IMPROVEMENT IN

COMPOSITE
PRESENTER
DR KASSIM JUNIOR
OUTLINE
• 1. INTRODUCTION
• 2. KEY WORDS
• 3. DEFINITION OF COMPOSITE
• 4. COMPOSITION OF COMPOSITE
• 5. IMPROVEMENT IN COMPOSITE
• 6. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
• Aesthetic dentistry has shown much advancement in
materials and technology since the last century. Materials
which have been used for aesthetic restorations are silicate
cement, glass ionomer, acrylic resins, composites and fused
porcelain. Self-curing acrylic resins were developed in 1930
in Germany, but they became popular in dentistry in late
1940s. These Acrylic showed poor physical properties like
high polymerization shrinkage. In an attempt to improve
their properties, Bowen, in 1962 developed a polymeric
dental restorative material reinforced with silica particles
fillers. These materials were called ‘composites’.
KEY WORDS
• 1. Bis- GMA: Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate
• 2. TEGDMA: Triethylene glycol dimethacrylates
• 3. UDMA : Urethan dimethacrylate
• 4. 10-MDP: 10- Methacryloyloxydactyl dihydrogen phosphate
• 5. 4-META: 4-methacryloxyethl trimellitate anhydride
KEY WORDS continued,
• SILANIZATION:
• this is the process of covering a surface with organofunctional
alkoxylsilane molecule mineral component .the goal of silanization is
to form bond across the interface between mineral component and
organic component
DEFINITION OF COMPOSITE
• Composites are basically a modified methacrylates or
acrylates (bis-GMA) tooth coloured restorative material wich
incoporate other ingredients to produce different structures
and properties. Since methacrylate shrinks on
polymerization, to counter the effect of shrinkage, an
inorganic inert filler particles of similar refractive index are
added.
Indications of composite restoration
• 1. Preventive resin restorations
• 2. Small pit and fissure sealants
• 3. Small, angular Class V lesions
• 4. For repairing ditched amalgam margins
• 5. Repair of small porcelain fractures
• 6. Inner layer for Class II posterior composite resinplacement
• 7. for sealing the gingival margin
• 8. Resurfacing of worn composite or glass ionomer cement
• restorations
• 9. For repair of enamel defects
• 10. For repair of crown margins
• 11. Repair of composite resin margins
• 12. For luting porcelain and composite resin veneers
COMPOSITION OF COMPOSITE
• 1.Organic matrix or organic phase
• 2. Filler or dispersed phase
• 3. Coupling agent or An organosilane
• 4. Activator-Initiator system
• 5. Inhibitors
• 6. Coloring agents
• 7. Ultraviolet absorbers
Organic matrix or organic phase
• The organic matrix consists of polymeric mono, di- or trifunctional monomers like
Bis-GMA or UDMA. It represents the backbone of composite resin system.
• Most preferred monomer are
1. Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate)
2. Urethane dimethacrylate UDMA.
3. Combination of Bis-GMA and UDMA.
-Since this resin is very viscous, to improve handling, it is diluted with low
viscosity monomers like bisphenol. A dimethacrylate (Bis-DMA), ethylene glycol
dimethacrylate (EGDMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), or methyl
methacrylate (MMA).
• Bis-GMA and TEGDMA have been tried in the ratio of 1:1 and 3:1, the
later is preferred because an increase in TEGDMA increases the
chances of polymerization shrinkage.
 Filler or dispersed phase
• Commonly used fillers are:
silicon dioxide, boron silicates and lithium aluminum silicates.
• In some composites, quartz is partly replaced with heavy metal
particles like zinc, aluminum, barium, strontium or zirconium.
• Nowadays calcium metaphosphate is also used because it is softer
than glass, so it cause less wear of opposing tooth. Filler content
ranges from 30% to 50% by volume and 50% to 85% by weight.
• Filler particles are silanated so that the hydrophilic filler can bond to
the hydrophobic resin matrix.
• The fillers give the composite greater strength, wear resistance, decreased
polymerization shrinkage,improved translucency, flourescence and colour.
• TYPES OF FILLERS
• 1.Megafill 1-2 mm
• 2. Macrofill 10-100 µm
• 3. Midifill 1-10 µm
• 4. Minifill 0.1-1 µm
• 5. Microfill 0.01-0.1 µm
• 6. Nanofill 0.005-0.01 µm
• 7. Hybrid less than 2 µm
There are a few different types of composites
• Macrofills: Macrofills were the first composites. They had large particles, from 10-15
micrometers, and were strong but not esthetic. The large size of the fillers made them
difficult to finish and polish. For all of these reasons, they’re no longer commonly
used.

• Microfills: Following the macrofills were the microfills. They had smaller particles, in
the range of 0.03 to 0.05 micrometers. They looked better than macrofills, but they
were weak and not suited to posterior restorations. Microfills are still in use for certain
restorations today.

