DENTAL CEMENTS

Dental Cements are substances that hardens to act as:

• liner.
• Base.
• Filling material.
• Adhesive to bind devices and prostheses to tooth
structure or to each other.
• Mostly supplied as powder and liquid, paste or
Capsules.
Uses of dental cements:
• Luting cements
(temporary or permanent)
• Pulp protective agents (lining agents, insulating base
under metallic restorations and sedative bases)
• Restorative materials
The requirements for dental cements are that
they should:
• Be non irritant to pulp and gingiva dna )smug(
yradnoces fo htworg eht troppus ton dluohscaries .
(This last property is called cariostatic or
yticinegoiracitna).
• Form strong bond with enamel and dentin.
• Provide good marginal sealing to prevent marginal
leakage.
• Be resistant to dissolution in saliva ,or in any oral
fluid.
• Have good aesthetics and good thermal and
chemical resistance.
 DENTAL CEMENTS

• Zinc • Resin
• Zinc • Glass-
phosphate • Zinc Cements
Oxide ionomer
cements polycarboxylate
Eugenol cements
cement
Cement (GICs)
 ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT
Uses
• Retention of alloy
restorations
• Retention of orthodontic
bands
• High-strength bases
• Provisional restorations
Setting reaction
• The surface of alkaline powder (ZnO)is dissolved by
the acid liquid (H3PO4), resulting in an exothermic
reaction
Manipulation
1. Mixing slab
• A properly cooled, thick glass slab will dissipate the heat of the reaction.
• The mixing slab temp. should be low enough to effectively cool the cement but must
not be below the dew point.
• A temp. of 18˚ to 24 ˚C is indicated the moisture condensation on a slab cooled below
the dew point dilute the liquid and affect the setting time
2. Powder/liquid ratio
3. Mixing procedure
• By initially incorporating small portions of powder into
the liquid, minimal heat is liberated and easily dissipated
when mixed over a large area of the cooled slab.
•The amount of heat will be less and easily dissipated by the
cooled slab.
•Finally, smaller increments of powder are again incorporated
to control the consistency.
•Mixing time is 60 to 90 seconds
Properties
1. Consistency and film thickness
• This depends on the particular purpose of the material.
• There are three consistencies: inlay seating or luting, cement
base or filling.

2. Solubility and disintegration

Premature contact of the incompletely set cement with
water →dissolution and leaching of that surface
3. Strength
The strength is influenced by
• The initial powder and liquid composition.
• The powder/liquid ratio.
• Manner of mixing.
• Handling of the cement during its placement.
4. Retention of zinc phosphate cement depends on the
mechanical interlocking between the surface irregularities of
the tooth and the restoration.
5. Acidity
• The initial acidity at the time of placement may excite a
pulpal response, especially where only a thin layer of dentine
exists between the cement and the pulp. Cavity varnishes;
calcium hydroxide and ZOE or calcium hydroxide bases; and
more recently, dentine bonding agents should be used.
6. Thermal and electrical conductivity
• One of the primary uses of this cement is as an insulating base
beneath metallic restorations.
ZINC OXIDE-EUGENOL AND
NON-EUGENOL CEMENTS
• These are obtundent,
• Chemically neutral, ZOE
• Low strength
• Thermal insulating restorative material.
• For pulp-protection, cement base, temporary restoration
and cementations.
• Modified forms can be used for permanent cementation
of inlays and crowns and endodontic sealers.
• Endodontic
sealers
Composition
The powder The liquid
• Zinc oxide Eugenol
• White rosin Olive oil
• Zinc stearate
• Zinc acetate
Setting reaction

