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Procedia
StructuralStructural Integrity 11
Integrity Procedia 00 (2018)
(2016) 91–98
000–000
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XIIV International Conferrence on Bu

uilding Pathhology and Constructio
C ons Repair – CINPAR 2018
2
XIIV International Conferrence on Bu
uilding Pathhology and Constructio
C ons Repair – CINPAR 2018
2
Beehavior oof concreete reinfforced w with poly ypropylen ne fiber exposed d to
Beehavior oof concreete reinfforced w with poly ypropylen ne fiber exposed d to
high
h PCF
XV Portuguese Conference on Fracture, tem
mperature
2016, 10-12esFebruary 2016, Paço de Arcos, Portugal
high
h tem
mperaturees
a
Thermo-mechanical modeling
Felipe Alvves Amanccioa, Mariaa Fabíolaofdee aCarvalho
high Rafaelbb, Alisson
opressure A turbine bladede
Roodrigues of
e an
Felipe Alvves Amanccio , Maria
a
c, Fabíola dee Carvalho
o Rafael
Olivveira Diasc,*, Antônio Eduardo Bezerra
B , Alisson
A
Caabraldd Roodrigues de
e
airplane
Olivveira Dias gas Eduardo
*, Antônio turbineBezerra
Bengine Caabral
a,b,c,d
a
Federal Univversity of Ceará, Post
P Graduate Pro
ogram of
a Structurral Engineering
b and
a Civil Construc
c ction, Fortaleza, 660455-760- Brazzil
a,b,c,d
a
Federal Univversity of Ceará, Post P. Brandão , V. Infante , A.M. Deus *
P Graduate Pro
ogram of Structurral Engineering and
a Civil Construc
ction, Fortaleza, 660455-760- Brazzil
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Absttract
Portugal
Abstbtract
IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Civill construction ffaces an immense challenge in consequence e of fire damag
Portugal ges occurred during
d the consstruction and seervice
Civil
phasec l construction f
es. This occurs
CeFEMA, faces ofanMechanical
because
Department imme
fire nse Engineering,
challenge
reepresents one offinInstituto
consequence
the severereof
mostSuperior fire damag
environment
Técnico, gesconditions
tal occurred
Universidade during
do which
to
de Lisboa, the consstruction
structur
Av. Rovisco ures
Pais, can beand
subjseervice
1, 1049-001 ected,
Lisboa,
phase
so it es. This occurs
is important too because
study meansfire reepresents
t
that one offto
contribute t the
themost sever re environment
Portugal
mitigatioon of these prob tal conditions
blems. The pretoosent
which
workstructur
ures
analyyzedcan
thebebehav
subjvior
ected,
of
so itforced
reinf is important
concrete toowith
studypolypropy
means that
tylenecontribute
fibers wh hento
t the mitigatio
exposed to on
hhigh of temperatur
these prob blems.
res. TheThe predology
method sent work analy
consiste yzed
ed on the
the behav
prepavior of
ration
reinf
of 30forced
0 MPaconcrete
concreteewith polypropy
specimens, wylenethefibers
with whhen
addition n ofexposed to hrhigh
three fiber temperatur
contents (1,200res. The method
kg/m³, kdologyand
1,80 kg/m³ consiste
2,40edkg/m³),
on the which
prepahration
were
of Abstract
expo300 MPa
osed concreteetures
at temperat specimens,
of 200 °C w
with
C, 400 the°C,
addition
600 n°Cofand three fiber
800 Cr for
°C contents (1,20
30 minute 0 kg/m³,
es. 1,80 kg/m³
The paramet kters analyzed
and 2,40w kg/m³),
were which
the comprehessive
were
expo
strenosed
ngth, at temperattures
ultrasonic pulseofvelocity
200 °C C,(UPV)
400 °C,and600thee°Cmassandreductio
800 °CConfor 30 minute
factor. The es.
a The paramet
analysis of variters
ianceanalyzed
showed w were
th the fiber
that the comprecoessive
ontent
During
strenngth, their operation,
ultrasonic pulse modern(UPV) aircraftandengine components are subjected a to increasingly demanding operating
the fiberconditions,
signi ificantly influennces thevelocity
compreessive theebut
strength, mass reductio
does not oconccurfactor. The
for the redanalysis
duction ofofmass
variiance
. showed th that coontent
especially the high pressure turbine (HPT) blades. Such conditions
signiificantly influennces the compreessive strength, but does not occcur for the red cause these parts to undergo
duction of mass. different types of time-dependent
degradation, one of which is creep. A model using the finite element method (FEM) was developed, in order to be able to predict
Copy
theyright
creep© behaviour
2018 E Elsevier HPTB.V. All
A rightsFlight
reserveed.
Copyright © 2018 Elsevierof blades.
B.V. All rights reserved. data records (FDR) for a specific aircraft, provided by a commercial aviation
Copy
Peer- yright
-review ©under
2018 E Elsevier
r B.V. All
responsibility A
o f rights
the reserveed.
CINPAR 2018 organizer
company,under
Peer-review wereresponsibility
used to obtainof thethermal
CINPARand 2018mechanical
organizers datarsfor three different flight cycles. In order to create the 3D model
Peer- -review under r
responsibility o f
needed for the FEM analysis, a HPT blade scrapthe CINPAR 2018 organizer rs
was scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were
Keyw words: Concrete; HHigh Temperatur res; Polypropylen ne
obtained. The data that was gathered was fed into the FEM model Fibers; Spalling g. and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D
Keyw words: Concrete;
rectangular blockH High Temperatur
shape, in orderres;toPolypropylen ne Fibers;
better establish Spallingg.and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The
the model,
overall expected behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a
1. model
Inntroduction
can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data.
1. In
ntroduction
©Damages
D2016 The cause
Authors.
ed byPublished
a fire toobya Elsevier
concreteB.V.
structure
s can rrange from a simple discolo oration or staiin produced by
b the
Peer-review
Damages
D
smok under
cause
ke, to the com responsibility of the
ofScientific
mplete destructionconcrete
ed by a fire too a Committee
structure
sement
the ele bycanlossofofPCF
rrange 2016.a nical
its from
mechan simple discolo
strength oration
(SOUZA; or stai
MO in produced
ORENO 2by
b the
JR, 2010).
smok ke, to the com
mplete destruc tion of the eleement by loss
Thiss happens beccause fire reprresents one of the most seevere environmof its mechan nical strength (SOUZA; MO ORENO JR, 2010).
2
mental conditions to whichh structures can be
Keywords:
Thiss happensHighbec
Pressure
cause Turbine Blade;
fire repr Creep;
resents oneFinite Element
of the mostMethod;
seevere3Denvironm
Model; Simulation.
mental conditions to whichh structures can be

