Abstract:

The behaviour of G+11 multi story building of regular and irregular configuration under earth
quake is complex and it varies of wind loads are assumed to act simultaneously with earth quake
loads. In this paper a residential of G+11 multi story building is studied for earth quake and wind
load using ETABS and STAAS PRO V8i .Assuming that material property is linear static and
dynamic analysis are performed. These analysis are carried out by considering different seismic
zones and for each zone the behaviour is assessed by taking three different types of soils namely
Hard , Medium and Soft .Different response like story drift, displacements base shear are plotted
for different zones and different types of soils.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Soil is vital to buildings production and is non-renewable within a generation time frame.
With the rapidly increasing population, the pressure on land to meet the demands for food, fuel
and fiber is becoming enormous. On the other hand, when soils under natural vegetation cover
are converted to buildings production, various changes in soil properties may occur. The changes
in soil properties, either upgrading, sustaining, or degrading, are dependent on land use as well as
management practices. In buildings systems, soil quality is the integrated effect of management
on most soil properties that determine crop productivity and sustainability (Sharma et al., 2005).
It is also the bases for development of sustainable agriculture and may be used in evaluating and
judging the sustainability of soil management practice and land use system. An overall
understanding of soil quality will allow management of the soil resource to ensure the future
food demands of the ever growing world population.
Land use and management practices greatly impact the direction and degree of soil
quality changes in time and space. Owing to improper land use and management, soil erosion
acidification, nutrient depletion, pollution and other natural resource problem have been
threatening human development (Lal, 1990; Wang and Gong, 1998). As the competition for
natural resource and food become more and more intensive, it is critical to improve soil quality
by maintaining or developing sustainable buildings land use and management practices.
Scientific land use and management usually improve soil quality and ecological environment
(Wang and Gong, 1998)
Due to intensive land use and high population pressure, the land is severely degraded and
the nutrient status is decreasing from time to time. As a result, severe deterioration in soil quality
may lead to a lasting loss of land productivity (Nael et al., 2004). Degradation of ecosystem
pertinent to deterioration of soil quality caused by unsuitable land use which is a critical problem
has revived the issue of sustainability (Hurni, 1997). Land use change and continuous use of
farm land for crop production without appropriate soil management has degraded most of the
important soil physicochemical properties. In contrast, land use change may positively influence
soil quality. However, these are mainly related to improved management practices such as
incorporating plant residue with surface soil and manure amendment. animal manure and crop
residues are not returned to the land, rather used as fuel and livestock feed, respectively. Thus,
some farmers are trying to compensate for the loss in soil fertility by applying chemical
fertilizers on their crop fields.
 However, using chemical fertilizers alone can contribute to degradation of soil quality
parameters. Furthermore, chemical fertilizers are increasing in price and are not always available
in the quantity that the farmers want to buy and may not be accessible to farmers at the time
when it is optimal to apply it (Karltun et al., 2013). In some less densely populated areas like the
Benishangul Gumuz Region, farmers used to sustain their agriculture through expansion of crop
lands by clearing natural forests and woodlands and shifting cultivation (Girma, 2001; Karltun et
al., 2013). These options are also no longer viable because the possibility for further expansion
of the cultivated area into forests is restricted because of exhaustion of forested land and shifting
cultivation is totally abandoned due to land shortage as a result of high population pressure
(Mulugeta et al., 2008). Since soil fertility and productivity are easily affected by land use and
management, the success of soil management in maintaining soil quality attributes depends on
understanding the soils response to land use and management practice over time (Heluf and
Wakene, 2006).

Seismic Analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of
a buildings structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design, earthquake
engineering or structural assessment and retrofit in regions where earthquakes are prevalent.

The most important earthquakes are located close to the borders of the main tectonic
plates which cover the surface of the globe. These plates tend to move relative to one another but
are prevented by doing so by friction until the stresses between plates under the epicenter point
become so high that a move suddenly takes place. This is an earthquake. The local shock
generates waves in the ground which propagate over the earth‟s surface, creating movement at
the bases of structures. The importance of waves reduces with the distance from the epicenter.
Therefore, there exists region of the world with more or less high seismic risk, depending on
their proximity to the boundaries of the main tectonic plates
 Besides the major earthquakes which take place at tectonic plate boundaries, others have
their origin at the interior of the plates at fault lines. Called „intra plates‟ earthquakes, these less
energy, but can still be destructive in the vicinity of the epicenter The action applied to a
structure by an earthquake is a ground movement with horizontal and vertical components. The
horizontal movement is the most specific feature of earthquake action because of its strength and
because structures are generally better designed to resist gravity than horizontal forces. The
vertical component of the earthquake is usually about 50% of the horizontal component, except
in the vicinity of the epicenter where it can be of the same order.

Steel structures are good at resisting earthquakes because of the property of ductility.
Experience shows that steel structures subjected to earthquakes behave well. Global failures and
huge numbers of casualties are mostly associated with structures made from other materials. This
may be explained by some of the specific features of steel structures. There are two means by
which the earthquake may be resisted:

Option 1 structures made of sufficiently large sections that they are subject to only elastic
stresses

Option 2 structures made of smaller sections, designed to form numerous plastic zones.