• Hybrids: When you combine the strength of a macrofill with the esthetics of a
microfill, you get the hybrid composites. The sizes of the particles are different as a
result of the combination of macrofills and microfills. Many of the composites
clinicians use today are in this category.
• Nanocomposites:
• The latest composites are called nanocomposites. The particle size is as small as 20nm.
The nanoclusters allow the nanocomposites to enjoy more strength and durability.
• There are a few of these products available today.
Advantages:
• Superior hardness,
• Flexible strength,
• Modulus of elasticity,
• Translucency,
• Esthetic appeal,
• Excellent colour density,
• High polish & polish retention
• Excellent handling properties.
Coupling agent
• The coupling agent such as silane is used to enhance the bond
• between the organic matrix and the fillers.This is provided by coating
• the filler particles with silane coupling agents. Organo silanes like
• gamma methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane is commonly used in
• which silane groups is at one end (ion bond to SiO2) and methacrylate
• groups at the other. Coupling agents work best with silica particles, so
• all modern composites are based on silica containingfillers
• Examples: Organic silane.
• – r–methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
• – 10–methacryloxydecyltrimethoxysilane.
 Initiator
• Initiator helps to begin the polymerization reaction of the resin when
blue light is applied. Most common photoinitiator used is
camphorquinone. other types include Phenylpropanedione and
Lucirin.
• Currently most recent composites are polymerized by exposure to
visible light in the range of 410 to 500 nm. Initiator varies with type of
composites whether it is light cured or chemically cured.
Inhibitors
• These agents inhibit the free radical generated by spontaneous
• polymerization of the monomers. For example, butylated hydroxyl
toluene (0.01%).
Coloring Agents
• Coloring agents are used in very small percentage to produce
• different shades of composites. Mostly metal oxides such as titanium
oxide and aluminum oxides are added to improve opacity of
composite resins.
Ultraviolet Absorbers
• They are added to prevent discoloration, in other words they
• act like a “sunscreen” to composites. Commonly used UV absorber is
benzophenone.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT COMPOSITE
• Direct composite veneers are veneers made of a composite resin
material applied directly to your teeth.

• Indirect composite is cured outside the mouth, in a processing unit

that is capable of delivering higher intensities and levels of energy
than handheld lights can. Indirect composites can have higher filler
levels, are cured for longer times and curing shrinkage can be handled
in a better way.
IMPROVEMENT IN COMPOSITE
• 1. FLOWABLE COMPOSITE
• 2. GIOMERS
• 3. COMPOMER
• 4. ORMOCER
• 5. ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITE
• 6. UNIVERSAL COMPOSITE
• 7. SMART COMPOSITE
FLOWABLE COMPOSITE
• Flowable composites were introduced in dentistry in late 1996.
• The Filler content is 60% by weight with particle size ranging from
0.02 to 0.05 µm. Low filler loading is responsible for decreased
viscosity of composites, which allows them to be injected into small
preparations, this makes them a good choice for pit and fissure
restorations. But its lower filler content results in poor mechanical
properties of these composites than conventional composites.
•Indications
•Preventive resin restorations
•Small pit and fissure sealants
•Small, angular Class V lesions
•For repairing ditched amalgam margins
•Repair of small porcelain fractures
•Inner layer for Class II posterior composite resin
• placement
•for sealing the gingival margin
GIOMERS
• Giomer is hybrid of words “glass ionomers” and “composite”.
• Giomers have properties of both glass ionomers (Fluoride release,
fluoride recharge) and resin composite (excellent esthetics, easy
polishability, biocompatibility). They are also known as PRG composites
(Prereacted Glass Ionomer Composites).The Particles are made of
fluoroaluminosilicate glass which have been reacted with polyalkenoic
acid before incorporating into resin matrix. Giomers are very much
similar to compomers and composite materials in that they are light
activated and require the use of bonding agent for adhesion to tooth
structure.
• Indications
• Non carious cervical lesions
• Root caries
• Deciduous tooth caries.
ORGANICALLY MODIFIED CERAMIC
(ORMOCER)
• ORMOCER is an organically modified nonmetallic inorganic composite
material.
• Composition
• 1. Organic molecules of methacrylate groups forming a cross-linked
matrix.
• 2. Inorganic condensing molecules to make three dimensional
network formed by inorganic polycondensation. This makes the
backbone of ORMOCER molecules.
• 3. Fillers.
• Properties
• 1.More biocompatible than conventional composites
• 2. Higher bond strength
• 3. Polymerization shrinkage is least among resin based filling material
• 4. Highly esthetic, comparable to natural tooth
• 5. High compressive (410 MPa) and transverse strength
• (143 MPa).
ORMOCER: Consist of both organic (organic polymers)and
inorganic (ceramic glasses) network, having advantages of both
COMPOMERS
(Polyacid Modified Composite Resins)
• Compomers provide combined advantages of composites
• (term ‘Comp’ in their name) and glass ionomer (‘Omers’ in
• their name). They are available in single paste, light enable material in
• syringe or compules. The first compomer was introduced in 1993
• under the name ‘Dyract’. Initially the compomers were introduced as
• a type of glass-ionomers which offered fluoride release along with
• improved physical properties. But in terms of clinical use and
• performance, it was considered as a type of composite resin.
• Later on ‘Compoglass’ followed by Hytac was introduced
Composition of Compomers
• 1. Resin matrix: Dimethacrylate monomers with two carboxylic group
present in their structure for example; Urethane dimethacrylate
(UDMA) and Butane tetracarboxylic acid (TCB)
• 2. Filler: Strontium fluorosilcate glass, a reactive silicate glass
containing filler.
• 3. Photoinitiators
• 4. Stabilizers
• There is no water in the composition and ion leachable glass is
partially silanized to ensure bonding to matrix.
UNIVERSAL COMPOSITE
• As the name implies, universal composites are designed to be used anywhere in the
mouth and produce long-lasting and natural-looking dental restorations.
• Universal composite doesn’t use pigments or dyes to create color. instead it uses a
combination of the visible light and nanostructural composite.
• it works by the physical properties of light working together with nanostructures.
• Nanostructures are tiny objects that range in size between microscopic and
molecular-sized.
• it comes in one shade that matches every patient’s natural teeth using structural
color or in a multishade universal composite which cover multiple vital shade with
one shade material.
• nanostructures are so small that they interact with light differently
than particles on the visible scale.
• The color of natural teeth fall in the range of red-to-yellow color.
• When the light interacts with Universal composite in the tooth, the
composite creates the red-to- yellow structural color we see reflected
back. Our eye perceives that the composite matches the surrounding
tooth, whether that tooth is A1 or D4 on the VITA Classical shade
guide
• Universal composite e.g OMNICHROMA is a supra-nano filled
composite that has uniform particle size.
• The uniformly sized nano-fillers in this composite generate the red-to-
yellow structural color which matches the color elements of a natural
tooth.

