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Dynamic Models
Solution:
The key is to draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) in order to keep the
signs right. For (a), to identify the direction of the spring forces on the
2001
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2002 CHAPTER 2. DYNAMIC MODELS
object, let x2 = 0 and …xed and increase x1 from 0. Then the k1 spring
will be stretched producing its spring force to the left and the k2 spring
will be compressed producing its spring force to the left also. You can use
the same technique on the damper forces and the other mass.
x1 x2
.
b1x1 k2(x1 • x2)
m2
m1
k1x1 k2(x1 • x2) k3(x2 • y)
m1 x
•1 = k1 x1 b1 x_1 k2 (x1 x2 )
m2 x
•2 = k2 (x2 x1 ) k3 (x2 y)
x1 x2
k2(x1 • x2)
k1x1 m1
k2(x1 • x2) m2 k3x2
.
b1x2
Free body diagram for Problem 2.1(b)
m1 x
•1 = k1 x1 k2 (x1 x2 )
m2 x
•2 = k2 (x2 x1 ) b1 x_2 k3 x2
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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2003
x1 x2
. . . .
b1(x1 • x2) b1(x1 • x2)
k1x1 m1 m2 F
m1 x
•1 = k1 x1 k2 (x1 x2 ) b1 (x_1 x_2 )
m2 x
•2 = F k2 (x2 x1 ) b1 (x_2 x_1 ) b1 x_2
2. Write the di¤erential equations for the mechanical systems shown in Fig. 2.42.
State whether you think the system will eventually decay so that it has
no motion at all, given that there are non-zero initial conditions for both
masses, and give a reason for your answer.
Solution:
The key is to draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) in order to keep the
signs right. To identify the direction of the spring forces on the left side
object, let x2 = 0 and increase x1 from 0. Then the k1 spring on the left
will be stretched producing its spring force to the left and the k2 spring
will be compressed producing its spring force to the left also. You can use
the same technique on the damper forces and the other mass.
x1 x2
. . . .
b2(x1 • x2) b2(x1 • x2)
k1x1 m1 m2 k 1 x2
k2(x1 • x2)
Free body diagram for Problem 2.2
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2004 CHAPTER 2. DYNAMIC MODELS
m1 x
•1 = k1 x1 k2 (x1 x2 ) b1 (x_1 x_2 )
m2 x
•2 = k2 (x1 x2 ) b1 (x_1 x_2 ) k1 x2
The relative motion between x1 and x2 will decay to zero due to the
damper. However, the two masses will continue oscillating together
without decay since there is no friction opposing that motion and ‡exure
of the end springs is all that is required to maintain the oscillation of the
two masses. However, note that the two end springs have the same spring
constant and the two masses are equal If this had not been true, the two
masses would oscillate with di¤erent frequencies and the damper would
be excited thus taking energy out of the system.
Solution:
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Natural history
of intellect, and other papers
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
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are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Language: English
A N D O T H E R PA P E R S
BY
The first two pieces in this volume are lectures from the “University
Courses” on philosophy, given at Harvard College in 1870 and 1871,
by persons not members of the Faculty. “The Natural History of the
Intellect” was the subject which Emerson chose. He had from his
early youth cherished the project of a new method in metaphysics,
proceeding by observation of the mental facts, without attempting an
analysis and coördination of them, which must, from the nature of
the case, be premature. With this view, he had, at intervals from
1848 to 1866, announced courses on the “Natural History of
Intellect,” “The Natural Method of Mental Philosophy,” and
“Philosophy for the People.” He would, he said, give anecdotes of
the spirit, a calendar of mental moods, without any pretense of
system.
None of these attempts, however, disclosed any novelty of
method, or, indeed, after the opening statement of his intention, any
marked difference from his ordinary lectures. He had always been
writing anecdotes of the spirit, and those which he wrote under this
heading were used by him in subsequently published essays so
largely that I find very little left for present publication. The lecture
which gives its name to the volume was the first of the earliest
course, and it seems to me to include all that distinctly belongs to the
particular subject.
The lecture on “Memory” is from the same course; that on
“Boston” from the course on “Life and Literature,” in 1861. The other
pieces are reprints from the “North American Review” and the “Dial.”
J. E. Cabot.
September 9, 1893.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Natural History of Intellect 7
Memory 55
Boston 73
Michael Angelo 97
Milton 121
Papers from The Dial 147
I. Thoughts on Modern Literature 149
II. Walter Savage Landor 168
III. Prayers 177
IV. Agriculture of Massachusetts 183
V. Europe and European Books 187
VI. Past and Present 197
VII. A Letter 206
VIII. The Tragic 216
NATURAL HISTORY OF INTELLECT.
NATURAL HISTORY OF INTELLECT.