A structure designed to the first option will be heavier and may not provide a safety margin to
cover earthquake actions that are higher than expected, as element failure is not ductile. In this
case the structure’s global behavior is „brittle‟ and corresponds for instance to concept a) in a
Base Shear V- Top Displacement diagram. In a structure designed to the second option selected
parts of the structure are intentionally designed to undergo cyclic plastic deformations without
failure, and the structure as a whole is designed such that only those selected zones will be
plastically deformed.

The structure’s global behavior is „ductile‟ and corresponds to concept b) in the Base
Shear V-Top Displacement d. The structure can dissipate a significant amount of energy in these
plastic zones, this energy being represented by the area under the V-d curve. For this reason, the
two design options are said to lead to „dissipative‟ and „non-dissipative‟ structures.
 A ductile behavior, which provides extended deformation capacity, is generally the better
way to resist earthquakes. One reason for this is that because of the many uncertainties which
characterize our knowledge of real seismic actions and of the analyses we make, it may be that
the earthquake action and/ or its effects are greater than expected. By ensuring ductile behavior,
any such excesses are easily absorbed simply by greater energy dissipation due to plastic
deformations of structural components. The same components could not provide more strength
(a greater elastic resistance) when option 1 is adopted. Furthermore, a reduction in base shear
V(V reduced < V elastic) means an equal reduction in forces applied to the foundations, resulting
in lower costs for the infrastructure of a buildings.

Steel structures are particularly good at providing an energy dissipation capability, due to:

.. The ductility of steel as a material

.. The many possible ductile mechanisms in steel elements and their connections

.. The effective duplication of plastic mechanisms at a local level

.. Reliable geometrical properties

.. Relatively low sensitivity of the bending resistance of structural elements to the presence of
coincident axial force

Variety of possible energy dissipation mechanisms in steel structures, and the reliability of each
of these possibilities, are the fundamental characteristics explaining the excellent seismic
behavior of

Steel structures. Furthermore, steel structures tend to have more reliable seismic behavior than
those using other materials, due to some of the other factors that characterize them:

 guaranteed material strength, as result a of controlled production

 designs and constructions made by professional
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Soil Physical Properties
The physical properties of soils determine their adaptability to cultivation and the level of
biological activity that can be supported by the soil. Soil physical properties also largely
determine the soil's water and air supplying capacity to plants. Many soil physical properties
change with changes in land use system and its management such as intensity of cultivation, the
instrument used and the nature of the land under cultivation, rendering the soil less permeable
and more susceptible to runoff and erosion losses (Sanchez, 1976).

Soil texture
Soil texture determines a number of physical and chemical properties of soils. It affects
the infiltration and retention of water, soil aeration, absorption of nutrients, microbial activities,
tillage and irrigation practices (Foth, 1990; Gupta, 2004). It is also an indicator of some other
related soil features such as type of parent material, homogeneity and heterogeneity within the
profile, migration of clay and intensity of weathering of soil material or age of soil (Miller and
Donahue, 1995; Lilienfein et al., 2000).
Soil texture is one of the inherent soil physical properties less affected by management.
The rate of increase in stickiness or ability to mould as the moisture content increases depend on
the content of silt and clay, the degree to which the clay particles are bound together into stable
granules and the OM content of the soil (White, 1997). Over a very long period of time,
pedogenic processes such as erosion, deposition, eluviations and weathering can change the
textures of various soil horizons (Forth, 1990; Brady and Weil, 2002).

Bulk and particle densities

Measurement of soil bulk density (the mass of a unit volume of dry soil) is required for the
determination of compactness, as a measure of soil structure, for calculating soil pore space and
as indicator of aeration status and water content (Barauah and Barthakulh, 1997). Bulk density
also provides information on the environment available to soil microorganisms. White (1997)
stated that values of bulk density ranges from < 1 g/cm3 for soils high in OM, 1.0 to 1.4 g/cm3
for well- aggregated loamy soils and 1.2 to 1.8 g/cm3 for sands and compacted horizons in clay
soils.
Bulk density normally decreases as mineral soils become finer in texture. Soils having low and
high bulk density exhibit favorable and poor physical conditions, respectively. Bulk densities of
soil horizons are inversely related to the amount of pore space and soil OM (Brady and Weil,
2002; Gupta, 2004). Any factor that influences soil pore space will also affect the bulk density.
For instance, intensive cultivation increases bulk density resulting in reduction of total porosity.
The study results of Woldeamlak and Stroosnijder (2003) and Mulugeta (2004) revealed
that the bulk density of cultivated soils was higher than the bulk density of forest soils. Soil bulk
density increased in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers relative to the length of time the soils were
subjected to cultivation (Mulugeta, 2004). Similarly, Ahmed (2002) reported that soil bulk
density under both cultivated and grazing lands increased with increasing soil depth. On the
other hand, Wakene (2001) reported that bulk density was higher at the surface than the
subsurface horizons in the abandoned and lands left fallow for twelve years. The changes in the
physical soil attributes on the farm fields can be attributed to the impacts of frequent tillage and
the decline in OM content of the soils.