* Corresponding
C autthor. Tel.: 55 86 988532832
9
* E-mail
Corresponding
C
E address:autthor. Tel.: 55 86 @live.com
roodrigues_alisson@ 9
988532832
E-mail
E address: roodrigues_alisson@ @live.com
2452--3216 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reeserved.
2452--3216
reviewCopyright
Peer-r © 2018 Elsevier
under respponsibility of thee B.V. All rights
CINPAR 2018 re
oeserved.
organizers.
Peer-r
review under resp
* Corresponding ponsibility
author. of thee218419991.
Tel.: +351 CINPAR 2018 organizers.
o
E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt

2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.
2452-3216 Copyright  2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Peer-review under responsibility of the CINPAR 2018 organizers
10.1016/j.prostr.2018.11.013
92 Felipe Alves Amancio et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 11 (2018) 91–98
2 Felip
ipe Alves Amancioo et al. / Structurral Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
0

subjjected (LAU; ANSON, 2006 KODUR, 2014). Thereffore, the pred diction of adeq quate fire safe
fety measures in the
stru
ucture is an immportant aspecct of the constrruction projecct (KODUR, 2014).
2
When
W exposed to high tem mperatures, ass in the case of fires, conccrete undergo oes significantt physical-cheemical
chan nges (ARIOZ Z, 2007; YAN NG et al., 200 09; KODUR,, 2014). This exposure, am mong other prroblems, can cause
sign
nificant deteriioration, suchh as loss of strength,
s moddulus of elastiicity reduction and degraddation of concrete's
duraability (HAD DDAD; SHAN NNIS, 2004; XIAO; KÖN NIG, 2004; HUSEM,
H 2006
6). In additionn, cracks, spalling,
desttruction of thee bond betweeen the cemen nt paste and thhe aggregates and the gradu ual deterioratiion of the harrdened
cemment paste occcurs (GEORGA ALI; TSAKIR RIDIS, 2005).
The
T effects off high temperratures are geenerally visiblle in the form m of surface cracks
c and the
he effect of sp palling
(HEERTZ; SORE ENSEN, 2005)). Spalling is defined as tthe breaking of layers of concrete c from
m the surface when
expposed to high and rapidly increasing teemperatures, ssuch as thosee found in firres. This detaachment may occur
immmediately afteer exposure to rapid heating g and may be accompanied d by violent explosions or hhappen during g later
phaases of fire whhen the piece becomes
b so weak
w after heatting that when
n cracks develop, the piecees of concrete fall of
the surface. The consequencess are limited, since the exttent of damag ge is small, buut extensive sspalling can lead to
earlly loss of stabiility and integgrity of structu
ures (KODUR R, 2014).
The
T use of ppolypropylenee fibers in th he concrete rreduces and evene avoids spalling when en exposed att high
tem
mperatures (C CHEN; LIU, 2004; JANS SSON; BOST TRÖM, 2010 0; BANGI; HORIGUCHI,
H , 2011; SID DERIS;
MA ANITA,2013; YERMAK et al., 2017). Ho owever, this aaddition affectts negatively the
t workabilitty of the concrete in
the fresh state (KKARAHAN, ATIS, A 2011, XIONG
X and LIIEW, 2015).
The
T reductionn of spalling byy polypropyleene (PP) fiberss is explained d in Figure 1, by
b Ozawa andd Morimoto (2 2014).
Und der normal cconditions, fibbers exist in a dispersed manner in the t concrete. When a firee occurs, con ncrete
tem
mperature increeases and the free water insside to the conncrete turns in nto vapor, formming bubbles.. It is believed d that,
