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International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(3) 2011 149 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:5, No:3, 2011
piezometers. Water inflows during tunnelling in the limestone paper to predict the ground vibrations at the surface. Three-
were generally around 250litres/min for the full 11.8m dimensional finite element models allow the analyst to
diameter. The ground conditions were modelled as three account for the extent and geometry of each of stratum when
different layers of soil strata and the values of the material constructing a representative numerical model to predict the
properties used for the each layer were based on the results of ground vibrations due to the TBM. The problem to be
ground investigations. The material properties that were used analysed is shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1, the geometry is
in the finite element analyses are given in Table I. idealised by a finite region (Part I) and a semi-infinite far field
region (Part II). The ABAQUS V6.4 finite element software
IV. EMPIRICAL MODELS was used to construct the model and three-dimensional eight
As so many variables are involved in the determination of noded linear brick and reduced integration elements, C3D8R,
vibration levels in the ground due to tunnelling, no explicit were employed for the ground and the tunnel lining which is
equations exist which allow the magnitude of the ground under Part I. Reduced-integration elements use fewer
vibrations at the surface to be predicted accurately for any integration points in each direction than the fully integrated
given source and ground conditions. Approximate empirical elements. These reduce the running time, especially in three-
equations have been developed based on a limited number of dimensional finite element analyses. In Part II, the soils and
case studies, and these concentrate on the simulated resultant tunnel lining in the far field that extends to infinity, were
peak particle velocity at the ground surface. Prediction modelled by the infinite elements, CIN3D8. In the model, the
methods are required that can predict the ground vibrations top layer is brown clay, the middle layer is Dublin boulder
taking account of both the nature of the activity causing the clay and the bottom layer is limestone. The finite element
vibrations and the characteristics of site. Mechanised mesh is shown in Fig. 2. The elementary boundary conditions
tunnelling generates levels of groundborne vibration that are are applied on the four sides of the vertical section to obtain
unlikely to cause damage to structures. horizontal fixities, which allow only vertical movement, and
Godio et al., (1992 cited in Hillar & Crabb, 2000) proposed these boundaries are also applied on the bottom side to obtain
an equation for predicting an upper bound to the peak particle a full fixity [12].
velocities, v in mm/s due to ground vibrations. This is a useful The dimensions of the finite element model are 132m in the
first estimate for the vibration levels likely to be generated by transverse direction, 50m in the vertical direction and 40m in
mechanised bored tunnelling works and is given by the the direction of the tunnel. The thickness of the top layer is
Equation (1): 2.5m, the middle layer is 11m and the bottom layer is 36.5m.
v = Ar-1.3 (1) (1) machine is a
By advancing in the ground, the tunnel-boring
where A is a constant whose value depends on the ground vibrating source from which vibrations are transmitted into the
condition (for hard ground A=180) and r is the direct distance ground. Therefore, the impacts of the TBM on the ground
(m) from the vibration source to the measurement location. during boring have been modelled by a dynamic loading
Nishimatsu also produced equations for upper and lower system. The finite elements representing the TBM cutter have
bounds for v based on monitored vibration values on other been loaded by a short triangular pulse. Due to this pulse,
construction sites. Their upper and lower bound equations for waves propagate through the soil and the response at the
the peak particle velocity are: surface is determined. The analyses have been carried out in
v = 176r–1.18 (upper bound) (2) the time domain.
v = 7.4r–1.07 (lower bound) (3)
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(3) 2011 150 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:5, No:3, 2011
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(3) 2011 151 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:5, No:3, 2011
150
TPPV = Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) due to a transverse input
Amplitude, (mm/s)/Hz
load
VPPV = Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) due to a vertical input 100
load
LPPV = Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) due to a longitudinal 50
input load.
0
0.50 0 1 10 100 1000
Amplitude, (mm/s)/Hz.
0.40 Frequency, Hz
0.30
Fig. 8 Transverse vibration velocity (Frequency domain) at the
0.20
surface at measuring Section 1; transverse direction
0.10
0.00 1.00
1 10 100 1000 0.50
Velocity, mm/s.
Frequency, Hz 0.00
Open Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:5, No:3, 2011 waset.org/Publication/15809
10
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
5
Time, s
0
-5 Fig. 9 Transverse vibration velocity at the surface level measuring
-10 Section 1 due to transverse vibration.
-15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.02
Time, s
Velocity, mm/s.
0.01
Fig. 6 Measured TBM excitation at measuring Section 1; transverse
direction 0.00
2000 -0.01
Amplitude, (mm/s)/Hz.