Particle density is the mass or weight of a unit volume of soil solids. It affects soil
porosity, aeration and rate of sedimentation of particles. The mean particle density of most
mineral soils is about 2.60 to 2.75 g/cm3 , but the presence of iron oxide and heavy minerals
increases the average value of particle density and the presence of OM lowers it (Hillel, 1980).
According to Ahmed (2002), the surface soil layer had lower particle density value than the
subsoil horizons and the higher particle density (2.93 g/cm3 ) was obtained at the subsoil
horizons in different land use systems at different elevation. This is attributed to the lower OM
content in the subsoil than in the surface horizons.

Total porosity
The total porosity of soils usually lies between 30% and 70%. In soils with the same particle
density, the lower the bulk density, the higher is the percent total porosity. As soil particles vary
in size and shape, pore spaces also vary in size, shape and direction (Foth, 1990). Coarse textured
soils tend to be less porous than fine texture soils, although the mean size of individual pores is
larger in the former than in the latter.
 There is close relationship between relative compaction and the larger (macropores) of
soils (Ike and Aremu, 1992). According to the same authors, tillage reduces the macropore
spaces and produces a discontinuity in pore space between the cultivated surface and the
subsurface soils. Generally, intensive cultivation causes soil compaction and degradation of soil
properties including porosity. Macropores can occur as the spaces between individual sand
grains in coarse textural soils. Thus, although a sand soil has relatively low total porosity, the
movement of air and water through such soil is surprisingly rapid because of the dominance of
macropores. Fertile soils with ideal conditions for most agricultural crops have sufficient pore
space, more or less equally divided between large (macro) and small (micro) pores. The
decreasing OM and increasing in clay that occur with depth in many soil profiles are associated
with a shift from macro-pores to micro-pores (Brady and Weil, 2002).

Micropores are water field; and they are too small to permit much air movement. Water
movement in micropores is slow, and much of the water retained in these pores is not available
to plants. Fine textured soils, especially those without a stable granular structure may have a
dominance of micropores, thus allowing relatively slow gas and water movement, despite the
relative large volume of total pore space (Landon, 1991). Considering the surface soils, Wakene
(2001) stated that the lowest total porosity (36.2%) was observed on the abandoned research
field, followed by (41.6%) under the land left fallow for twelve years and the highest (56.7%)
was recorded on the farmer’s field. Along with the increase in soil bulk density, soil total
porosity showed marked declines in both soil layers (0-10 and 10-20 cm) with increasing period
under cultivation (Mulugeta, 2004). The lowest total porosity was the reflections of the low OM
content.
Soil water content and retention capacity
Soil water enhances various soil physicochemical reactions and supplies essential
nutrients for plants and animals including micro and macro organisms residing in soils in order
that they can carry out their own activities (Tisdale et al., 1995; Brady and Weil, 2002). The
portion of stored soil water that can readily be absorbed by plants is said to be available water.
The plant available soil water is held within a potential between field capacity (FC) and
permanent wilting point (PWP). Available soil water content is greatly influenced by soil OM
content, texture, mineralogy and soil morphology (Landon, 1991). According to Teklu (1992),
soils with high amount of clay have higher amount of water both at -1/3 and -15 bars than soils
with low amount of clay content and thus, water retention capacity of a soil is a function of
silicate clays and amorphous materials. Water occupies the soil pore spaces and is adsorbed to
soil particles.

Soil water content at FC, PWP and available water holding capacity (AWHC) were found
to increase with depth for the soil under different management practice (Wakene, 2001; Ahmed,
2002). The increases of these three components of soil moisture with depth were correlated
positively with the clay fractions of the soils, which increased with profile depth. Variation in
topography, land use and soil attributes all affect the distribution of soil moisture (Ahmed, 2002;
Brady and Weil, 2002). Wakene (2001) reported that the highest (526 mm/m) and the lowest
(275 mm/m) of soil water content at FC were observed in the deeper subsoil (90-140 cm) layer
of the continuously cultivated farmer’s field and the surface (0-16 cm) soil layer of the
abandoned research field respectively, at Bako area. Similarly, the highest (391 mm/m) and the
lowest (174 mm/m) of soil water contents at PWP were recorded for the subsoil (45-80 cm) layer
of the land left fallow for fifteen years and surface (0-16 cm) layer of the abandoned research
field, respectively

Soil Chemical Properties

Soil chemical properties are the most important among the factors that determine the nutrient
supplying power of the soil to the plants and microbes. The chemical reactions that occur in the
soil affect processes leading to soil development and soil fertility build up. Minerals inherited
from the soil parent materials overtime release chemical elements that undergo various changes
and transformations within the soil.
Soil reaction (pH) and electrical conductivity

Soil reaction (usually expressed as pH value) is the degree of soil acidity or alkalinity, which is
caused by particular chemical, mineralogical and/or biological environment. Soil reaction affects
nutrient availability and toxicity, microbial activity, and root growth. Thus, it is one of the most
important chemical characteristics of the soil solution because both higher plants and
microorganisms respond so markedly to their chemical environment.