The setting of ZOE is chelation reaction,

ZnO + HOH → Zn(OH)2

Zn(OH)2 + 2HE → ZnE2 + 2HOH
Acid Salt
(Eugenol) (Zinc eugenolate)
Properties
Thermal Retention
Biological property
• Eugenol has an obtundent effect properties
• These • ZOE cements
on pulp so used in deep cavity to
reduce post-operative sensitivity. cements do not adhere
• It has bacteriostatic property. can act as
thermal or to the tooth
• Non acidic pH 6.8-7 → placed at
the base of the cavity near the electrical structure
insulating
pulp. It protects the pulp from materials chemically and
penetration of acid ions from (should be retention is by
restorative materials. used in
• Eugenol is cytotoxic and causes larger physical and
toxic cell reactions, so direct thickness
contact with soft tissues should be >2mm).
mechanical
avoided means.
• Modified forms of ZOE
1. Polymer-reinforced cement

2. EBA (ethoxybenzoic acid )-alumina-reinforced

ZOE cement

3. Non-eugenol-zinc oxide cements

Contraindication
a. Eugenol acts as an inhibitor for free radical polymerized
materials, so these cements are contraindicated for:
1. Composite resins and bonding agents.
2. Provisional acrylic crowns.
b. Not to be used below glass-ionomer restorations
(leaching eugenol can diffuse and cause discoloration).
Glass -ionomer ionomer as a
restorative material
i. Conventional glass ionomer
Uses:
1-Restoration of cervical erosions and non stress bearing
areas ( class V and III ).
2-Restoration of primary teeth.
3-Luting agent for crown and bridge.
 Composition:

The powder The liquid:

Is an acid -soluble Polyacrylic acid
calcium flour (PAA)
aluminosilicate glass
Forms:
A-Two bottles: one contains the powder and the
other contains liquid.
B-Preproportioned capsules.
Setting reaction
*When the powder and liquid are mixed, an acid -base
reaction takes place, the acid attack the surface of glass
particles → leaching out of calcium, aluminum, sodium
and fluoride ions into the aqueous medium .
*In the initial stages of reaction: calcium ions cross -link
with the chains of PAA into a network giving a solid mass.
•In later stages (within 24 hours): further cross -
linking by aluminum ions gives more rigid and stable
set cement.
•Sodium and fluorine ions do not participate in the
cross -linking but they become dispersed within the
set cement in form of sodium within the set cement
in form of sodium fluoride.
Water is essential for setting because:
1-It provides the aqueous medium required for the
reaction.
2-Dehydration and overhydration during the setting
process should be avoided.
3-Dehydration of unset cement will cause GIC to shrink
and crack.
Contamination by water can cause dissolution of the ions
that form the matrix → weak and more soluble cement.
Properties
1. Retention
GICs adhere chemically to enamel and dentine by the action
of PAA. Where the carboxyl group reacts with calcium ions
present in the hydroxyl appetite crystals in chelation process
2. Fluoride release .
Fluoride ions are released slowly from GI over an extended
period of time and taken by the tooth structure not only
adjacent to the restoration but also in areas up to 3 mm
away.
This fluoride can exert an This fluoride can exert an
anticariogenic effect.
3.Biocompatibility
-During initial setting, GI is highly acidic (pH= 1.5 ), so it
must not be used directly in contact with exposed pulp,
and a cavity liner is required in deep cavities.
-GI. Is biocompatible, if not used in deep cavities, because
its acidity decreased by time due to gelation . The set
material is neutral (pH= 7).
II. Modified glass -ionomer cements :
a. Metal reinforced GIC
1.Silver alloy admix (Ketac silver)
Silver alloy powder are mixed with
glass powder.
2.Cermet.
Silver particles are fused to glass powder by sintering.
b. Resin -modified GIC (Hybrid Ionomer ).
• These products are hybrid of the two groups of materials;
composite resin and GIC.
•Methacrylate resins which enables setting to occur by
polymerization.
•Polyacid & ion -leachable glass to bring about setting by an
acid-base mechanism.
Nanoionomer
•The latest advancement in RMGIs is the nanoionomer .
•This material is a RMGI in which some nanoparticles such as
nanomers and nanoclusters are added to FAS glass.
•The addition of nanoparticles improves the polishability
and the optical characteristics of the cured ionomer
. The FAS of this material has very high surface area so that
the fluoride release is not compromised.
Zinc polycarboxylates cements
Applications
• Cementation of cast alloy, porcelain restorations
and orthodontic bands
• Base materials .
• Provisional restorative materials.
Composition
•The powder: is zinc oxide with other additives.

