and resistance to wear and
yet maintain the potential for adhesion and anti cariogenic
property .
 To improve the mechanical properties of GICs and use them in
posterior teeth, metal filler particles such as silver alloy were
incorporated in conventional GIC .

 COMPOSITION:
POWDER-
Glass-17.5%
Silver-82.5%
LIQUID-
Aqueous solution of copolymer of poly acrylic acid or maleic acid-
37%
Tartaric acid-9%
 ANSWERS cont.

 It is achieved in two ways :

1. By adding spherical silver alloy particles in the proportion of 8
parts cement powder to 1 part alloy by volume mixed to a
suitable consistency with polyacrylic acid at a ratio of
approximately 3:2 by weight.
This is known as silver alloy admix. Since this was introduced
when mercury controversy was increasingly evident , this
material ,incorporating only the mercury, was introduced as a
“miracle mix”.
Eg-miracle mix ,GC India
2. By fusing the glass powder to silver alloy particles through
sintering .
Microfine silver alloy particles of 40% weight and less than
3.5mm in diameter are mixed with the glass powder particles
and then sintered together at 800C under pressure .
Unreacted sliver particles are washed out .Up to 5% of titanium
dioxide was added to modify the colour.
The pellet that is formed is then ground into fine particles. This
is called CERMET.
The glass particles produced by the high temperature sintering
were covered with a layer of metallic silver. This contributed to
the increase in wear resistance of the restoration.
 ANSWERS cont.

PROPERTIES :
 There is a significant improvement in the wear resistance of metal
modified glass ionomers , which is more for cermet.
 Compressive strength and fracture toughness are improved to a
limited extent.
 Adhesion to tooth structure is slightly reduced due to presence of
silver.
 Radiopacity is similar to amalgam because of its silver alloy
content.

FLUORIDE RELEASE :
 Both the miracle mix and cermet release fluoride in appreciable
amounts.
 Less fluoride is released with cermet as compared to silver alloy
admix owing to the glass particles being coated with the metal .
 In silver alloy admix , the cement matrix contains unbound metal
particles; the filler-cement interfaces become pathways for
fluoride exchange, thereby greatly increasing the surface area
available for leaching of fluoride.

USES:
 They are mainly used as core build up materials .Their use is
restricted to class 1 cavities in primary teeth prone to caries .
 Otherwise their use in stress bearing areas is still restricted since
the fracture toughness is only marginally improved from the
conventional GIC.
 ANSWERS cont.

 Hence they can be used with reinforcement such as pins and posts
to a certain extent.

2. EPOXY RESIN DIE MATERIAL

 Most accurate die material
 Composition :
 First part
50 – 60% epoxy polymers
30 – 40% vinyl, cyclo–hexene die poxide and the rest are
copolymers.
 The second part consists of
Partially hydrolyzed benzophene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride.
 The third part is a tertiary amine catalyst.
 Because the activators are toxic, they should not come into
contact with the skin during mixing and manipulation of the unset
material.
 Setting reaction :
 The reactants for the epoxy system are a difunctional epoxide
oligomer and a difunctional amine.
 The amine opens the ring and crosslinking results in a rigid
polymer.
 The oxirane functionalities undergo ring-opening cross-linking via
cationic polymerization. 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysliane, is
used to bond the filler to the oxirane matrix.
 ANSWERS cont.

 Mode of supply
 Epoxy materials were supplied in the form of a paste to which a
liquid activator (amine) was added to initiate hardening.
 Because the activators are toxic, they should not
come into contact with the skin during mixing and manipulation of
the unset material.
 Recently, fast-setting epoxy materials have been supplied in auto
mixing systems
 The epoxy resin is in one cartridge, and the catalyst in the other.
Forcing the two pastes through the static mixing tip thoroughly
mixes the epoxy material, which can be directly injected into a
rubber impression.
 Properties :
 Viscosity : The viscous paste is not as readily introduced into the
details of a large impression as high-strength dental stone is.
A centrifugal casting machine has been developed to assist in the
pouring of epoxy resins.
 Compatability : It is compatible with all impression materials
except hydrocolloids Because water retards the polymerization of
resin,
 Setting time : The resin cures in about half an hour at room
temperature.
 Shrinkage : Shrinkage of 0.2-0.6% has occurred during hardening,
which may take up to 24 hours.
This shrinkage can be compensated for by thermal treatment of
the die.
 ANSWERS cont.

It is heated in steps of 100 per minute to 160oC and then held at

160oC for one hour. It is then rapidly cooled to room temperature.
The mechanism of this expansion is by further cross – linking of
the polymer occurs which generates water causing expansion.
 Strength : Epoxy dies are stronger and more abrasion resistant
than gypsum dies and also the reproduction of surface details is
much better than with gypsum dies.