Descriptive terms commonly associated with certain ranges in pH are extremely acidic
(pH < 4.5), very strongly acidic (pH 4.5-5.0), strongly acidic (pH 5.1-5.5), moderately acidic (pH
5.6-6.0), slightly acid (pH 6.1-6.5), neutral (pH 6.6-7.3), slightly alkaline (pH 7.4-7.8),
moderately alkaline (pH 7.9-8.4), strongly alkaline (pH 8.5-9.0), and very strongly alkaline (pH
> 9.1) (Foth and Ellis, 1997). The degree and nature of soil reaction influenced by different
anthropogenic and natural activities including leaching of exchangeable bases, acid rains,
decomposition of organic materials, application of commercial fertilizers and other farming
practices (Rowell, 1994; Miller and Donahue, 1995; Tisdale et al., 1995; Brady and Weil, 2002).

In strongly acidic soils, Al3+ becomes soluble and increase soil acidity while in alkaline
soils, exchangeable basic cations tend to occupy the exchange sites of the soils by replacing
exchangeable H and Al ions (Miller and Donahue, 1995; Eylachew, 1999; Brady and Weil,
2002).
Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of salinity. In addition to overcoming some of
the ambiguities of total dissolved salts measurements, the EC measurement is quicker and
sufficiently accurate for most purposes (Bohn et al., 2001). Excessive accumulation of soluble
salts convert soils to salt affected soils and the process leading to accumulation of salts are
common in arid and semi arid regions where rainfall amount is insufficient to leach soluble salts.
Soil organic matter

Soil OM arises from the debris of green plants, animal residues and excreta that are deposited on
the surface and mixed to a variable extent with the mineral component (White, 1997). Soil OM is
defined as any living or dead plant and animal materials in the soil and it comprises a wide range
of organic species such as humic substances, carbohydrates, proteins, and plant residues (Dudal
and Decaers, 1993; Foth and Ellis, 1997). Humus is the substance left after soil organisms have
modified original organic materials to a rather stable group of decay products as is the colloidal
remains of OM (Sopher and Baird, 1982; Millar and Donahue, 1995). Foth (1990) has indicated
that the distribution of OM, expressed as organic carbon, is 38% in trees and ground cover, 9%
in the forest floor and 53% is in the soil including the roots plus the OM associated with soil
particles.
In most tropical environments, the conversion of forest vegetation to agricultural land
results in a decline of the soil OM content to a newer, lower equilibrium (Woldeamlak and
Stroosnijder, 2003). Most cultivated soils of Ethiopia are poor in OM contents due to low
amount of organic materials applied to the soil and complete removal of the biomass from the
field (Yihenew, 2002), and due to severe deforestation, steep relief condition, intensive
cultivation and excessive erosion hazards (Eylachew, 1999). Biological degradation is frequently
equated with the depletion of vegetation cover and OM in the soil, but also denotes the reduction
of beneficial soil organisms that is important indicator of soil fertility (Oldman, 1993).

Uncultivated soils have higher in soil OM (both on surface and in soil) than those soils
cultivated years (Miller and Gardiner, 2001). In the forest, there is a continuous growth of plants
and additions to the three pools of OM: standing crop, forest floor and soil. In the grassland
ecosystems, much more of the OM is in the soil and much less occurs in the standing plants and
grassland floor. Although approximately 50% of the total OM in the forest ecosystems may be in
the soil, over 95% may be in the soil where grasses are the dominant vegetation (Foth, 1990).
This means land management practices, which reduce soil fertility, will seriously decrease its
chemical activity and also its ability to hold plant nutrients (Assefa, 1978). Soluble and
exchangeable aluminum in acid soils are substantially reduced by organic amendments (Hoyt
and Turner, 1975; Hue and Amien, 1989).
 Cook and Ellis (1987), Tisdale et al. (1995) and O| hare (1997) reported that some of the
functions of OM/humus are: (a) aids in water management as residues or plants protect the soil
surface from rain drop impacts, resist wind action, and thus, greatly aid in erosion control.
Furthermore, decomposing OM causes soil aggregation, which aids infiltration and increases
pore space in clay soils. Thus, water and oxygen holding capacity is increased, even beyond the
absorptive capacity of OM, (b) increases exchange and buffering capacity since welldecomposed
OM or humus has a very high CEC that adds to the buffering capacity of the soil, (c) minimizes
leaching loss because organic substances have the ability of holding substances other than
cations against leaching, (d) sources of nutrients (N, P, S and most micronutrients) and growth
promoting substances, that is, hormones or growth -promoting and regulating substances
valuable to plants may be produced by organisms that decompose soil OM, (e) stabilizes soil
structure, and (f) provides energy for microbial activity