1500 -0.02
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
1000
Time, s
500 Fig. 10 Vertical vibration velocity at the surface level at measuring
Section 1 due to transverse vibration
0
0 1 10 100 1000 0.02
Velocity, mm/s.
Frequency, Hz 0.01
Fig. 7 FFT of TBM excitation at measuring Section 1; transverse 0.00
direction
-0.01
The 3-D FE predicted resultant PPV values together with
the Godio and Nishimatsu upper and lower bound values are -0.02
plotted in Fig. 12, 13, 14 and 15. The PPV values plotted in 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Fig. 12, 13, 14 and 15 show that there is good agreement Time, s
between the 3D-FE predicted values and the Godio and
Nishimatsu upper and lower bound values. It can be seen Fig. 11 Longitudinal vibration velocity at the surface level at
measuring Section 1 due to transverse vibration
from the results plotted for each section that the 3D-FE lie
between the Godio and Nishimatsu upper and lower bound
the source and the point of interest, while the groundborne
values. It can also be seen from Fig. 12, 13, 14 and 15 that all
vibrations depend also on the soil properties particularly, on
the models have similar attenuation characteristics. Empirical
the stiffness and the resonance frequency of the soil layer, and
models are a function of only the direct distance between
on the tunnel boring machine excitation.
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(3) 2011 152 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:5, No:3, 2011
TABLE II
RANGES OF PARAMETERS USED IN SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
Top layer DBC1 Limestone Concrete Steel
Frequencies 8 to 35 8 to 35 8 to 35 8 to 35 8 to 35
Ranges, Hz 1 to 60 1 to 60 1 to 60 1 to 60 1 to 60
TABLE III
NORMALISED PPV WITH RESPECT TO REFERENCE MODEL
Frequency -10m from TBM At TBM face +10m from TBM
Range face face
8 to 35 Hz 1.0 1.0 1.0
Open Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:5, No:3, 2011 waset.org/Publication/15809
(Reference)
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(3) 2011 153 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:5, No:3, 2011
Amplitude, (mm/s)/Hz.
0.01 GPa
close to the resonance frequency of 14Hz of the TBM 0.50
0.1 GPa
excitation, the maximum vibration velocity is obtained at this 0.40 0.2 GPa
stiffness which is shown in Fig. 17. The minimum vibration 0.5 GPa
0.30
velocity is obtained at stiffnesses of upper soil layer of 0.01 1.0 GPa
0.20
GPa and 1.0 GPA, since at these stiffnesses there is a
significant difference between the resonance frequency of the 0.10
soil layer and the resonance frequency of the TBM excitation. 0.00
Fig. 18 shows the variations of velocity reduction with the 1 10 100 1000
distance. The vibrations at points on the ground surface
Frequency, Hz
directly above the tunnel axis and up to 50m an either side are
most sensitive to variations in the stiffness of the upper soil Fig. 16 Transverse output response (frequency domain) in surface
layer. After 50m from the tunnel axis the influence of the level
material parameters on the surface vibrations is very small.
350
B. The Effects of Varying the Damping of the Soil 0.01 GPa
Amplitude, (mm/s)/Hz.
300
The damping ratio of the soil is a parameter that is difficult
Open Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:5, No:3, 2011 waset.org/Publication/15809
0.1 GPa
250
to determine. Often the damping ratio is chosen as 1-6% of the 0.2 GPa
200 0.5 GPa
critical damping ratio. In the finite element code, the damping
150 1.0 GPa
matrix, C is defined as a having two components, one
100
proportional to the mass and the other proportional to the
stiffness [15]: 50
0
[C] = α [M] + β [K] (7)
1 10 100 1000
where [K] is the stiffness matrix, [M] is the mass matrix, [C]
Frequency, Hz
is the damping ratio matrix, α is the coefficient of mass
damping and β is the coefficient of stiffness damping. Fig. 17 Transverse vibration velocity (Frequency domain) in surface
In this formulation of the damping, two frequencies can be level
chosen at which a given proportional damping applies. At
1.4
other frequencies, the damping ratio will be different. Figure
1.2 0.01 GPa 0.1 GPA
19 shows two cases. In the reference model, the frequency is
Velocity, mm/s.
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(3) 2011 154 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering
Vol:5, No:3, 2011
0.60 1Hz and 60Hz finite element models,” Int. J. of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Eng.,
vol. 23, pp 403-413, 2003.
[3] Athanasopoulos, G.A., Pelekis, P.C., “Ground vibrations from sheet pile
Open Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:5, No:3, 2011 waset.org/Publication/15809
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(3) 2011 155 ISNI:0000000091950263