in th
he absence off PP fibers, thee vapor pressu ure inside thesse vapor bubbbles results in tensile stress. If the tensile stress
exceeds the tensile strength of o the concrette, spalling occcurs. Howev ver, when the fibers are prresent, they melt m at
1655°C to170 °C,, forming a vapor pressuree dissipation nnetwork, whicch effectively dissipates thee vapors insid de the
conncrete and prevvents the detacchment (OZA AWA; MORIM MOTO, 2014).

Fig. 1. Effect of polyprropylene fiber onn spalling (OZAW

WA; MORIMOTO
O, 2014).

Regarding
R thee residual strenngth of concreete with polyppropylene fibeer after exposeed at high tem
mperatures, theere are
conntroversies. W While studies demonstrate
d th
hat their use hhas resulted in
n the improvem ment of mechhanical perform mance
(BEEHNOOD; GH HANDEHARII, 2009), otherrs show that th the addition haad a negative effect on the rresidual mechhanical
prop perties of conncrete (SIDER RIS; MANITA A, 2013; AKCA A et al., 2013 ; MA et al., 2015).
2
In
I this sense, tthe present woork aims to an nalyze the behhavior of the concrete
c with addition of fiibers in the co
ontents
of 1.20
1 kg/m³, 1..80 kg/m³ andd 2.40 kg/m³ exposed
e at higgh temperaturres, verifying parameters suuch as comprressive
streength, mass loss and ultrasoonic propagatio on velocity (UUPV).
 Felipe Alves Amancio et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 11 (2018) 91–98 93
Felipe Alves Amancio et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

2. Experimental program

The guiding idea of this research was to evaluate the changes in concrete properties with the addition of
polypropylene fibers when subjected to high temperatures. Concrete mixes used are shown in Table 1 with the
materials and their amounts. A slump of 80 ± 20 mm, obtained according to ABNT NBR NM 67, was adopted for
concrete consistency.

Table 1 - Consumption of materials per cubic meter (m³) of concrete, in kilograms.

Coarse Coarse
Fck Fine Plasticizer Polypropylene w/c
Mix Cement Aggregate Aggregate
(MPa) Aggregate (%) fiber ratio
12,5mm 19 mm
T30 30,0 332 794 264 703 0.72 - 0.54
T30+1,2 30,0 332 794 264 703 0.76 1.20 kg/m³ 0.54
T30+1,8 30,0 332 794 264 703 0.85 1.80 kg/m³ 0.54
T30+2,4 30,0 332 794 264 703 0.94 2.40 kg/m³ 0.54

To perform the tests, Portland Cement Type II with pozzolan (CP II Z 32) was used. Table 2 shows the physical
and chemical properties of this material.
Table 2. Chemical and physical characteristics of cement used.
Especification – Standard
Properties Standard Unit Results
NBR 11578/91
Loss to fire NM 18/12 % 5.99 ≤ 6.5
Magnesium oxide - MgO NM 11-2/12 % 4.60 ≤ 6.5
Sulfuric Anhydride – SO3 NM 16/12 % 2.74 ≤ 4.0
Insoluble Residue NM 15/12 % 14.58 ≤ 16.0
Carbonic anhydride – CO2 11578/91 % 4.61 ≤ 5.0
Specific area (Blaine) 16372/15 cm2/g 4127 ≥ 2600 cm2/g
Specific weight NM 23/01 g/cm3 2.96 Not applicable
Fineness (#200) 11579/12 % 3.4 ≤ 12.0
Fineness (#325) 12826/14 % 14.6 Not applicable
Setting time (begin) NM 65/03 h:min 2:15 ≥ 1.0
Setting time (end) NM 65/03 h:min 3:15 ≤ 10.0
Expansibility NBR 11582/16 mm 0.10 ≤ 5.0

The fine and coarse aggregates used in this research were from the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, where the
fine aggregate is quartz from river and coarse aggregates is granite rocks crushed. Table 3 presents a summary of the
standards used to characterize the aggregates, as well as the results obtained.