Gregorich et al. (1995) reported that the concentration of organic carbon (OC) in the
forest soil decreased with depth by more than 10-fold in the surface 30 cm, from 139 g/kg soil in
the 0-15 cm layer to 12 g/kg soil in the 15-30 cm layer. In contrast, the OC concentration under
corn was similar for soil layers within the plow layer, ranging between 19 and 21 gram carbon
per kg of soil. However, the mass of OC in the surface 10 cm of the forest soil was about three
times greater than the soil under corn, but below 10 cm, the quantity of OC in the forest was
similar to that of the soils cultivated for corn (Gregorich et al., 1995). Thus, the surface layer is
most relevant to assess the impact of management practices on soil OM, because surface soils are
easily modified directly by cultivation.

The total amount of OC in the soil can be considered as a measure of stored OM. In a
sense, stored OM is a mean OM store or standing stock of OM because it reflects the net product
or balance between ongoing accumulation and decomposition processes and it is thus greatly
influenced by crop management and productivity. Over the past few years, various attempts have
been made to obtain both global and regional inventories of soil OM storage based on soil map
units. Generally, sample generic soil horizons based on the effects of land use types and/or
management practices provide a useful estimate of total soil carbon storage (Carter et al., 1997).
Total nitrogen

Nitrogen (N) is the forth plant nutrient taken up by plants in greatest quantity next to carbon,
oxygen and hydrogen, but it is one of the most deficient elements in the tropics for crop
production (Sanchez, 1976; Mengel and Kirkby, 1987; Mesfin, 1998). The total N content of a
soil is directly associated with its OC content and its amount on cultivated soils is between
0.03% and 0.04% by weight (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987; Tisdale et al., 1995).

The N content is lower in continuously and intensively cultivated and highly weathered
soils of the humid and sub humid tropics due to leaching and in highly saline and sodic soils of
semi arid and arid regions due to low OM content (Tisdale et al., 1995). Wakene (2001) reported
that there was a 30% and 76% depletion of total N from agricultural fields cultivated for 40 years
and abandoned land, respectively, compared to the virgin land. Average total N increased from
cultivated to grazing and forest land soils, which again declined with increasing depth from
surface to subsurface soils (Nega, 2006). The considerable reduction of total N in the
continuously cultivated fields could be attributed to the rapid turnover (mineralization) of the
organic substrates derived from crop residue (root biomass) whenever added following intensive
cultivation (McDonagh et al., 2001). Moreover, the decline in soil OC and total N, although
commonly expected following deforestation and conversion to farm fields, might have been
exacerbated by the insufficient inputs of organic substrates from the farming system (Mulugeta,
2004). The same author also stated that the levels of soil OC and total N in the surface soil (0-10
cm) were significantly lower, and declined increasingly with cultivation time in the farm fields,
compared to the soil under the natural forest.
Carbon to nitrogen ratio

Carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratio (C/N) is an indicator of net N mineralization and accumulation
in soils. Organic matter rich in carbon provides a large source of energy to soil microorganisms.
Consequently, it brings population expansion of microorganism and higher consumption of
mineralized N. Dense populations of microorganisms inhibit the upper soil surface and have an
access to the soil N sources. If the ratio of the substrate is high there will be no net mineralization
and accumulation of N (Attiwill and Leeper, 1987). They further noted that as decomposition
proceeds, carbon is released as CO2 and the C/N ratio of the substrate falls. Conversion of
carbon in crop residue and other organic materials applied to the soil into humus requires
nutrients (Lal, 2001).

Plant residues with C/N ratios of 20:1 or narrower have sufficient N to supply the
decomposing microorganisms and also to release N for plant use. Residues with C/N ratios of
20:1 to 30:1 supply sufficient N for decomposition but not enough to result in much release of N
for plant use the first few weeks after incorporation. Residues with C/N ratios wider than 30:1
decompose slowly because they lack sufficient N for the microorganisms to use for increasing
their number, which causes microbes to use N already available in the soil (Miller and Gardiner,
2001). They have further stated that the wider the C/N ratio of organic materials applied, the
more is the need for applying N as a fertilizer to convert biomass into humus.

Microbial respiration (soil respiration) is defined as oxygen uptake or CO2 evolution by

bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoans, and includes the gas exchange of aerobic and anaerobic
metabolism (Anderson et al., 1982). According to the same authors, soil respiration results from
the degradation of organic matter (for example mineralization of harvest residues). This soil
biological activity consists of numerous individual activities; the formation CO2 being the last
step of carbon mineralization. Conditions that favour growth of microorganisms will favour fast
decomposition rates: continuous warm temperature, wetness, clay types of texture, suitable soil
pH (slightly acidic), and adequate nutrients and absence of other decomposition inhibitors such
as toxic levels of elements (aluminum, manganese, boron, chloride), soluble salts, shade, and
organic phytotoxines (Miller and Gardiner, 2001). Foth (1990) suggested that low soil
temperature, by decreasing the rate of decomposition, appeared to have had an important effect
on OM content of the soil.
 There are increasing conflicts between the limited land resources and the ascending
modern construction activities worldwide. Soft soils that were previously considered as
inappropriate for constructions because of high compressibility are more and more adopted as
the subsoil in infrastructural engineering nowadays. Accurate predictions of the amount of and
the rate of settlement of the ground under an applied load are of great importance as geotechnical
designs are largely driven by serviceability limit state conditions. Conventional calculation
methods that did not consider the time-dependent strains of the soft soil however can’t achieve
the demanded accuracy and consequently needs to be modified. Several advanced material
models have recently been developed which incorporate creep effects in soft soil. Besides the
characteristics of time-dependency, these models are also trying to consider the influence of
anisotropy and the structures of the mechanical behaviour of natural clay. While the more factors
are being included, the more complexity these models turn out to have. Understanding of the
required input parameters and validations of these models’ performances are therefore necessary
so as to promote their applicability in geotechnical practices.

Fundamental studies of soft soil behaviour

When using the term soft soil, it is usually included near-normally consolidated clays,
clayey silts and peat while in this report, studies will be focusing on soft clay; i.e. normally
consolidated clays and slightly over consolidated clays. Clay is primarily composed of irregular
arranged particles which have typical dimension of less than 2 μm. The particles are gathered in
aggregates which are connected by bondings/links. These links are usually the smallest particles
(Hansbo, 1975). In a view of engineering practice, what distinguishes soft clay from other soil
types is that they have a high grade of compressibility. If performing for instance an oedometer
test it can be shown that normally consolidated clays behave ten times softer than normally
consolidated sands (Vermeer & Neher, 1999).
Sources of soil variability
Soils are geological materials formed by weathering, erosion and sedimentation processes and,
save for residual soils, transported by physical means to their present locations . They have been
subjected to various stresses, pore fluids, and physical and chemical changes. Thus, it is hardly
surprising that the physical properties of soils vary from place to place within resulting deposits.
Uncertainty in geotechnical engineering can be categorized into aleatoric, epistemic and decision
model uncertainty . Aleatoric uncertainty consists of physical uncertainty. Physical uncertainty is
also known as inherent uncertainty and intrinsic uncertainty and is a natural randomness of a
quantity such as the variability in the soil strength from point to point within a soil volume. Such
physical uncertainty or natural variability is a type of uncertainty, which cannot be reduced on
increasing site investigation according to guidelines presented in .Epistemic uncertainty consists
of model uncertainty and measurement uncertainty, which can be related to incomplete
knowledge. This implies that epistemic uncertainty can be reduced by more data as a type of
uncertainty associated with limited, insufficient or imprecise knowledge, as described in , model
uncertainty involves imperfections and idealizations made in applied engineering models.
Epistemic uncertainty also includes the uncertainty of the chosen distribution as well as the
parameter uncertainty, as enlightened in , to represent a phenomenon as well as the choice of
statistical distribution. In addition to this, Honjo adds the decision model uncertainty. This type
of uncertainty includes objectives, values and time preferences, which are related within a
project management process within the design of structures. Other types of uncertainties exist
such as workmanship, human errors and gross errors, but they are seldomly taken into account,
as described in The different kinds of uncertainty and errors in geotechnical engineering are
summarized in figure. Epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty arise, while setting up a conceptual
model for the real ground. The probabilistic characterization of the subsoil model
Approximate guidelines for coefficients of variation of some design soil parameters taken
from

UU = unconsolidated-undrained triaxial compression test UC = unconfined compression

test CIUC = consolidated isotropic undrained triaxial compression test su(field) = corrected su
from vane shear test ϕ = effective stress friction angle TC = triaxial compression ϕ (CV) =
constant volume ϕ at critical state K0 = in-situ horizontal stress coefficient EPMT = pressure-
meter modulus ED = dilatometer modulus b VST = vane shear test qT = corrected cone tip
resistance N = blow counts in the standard penetration test KD = dilatometer horizontal stress
index PI = plasticity index c averaging over 5 m d COV is a function of the mean; refer to COV
equations in [283] for details e equation numbering in Phoon & Kulhawy
shall take this into account; the transformation error is introduced through the design processes.
Uncertainties of the load, of the (mechanical) model and of the decision model are finally
’hidden’ in the design result, as described in detail in Honjo & Kuroda . As stated in the
introduction, the focus of this chapter is in the description of the uncertainty estimation, which is
introduced through the setting up of the conceptual geological ground model.
After doing site investigations, the engineer’s aim is to estimate the values at unsampled
locations. One would intuitively choose a procedure like interpolation in order to take the
sampled properties in the neighbourhood of an unsampled location. A vast variety of methods for
interpolation can be found in different textbooks, which are very present in fields like hydrology,
statistics or geostatistics. These interpolation methods are based on the concept of spatial
correlation. In contrast to the interpolation approach, there are the geostatistical simulation
approaches.