3. CONVENTIONAL COMPOSITES

 These are the early composites called Macro-Composites due to

their filler particle size. These were chemical cure but later UV-
light activated composite and visible light activated composite
varieties were developed.
 Since they are no longer used these variety can also be called as
Traditional Composites.
 The filler particle size is bigger when compared to newly
developed composites i.e, microfilled , nanofilled and hybrid
composites.
 The filler particle size used in this variety of composites is 8-1

COMPOSITION:

1. Resin Matrix/Binder–Bis-GMA(Bis-phenol-A-
Glycidyl Methacrylate), UDMA, TEGDMA , bis-EMA
2. FILLER - Finely ground Amorphous silica or quartz
SIZE: 8-12 µm(micrometer)
Filler loading is 70-80% wt. which means 50-60% volume.
 ANSWERS cont.

3. COUPLING AGENT: Organo-silane

4. Activators

5. Initiators

6. Optical Modifiers

PROPERTIES:

1.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH: (250-300) The compressive strength is less

than newly developed composites but high than that of unfilled acrylic.
2.TENSILE STRENGTH (50-65): The tensile strength also less than newly
developed composites and high than unfilled acrylic.
3.MODULUS OF ELASTICITY: It follows the same trend as that of
compressive and tensile strengths.
4.COTE : The coefficient of thermal expansion is comparatively
Less than other varieties
5.HARDNESS: The hardness is much higher than that of unfilled acrylics

ADVANTAGES:

Good strength and superior to unfilled resins

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Using large filler particles results in rough surface.

2. Can be stained easily due to its rough surface.
3. Plaque accumulation is high.
4. Occlusal wear may occur.
5. Poor esthetics as they can be easily stained and discoloured.
6. Difficult to polish these composites due to their roughness .
 ANSWERS cont.

4.RESILIENT LINERS

 Denture liners are classified upon the plasticizer content and

period for which it remains:
a. Tissues conditioners
b. Temporary or short term or temporary resilient liners
c. Permanent or long term resilient liners
 TEMPORARY/SHORT TERM/TREATMENT RESILIENT LINERS
-These liners are intended for use as a part of treatment for
abused tissues until the tissue changes during healing.
-They remain elastic longer than tissue conditioners but begin to
deteriorate.
 COMPOSITION:

POWDER

-Prepolymerized PMMA beads

-Benzoyl peroxide as initiator
-Colour pigments
-Inorganic salts
LIQUID
-Methylmethacrylate
-Dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer
-Tertiary amine as activator
-Hydroquinone as inhibitor
 ADVANTAGES

-High peel strength

-Rupture resistant
 ANSWERS cont.

 DISADVANTAGES

-Poor resistance
-Loses plasticity in time.
Short term treatment resilient liners are used for a few days up to
a week. Hence called temporary soft reline materials.
 PERMANENT /LONG TERM RESILIENT LINERS
These materials are used for extended period from 6 months to 5
years.
The addition of oils and plasticizers as copolymers makes them
resilient.
When heat processed, they become hard, but they are flexible in
the oral cavity.
They are lined over the denture base and used with the final
prosthesis.
Though termed permanent soft liners, these materials need to
be changed as they become hard after extended use.

 These are of the following types:

1. Autopolymerized silicone
2. Heat –polymerized silicone
3. Autopolymerized acrylic resin
4. Heat-polymerized acrylic resin
5. Vinyl resin
 ANSWERS cont.

 COMPOSITION
 Silicone based lining materials are basically made of
dimethylsiloxane polymers.
 They do not contain any plasticizer to produce softening effect.
 The heat and autopolymerized liners are supplied as powder and
liquid system ; the powder contains PMMA with acrylic
copolymers and 60-80%plasticizers.
 These plasticizers are not bound to the resin matrix. The liner
tends to lose its flexibility and becomes rigid.
 These hydrophilic polymers are a mixture of poly(ethylene glycol
methacrylate) with diacetins.
 The liquid contains MMA with aromatic esters and ethanol.
 To reduce the amount of plasticizers, ethyl, n-propyl , and n-butyl
may be used instead of OMMA to improve the flexibility.
 The vinyl resin liners are derived from polyvinyl chloride and
polyvinyl acetate. These are less used as they are prone to
leaching and loss of flexibility.
 Silicone liners with their inherent elastic properties retain their
flexibility without the use of plasticizers for prolonged period.
 Chemically activated silicones are supplied as two-component
systems, which undergo condensation polymerization, while heat
activated silicones are supplied as single – component systems
such as pastes or gel.
 INDICATIONS:
1. Primarily used in patients with highly resorbed or atrophied
ridges who cannot undergo surgical augmentation due to
compromised health.
 ANSWERS cont.