Table 3. Chemical and physical characteristics of cement used.

Coarse aggregate Coarse aggregate
Tests Standard Unit Fine aggregate
12.5mm 19 mm
Maximum dimensions ABNT NM 248:2003 mm 2.36 12.5 19
Finesses Modulus ABNT NM 248:2003 - 2.52 5.99 6.84
Unitary weight ABNT NBR NM 45:2006 g/cm³ 1.5 1.41 1.37
Water absorption ABNT NBR NM 52:2009 % 0.2 0.89 0.94
Specific weight ABNT NBR NM 52:2009 g/cm³ 2.64 2.61 2.61
Powdery material ABNT NBR NM 46:2003 % 1.7 0.29 0.9

The plasticizer used is composed by polycarboxylates, which causes an improvement in the dispersion of the
cement particles. The additive has a yellowish color, a pH between 8.50 and 10.50 and a specific mass of about
1.055 g/cm³. Table 4 shows the characteristics of the polypropylene fiber according to the manufacture’s data.
94 Felipe Alves Amancio et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 11 (2018) 91–98
4 Felip
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0

Table 4 - Physiical and chemicall properties of polypropylene fiberr.

Properties Results
Absorption Zero
Alkaline
A resistancce Alkali
A proof
Ignition point 404 °C
High
H melting poiint 160 °C
Specific weigthh 0.91
0 g/cm³
Electricaal and thermal coonductivity Low

The
T research bbegan with thee preparation and molding oof concrete sp pecimens in cyylindrical mollds with dimen nsions
of 10x20
1 centim
meters, then cuured under waater up to 28 days of age. After that sp pecimens were re oven dried at the
tem
mperature of 1005°C for 24 hours, in order to eliminate tthe superficiall water. After drying, specim mens were weeighed
and
d performed thhe ultrasonic test, then exp posed to the temperatures 200°C, 400°C, 600°C andd 800°C. Afteer this
proccedure, the w weighing and UPV test weere performedd again to deetermine thesee properties aafter heating. After
natuural cooling, aall specimens were tested by y compressivee strength.
ABNT
A NBR 14432:2001 considers
c 30 minutes as thhe time from the beginnin ng of propagaation of the fiire for
resiidential occuppations of heigght up to 12 meters
m high. H
However, for the
t present stu udy, we analyyzed the behav vior of
the concrete in its worst situuation, once specimens weere exposed to high temp peratures for 30 minutes. Being
impportant to empphasize that thhe specimens were
w exposed to the heat du uring the proceess of heatingg of the furnace until
the desired tempperature for sttudy is reacheed, according to the heatin ng rate curvess of the furnac aces used, shoown in
Figu ure 2. From thhis, the countiing of time waas started.

Fig.
F 2. Heating raate of the used ov
ven.

Finally,
F aiminng a more deetailed analysis of the behhavior of the concrete sub bjected to higgh temperaturres, an
analysis of variannce (ANOVA) was perform med as well as the Tukey tesst, by Statistics 7.0 softwaree.

3. Results
R

T ANOVA identified thaat the fiber con

The ntent and the temperature-ffiber interactio
on had a signnificant influen
nce on
the compressive strength of thhe concrete after exposure to high temp peratures. Figure 3 shows tthe behavior of the
ncretes with thhe addition off fibers accord
con ding to each ttemperature and
a Figure 4 shows
s means comparison by b the
Tukkey test, accorrding to the tem
mperature forr each individuual content.
 Felipe Alves Amancio et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 11 (2018) 91–98 95
Feelipe Alves Amanccio et al. / Structuural Integrity Pro
ocedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

Fig. 3. Influen
nce of temperaturre on the compressive strength.