Uncertainties in Reliability Based Design modified from Baecher & Christian, Honjo, Phoon and
Phoon & Kulhawy .
 llustration of the multi-scale nature of soil

The geotechnical level is between the specimen scale and the geological scale; therefore, it is
important to keep in mind that there is not a single spatial scale, but multiple spatial scales
contributing to soil variability. Of course, this plays a role in the evaluation of spatial variability
of soil properties as well in the evaluation of the effects of soil variability
 METHODOLOGY
Concept of regular and irregular configuration:

To perform well in an earth quake a building should possess four main attributes namely
simple and regular configuration and adequate lateral Strength, stiffness and ductility.
Buildings having simple regular geometry and uniformly distributed mass and stiffness in
plan as well as elevation, suffer much less damage than buildings with irregular
configuration. A building shall be considered as irregular for the purposes of this standard, if
at least one of the conditions are applicable as per IS 1893(part1):2002

The procedures for the earthquake analysis of the structures:

Linear Static Procedure

Linear dynamic Procedure
Response Spectrum method
Time history method
Nonlinear Static Procedure (Pushover analysis)
Nonlinear dynamic procedure
As per IS-1893:2002, Methods Adopted are
Equivalent Static Lateral Force (or) Seismic Coefficient Method
Response Spectrum Method
Time history method

Linear static procedure:

The linear static procedure of building is modelled with their linearly elastic stiffness of the
building. The equivalent viscous damps the approximate values for the lateral loads to near
the yield point. Design earthquake demands for the LSP are represented by static lateral
forces whose sum is equal to the pseudo lateral load. When it is applied to the linearly elastic
model of the building it will result in design displacement amplitudes approximating
maximum displacements that are expected during the design earthquake. To design the earth
quake loads to calculate the internal forces will be reasonable approximate of expected
during to design earth quake
Response spectrum method
I. The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree freedom system having
certain period and damping, during earthquake ground motions. The maximum response plotted
against of un-damped natural period and for various damping values and can be expressed in
terms of maximum absolute acceleration, maximum relative velocity or maximum relative
displacement. For this purpose response spectrum case of analysis have been performed
according to IS 1893

DEFINITIONS

Storey: when the multi story building or the residential building is constructed in that when the
floor to floor gap will be their that is the story.
Storey Shear (VI): We will calculated all the lateral loads at each floor of the building
Story Drift: is defined as the difference in lateral deflection between two adjacent stories.
During an earthquake, large lateral forces can be imposed on structures; Lateral deflection and
drift have three primary effects on a structure; the movement can affect the structural elements
(such as beams and columns); the movements can affect non-structural elements (such as the
windows and cladding); and the movements can affect adjacent structures. Without proper
consideration during the design process, large deflections and drifts can have adverse effects on
structural elements, nonstructural elements, and adjacent structures

Effect Of Drift On The Structure:

In terms of seismic design, lateral deflection and drift can affect both the structural elements that
are part of the lateral force resisting system and structural elements that are not part of the lateral
force resisting system. In terms of the lateral force resisting system, when the lateral forces are
placed on the structure, the structure responds and moves due to those forces. Consequently,
there is a relationship between the lateral force resisting system and its movement under lateral
loads; this relationship can be analyzed by hand or by computer. Using the results of this
analysis, estimates of other design criteria, such as rotations of joints in eccentric braced frames
and rotations of joints in special moment resisting frames can be obtained. Similarly, the lateral
analysis can also be used and should be used to estimate the effect of lateral movements on
structural elements that are not part of the lateral force resisting system, such as beams and
columns that are not explicitly considered as being part of the lateral force resisting system.
Design provisions for moment frame and eccentric braced frame structures have requirements to
ensure the ability of the structure to sustain inelastic rotations resulting from deformation and
drift. Without proper consideration of the expected movement of the structure, the lateral force
resisting system might experience premature failure and a corresponding loss of strength. In
addition, if the lateral deflections of any structure become too large, P-Δ effects can cause
instability of the structure and potentially result in collapse.
Center Of Mass
The center of mass is the unique point at the center of a distribution of mass in space that has the
property that the weighted position vectors relative to this point sum to zero. In analogy to
statistics, the center of mass is the mean location of a distribution of mass in space.
Center Of Rigidity
Center of rigidity is the stiffness centroid within a floor-diaphragm plan. When the center of
rigidity is subjected to lateral loading, the floor diaphragm will experience only translational
displacement. Other levels are free to translate and rotate since behavior is coupled both in plan
and along height. As a function of structural properties, center of rigidity is independent of
loading. Certain building codes require center of rigidity for multistory-building design-
eccentricity requirements.
For a given floor diaphragm, center of rigidity is calculated through the following process:

Case 1 applies a global-X unit load to an arbitrary point, perhaps the center of mass, such that the
diaphragm rotates Rzx
Case 2 applies a global-Y unit load at the same point, causing rotation Rzy.
Case 3 applies a unit moment about global-Z, causing rotation Rzz. These three load cases are
shown in Figure