2. Used in patients with bruxism as these liners provide relief

areas so as to absorb the excessive occlusal loads.
3. Used to reline prostheses that are used to restore maxillofacial
defects.
4. Used to restore congenital or acquired oral defects and used in
patients with xerostomia .

ADVANTAGES:
1. The denture lined with resilient liners enable patients a quicker
adaptation to the new dentures even with poor basal tissue
support.
2. Allow quick healing of the abused tissues.
3. Make the possibility of immediate dentures following the
extraction.

DISADVANTAGES :
1. They have poor resistance to wear .
2. Over a period of time ,the plasticizers leach out ,making them
hard.
3. They have poor colour stability.
4. Silicone based reliners require adhesives for bonding to the
hard acrylic denture base.
5. Silicone reline materials are resistant to finishing and polishing
process.
6. The rough surface harbours microorganisms such as bacteria
and fungi which could be prevented by periodic recall visits and
regular use of antiseptic mouth rinses.
 ANSWERS cont.

5. FACTORS AFFECTING CUTTING EFFICIENCY OF DENTAL BURS -4M

The different factors influencing cutting efficiency of bur are as follows:

1 .RAKE ANGLE
2. CLEARANCE ANGLE
3. NUMBER OF BLADES & DISTIRBUTION
4. RUN-OUT
5. DESIGN OF FLUTE ENDS
6. BUR DIAMETER
7. INFLUENCE OF LOAD
8. INFLUENCE OF SPEED

1. RAKE ANGLE: The angle between the face of bur tooth and the
radial line from the centre of the bur to the blade or cutting edge .It
can either be positive, negative or neutral angle.
NEGATIVE RAKE ANGLE: If the face is beyond or leading the radial
line in reference to direction of rotation
EFFECT OF NEGATIVE RAKE ANGLE ON CUTTING EFFECIENCY
1. It has an obtuse angle between face and back
2. It has widened or blunt blade edges
3. The cutting efficiency is relatively less
4. But it has a long life as it doesn’t wear off easily
5. Less temperature rise during cutting

POSITIVE RAKE ANGLE: If the radial line leads face so that rake angle is
inside of the radial line .
 ANSWERS cont.

EFFECT OF POSTIVE RAKE ANGLE ON CUTTING EFFECIENCY;

1. It has acute angle between face and back

2. It has sharp blade edges
3. The cutting efficiency is relatively high
4. But they wear off easily
5. Temperature rise is more relatively.

ZERO RAKE ANGLE:If the radial line coincides with face of bur tooth.It
has low cutting efficiency

2. CLEARANCE ANGLE: The angle between back of the tooth and work is
the clearance angle. The angle between the land and the work is
called as the primary clearance angle. The angle between the back
and the work is called secondary clearance angle. If the back of the
tooth is curved the clearance is said to be radial.

3.NUMBER OF BLADES AND DISTIRBUTION: The number of blades are

restricted to 6 to 8 .As the number of blades decreases;
The magnitude of force on each blade increases and thickness of chip
removed also increases
Tendency of clogging also increases
There will be Decrease in heat production with straight flutes because
large chip resulting from a straight flute will carry some heat energy with
it.
Burs with 10-12 or even 40 blades are used for finishing and polishing
 ANSWERS cont.

4. RUN OUT :It refers to eccentricity or the maximum displacement of

the bur head from its axis of rotation while the bur turns .The acceptable
run out is 0.023mm.Runout increases with increase in bur length

During the runout process all the blades will not cut equally. This results
in disagreeable vibration and heat production. Such a method of tooth
removal is inaccurate and inefficient.

5.DESIGN OF FLUTE ENDS: The dental bur have two types of flute ends.

REVELATION CUT- Where the flutes come together at two junctions near
the diametrical cutting

STAR CUT- Where the flute come together at a common junction at the
sides of the bur.

It is seen that revelation cut is the more efficient in direct cutting.

However in lateral cutting both proved to be the same

6.BUR DIAMETER: The volume of material removed directly depend on

the bur diameter

7.INFLUENCE OF LOAD: Load signifies the force exerted by the dentist

on the tool head and not the pressure or stress induced in the bur during
cutting. The load or force exerted is dependent on the speed of hand
piece.

8. INFLUENCE OF SPEED: At constant load ,rate of cutting increases with

increase in speed but this increase is not directly proportional.
 ANSWERS cont.

6.SOLDERING INDEX –
 Indexing in soldering is a procedure of maintaining the soldering
gap by placing material such as pattern resin/putty/wax on the
occlusal surface of crowns, before investing is carried out.
 Before investing indexing material is removed.

Prepared by :
Dr. G.AKHILA
Dr. T. Satyendra kumar