• Thus, it generates the red-to-yellow color of all human teeth, which

then combines with reflected color of the surrounding teeth thereby
creating a perfect match — no matter what shade it is.
What are the benefits of universal composites?
1. Minimises the number of shades needed in practice
2. Wide colour-matching ability takes guesswork out of shade
selection
3. Less time re-ordering multiple products
4. Less chance of composites expiring and going to waste
5. Eliminating shade matching step can reduce chair time
6. Avoids the possible frustration of a colour shift after composite has
cured
7. Suitable for most clinical scenarios
ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOSITE /Ion-
releasing Composites
• Since composites show more tendency for plaque and
• bacteria accumulation in comparison to enamel, attempts
• have been made to develop caries resistant antibacterial
• composites. For this, following have been tried to incorporate
• in the composites:
• 1.Chlorhexidine
• 2. Methacryloyloxydecyl Pyridinium Bromide (MDPB)
• 3. Silver
• Chlorhexidine
• Though chlorhexidine has shown antibacterial properties but
• its addition to composites has been unsuccessful because of
• the following reasons:
• Weakening of the physical properties of composites.
• Release chemicals which show toxic affects.
• Temporary antibacterial activity.
• Shift in microorganisms and plaque to adjacent areas of
• the tooth.
• Methacryloyloxydecyl Pyridinium Bromide (MDPB)
• Use of methacryloyloxydecyl pyridinium bromide (MDPB) was recommended by
Imazato in 1994. It has the following
• features:
• Its antibacterial property remains constant and permanent.
• It has shown to be effective against streptococci.
• It does not have adverse effect on the physical properties
• of Bis-GMA based composites.
• On polymerization, it forms chemical bond to the resin matrix, therefore, no
release of any antibacterial component takes place.
• Silver
• Silver ions cause structural damage to the bacteria. In these composites, the
antibacterial property is due to direct contact
• with bacteria and not because of release of silver ions.
• Addition of silver into composite without silica gel does not affect its physical
properties like depth of cure, compressive
• strength, tensile strength, color stability and polymerization.
• Silver ions can be added to composites by any of the following methods:
• Incorporation into inorganic oxide like silicone dioxides.
• Incorporation into silica gel and then films are coated over the
surface of composites.
• Hydrothermally supported into the space between the crystal lattice
network of filler particles.
SMART COMPOSITE
• Smart composites work based on the recently introduced alkaline glass fillers
which inhibit the bacterial growth and thereby reduce formation of secondary
caries. It was introduced in 1998 under the name Ariston pHc (Vivadent).
• In smart composite, micron size sensor particles are embedded during
manufacturing process into composite.
• These sensors interact with resin matrix and generate quantifiable ions like
fluoride, hydroxyl and calcium ions if the pH falls in the vicinity of the restoration.
Fall in pH occurs because of plaque deposition in that area.
• Paste of smart composites contains barium, aluminum fluoride and silicate glass
fillers with silicon dioxide, ytterbium trifluoride and calcium silicate glass in
dimethacrylate monomers. Filler content in these composites is 80% by weight.
CONCLUSION
• Composites are basically a modified methacrylates or acrylates (bis-
GMA) tooth coloured restorative material which incoporate other
ingredients to produce different structures and properties.un
• it has undergone several improvement. most of which are still not
perfect.