Center of rigidity (X,Y) is then computed as X = -Rzy / Rzz and Y = Rzx / Rzz.
Seismic weight of building:

The seismic weight of the building means that is calculated on the entire floors weight of the
building Fundamental Natural period as per IS 1893(part1):
1. The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta)in seconds of a moment
resisting frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by the empirical
expression
Ta=0.075h^0.75 for RC framed building
Ta=0.075h^0.75 for steel framed building
Where h =height of building

2. The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta) in seconds, of all other
buildings, including moment –resisting frame buildings with brick infill panels, may be
estimated by the empirical expression
Ta= 0.09h/√d
Where h = height of building
d = Base dimensions of the building at the plinth level in m, along the considered direction
of lateral force
Design Seismic Base Shear

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (Vb) along any principal direction
shall be determined by the following expression
Vb = AhXW
Where Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per clause 6.4.2 IS
1893(part1):2002 using the fundamental natural period Ta as per clause 7.6 IS 1893(part
1):2002 in the consider direction of vibration
W = Seismic weight of building

Here

Ah =
 Z = zone factor
I = Importance factor

Depending up on the Ta and type of soil

Load combination:

In the limit state design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, the following load
combinations shall be accounted for as per IS1893 (part1):2002
1. 1.5(DL+IL)
2. 1.2(DL+IL±EL)
3. 1.5(DL±EL)
4. 4 0.9DL±1.5EL

Material Properties For Regular And Irregular Configuration

Grade of concrete M25

Grade of steel Fe 500
Column sizes = 0.30X0.90mts
Beam sizes = 0.30X0.65 meters
Slab thickness = 0.125 meters
Number of stories = G+11
Number of bays along X-direction = 8
Number of bays along Y-direction = 5
Storey height = 4 meters
Plinth height = 2 meters
Bay width along X-direction = 28 meters for regular configuration
Bay width along Y-direction = 17.5meters for regular configuration
Bay width along X-direction = 21.72 meters for irregular configuration
Bay width along Y-direction = 19.17meters for irregular configuration
Loading parameters Wall load for the outer side = 15.41 kN/m
Wall load for the inner side = 7.705 kN/m
Wall load for the terrace = 4 kN/m
Dead load of slab = 4.625 kN/m2 Live load = 4 kN/m2

For Seismic loading only 50% of the imposed load is considered the structure is analyzed for
all seismic zones by considering three different types of soils namely Hard Medium and Soft
for each seismic zone For wind load the risk coefficient is taken as 1and as per IS 873 the
terrain category is 2 and class of the structure is B, the topography of the structure is 1

Irregular Configuration
Plan of the building

Plan of the building

3D VIEW of the building

Elevation of building

STAAD plan
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Regular Configuration

I have taken as 3.5 mts each bay along X and Y

Plan of building
Elevation
Irregular configuration by using ETABS
Irregular configuration by using STAAD PRO
Story drift for the worst combination for all zones and all type of soils

ETABS & STAAD PRO

For regular configuration ETABS

Base shear
For regular configuration on STAAD PRO
Story drift for the worst combination for all zones and all types of soils
CONCLUSION
1 .Base shear value is more in the zone 5 and that in the soft soil in irregular configuration.
2. Base shear value is more in the zone 5 and that in the soft soil in regular configuration
3. When compared the both the regular and irregular configuration and the base shear value is
more in the regular configuration. Because of the structure have more symmetrical dimensions.
4. Story drift value is more in the story 12 in the irregular configuration.
5. Story drift value is more in the story 13 in the regular configuration.
6. When compared the both the regular and irregular configuration and the story drift value is
more in the regular configuration. Because of the structure has more dimensions.
7. Finally when compared the both software’s the STAAD PROV8i has more value. The area of
the steel is 5 to 10%
References

 Negi LS,Design of Steel Structures, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited,,2 nd
edition,1997,
 Agarwal Pankaj and Shrikhande Manish, Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures,
Prentice Hall of India Limited, July 2006, 251-336.
 Design Example by Arcelor-Mittal.(www.arcelor-mittal.org)
 IS 800:2007, Third Revision, General Construction in Steel –Code of Practice.
 IS 1893:2002, Fifth Revision, Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures,
Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings.
 Static and Dynamic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Framed Building: A Comparative
Study Prakash Sangamnerkar*, Dr. S. K. Dubey
 Design Cell,M. P. Housing and Infrastructure Development Board, Bhopal (M.P.)
462013Professor, Deptt. Of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology, Bhopal (M.P.)
 Bureau of Indian Standards:IS-875,part (1) 1987,Dead loads on Buildings and Structures,
New Delhi, India
 Bureau of Indian Standards:IS-875,part (2) 1987, Live loads on Buildings and Structures,
New Delhi, India
 Subramanian N., Design of steel structures, Oxford University Press,7th edition,2011,173-
209
 Bureau of Indian Standards:IS-1893, part (1) 2002,Criteriaof Eqrth quakeResitant Design
of Structures: part 1 General provisions on Buildings, New Delhi, India