•The liquid: is approximately a 40 % aqueous

solution of polyacrylic acid or an acrylic acid
copolymer with other organic acids.
Properties:
Bond Strength
• It bonds to enamel and dentin, which is due to the ability of the
carboxylate groups in the polymer molecule to chelate to calcium
Optimum bonding, requires cleaned tooth surfaces.
Surface preparation of tooth:
apply 10 % polyacrylic acid for 10 -15 second
• prosthesis:
*contaminated surface on the casting is removed
* Improve mechanical bond by abrading with small stone or
sandblasting.
Biologic effects:
The generally good biocompatibility appears to be
primarily due to
•1. the low intrinsic toxicity
•2. the rapid rise of cement pH toward neutrality;
•3. localization of polyacrylic acid and limitation of diffusion
by its molecular size and ion binding; and
•4. the minimal movement of fluid in the dentinal tubules
in response to the cement.
ZNOE Znoph Glass-ionomer Zinc
cements (GICs polycarboxylate
s cements
ZNO ZNO calcium flour ZNO
aluminosilicate glass
Eugenol Aquos sol. Of aqueous solution of aqueous
phosphoric polyacrylic acid solution of
acid polyacrylic acid
Mechanically Mechanically Chemically Chemically
Composite resin
cements
Resin cement have been started as kinds of unfilled acrylic
resin, however material’s shrinkage, heat generation at
setting and the irritation results from the residual
unpolymerized monomers.
Composition
The composition is similar to that of resin -based
composite filling materials: a resin matrix with silane –
treated inorganic fillers (silica or glass particles and/or
colloidal silica).
Curing methods:
1. Visible light cured (VLC) materials
Used for luting thin ceramic veneers, resin-based prostheses,
direct bonding of ceramic and plastic orthodontic brackets
when the thickness of appliance is less than 1.5 mm for
allowing adequate transmission of light.
2. Dual cured materials .
This kind of materials usually used for luting composite,
ceramic inlays, ceramic crowns..
•It should not be used with light transmitting prostheses
thicker than prostheses thicker than 2.5 mm (more than 2.5
mm should be bonded with chemically curable cement.
3. Chemically cured amine -benzoyl composite cement is
usually based on tertiary peroxide system.
•Usually these materials are used for luting metal
restorations and resin bonded bridges.
•Many commercial types contain 4-META ( 4-methacryloxy
ethyl trimellitic anhydride) in their composition. Presence of
this compound help in good bonding to several metallic
alloys. Others have phosphate ester groups incorporated in
dimethacrylate(Bis-GMA resin) and provide also ogood bond
strength to sand –blasted Ni-Cr alloys.
Calcium hydroxide cavity liners
Calcium hydroxide cements are used for lining specific
areas of deep cavities or for direct pulp capping.
•It has antibacterial action.
•It stimulates secondary dentin in proximity to the pulp
( pH between 9.2 and 11.7 ).
•It has low values of strength, or elastic
modulus,compared with high strength bases.
BiodentineTM:
• Biodentine ™is a quick -setting bioactive calcium silicate
based dental cement offering bioactivity and sealing
properties to replace dentine and can be used as direct and
indirect capping direct and indirect capping. It
characterized by . I
• High biocompatibility
•Similar mechanical behavior to human dentine
•High dimensional stability
•Mineral tags in the dentine tubules
Cavity varnishes
A cavity varnish is used to:
•1. Provide a barrier against the passage of irritants from
cements or other restorative materials (not used below
composite restoration).
•2. Reduce the penetration of oral fluids at restoration -
tooth interface into the underlying dentin → reduce
postoperative sensitivity.
•Varnishes neither possess mechanical strength nor provide
thermal insulation because of inadequate film thickness.