ngth individually.
Fig. 4. Comparison of averages ccompressive stren

Itt is possible tto observe in Figures 3 an nd 4 that, exceept for the reeference mix (ambient), forr all fiber add
dition
conttents there is no significannt difference between
b comppressive stren ngth averages up to 400 °C C. From 600 °C a
significant reductiion occurs.
At
A 600 °C, thee resistance losses in the miix T30, T30+ 1,2, T30+1,8 and T30+2,4 were 30.6%; 33.4%, 43.8% % and
46.9
9% respectivelly, that is, low wer reduction
n values for thhe reference mix.
m While att the temperatture of 800 °C the
valu
ues were 68.11%; 58.5%; 61.8% 6 and 644.2%. The mi
mixes with add dition of fibeer presented a reduction of
o the
resisstance less thaan the referennce, possibly due
d to the spaalling phenom menon, which had greater m manifestation in
i the
referrence concretee.
96 Felipe Alves Amancio et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 11 (2018) 91–98
6 Felip
ipe Alves Amancioo et al. / Structurral Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
0

Figure
F 5 show
ws comparisonn of the averag
ges by the Tukkey test accord
ding to temperrature in pair ccombinations.

Fig. 5. Comparison of
o average valuess by the Tukey tesst in pair combina
ations.

For
F a temperaature of 600 °C C, with excepttion of relatioon T30 – T30++1.8, there is no
n significant difference beetween
the combinationss. This means that 1.8 kg g/m³ of polyppropylene fibeers is not eno ough to mitiggate fire damaage to
mpressive strenngth. For 800 °C, although the T30 had nnumerically th
com he lowest valu
ue when comppared to the ad ddition
con
ntents, Tukey'ss test showedd that there was
w no significcant differencce between th he averages. T This means th hat 1.8
kg/mm³ of polyprropylene fibeers is not enough also too mitigate firre damage to o compressivee strength fo or this
tem
mperature. So, for the addition contents of 1.2 kg/m³ annd 1.8 kg/m³, there were no o significant ddifferences beetween
the averages for any of the tem mperatures. However, 2.4 kkg/m³ were effficient to prev vent loss of coompressive strrength
justt for 200 °C. F
For higher temmperatures thiss content show wed inefficien
nt.
Analyzing
A thee loss of conccrete mass witth different fibber contents, according to ANOVA, thee fiber conten nt does
not influence thiis parameter (Figure 6). In n spite of thiis, from 600 °C, the referrence concretee was the on ne that
pressented a greaater loss of weight
w when compared w with concrete with addition of polyproopylene fiberss. The
reduuction factorss for concretees subjected to
t 600 °C weere 3.9%; 2.4%; 3.1% and 2.9% for miixes T30, T30+1,2,
T300+1,8 and T300+2,4 respectively. At 800 °C, ° the reducttion factors weere 5.8%; 4.2% %; 4.3% and 44.8%.
 Felipe Alves Amancio et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 11 (2018) 91–98 97
Feelipe Alves Amanccio et al. / Structuural Integrity Pro
ocedia 00 (2018) 000–000 7

Fig. 6 - Inffluence of fiber coontent on mass lo

oss. Fig 7. Influence
I of fiberr content on the vvariation of UPV
V.

For
F the reducttion of concrrete ultrasonicc pulse veloccity, ANOVA A demonstrateed that the aaddition conteent of
poly
ypropylene fibbers does not have
h a significcant influence on the reducttion of the VPU, according to Figure 7.
About
A the spallling phenomeenon, the addittion of polyprropylene fiber collaborated to prevent it. UUp to 600 °C there
was no spalling ooccurrence of the concrete at any additioon content, wh hereas this ch
hipping at the reference conncrete
surfaace already occcurred.
A the temperaature of 800 °C spalling occcurred for alll concretes wiith addition off fibers, beingg less intensifi
At fied in
the trace
t with highher content (22.40 kg/m³), ass can be obserrved in Figuree 8.

Fig. 8. Spalling on thee specimens madde with the traces T30, T30+1,2, TT30+1,8 and T30+ +2,4, represented from left to rightt, respectively, affter be
ex
xposed to the tem
mperature of 800 °C.
°

4. Conclusion

The
T phenomennon of spalling with the addition of ppolypropylenee fibers was prevented upp to the exp posure
temp perature of 6000 °C. Abovee this temperaature, the adddition only actted in the min nimization off this phenom menon,
sincee all concretes with fibers presented
p spalling, howeveer in concretess with higher content of add
ddition this efffect is
reduuced. It is wortth noting that the residual strength
s of thee concrete is not
n affected by
y the additionn of fibers wheen the
conccrete is subjeccted to high tem
mperatures.
The
T results obbtained demonnstrate the im mportance of rregulatory staandards that present
p minim mum values fo or the
mod dulus of elasticcity and comppressive strenggth of reinforcced concrete with
w fibers, esspecially afterr being subjectted to
firess. With this, tthe engineer can measure the damagess caused by the t fire in thee concrete strructures and, thus,
98 Felipe Alves Amancio et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 11 (2018) 91–98
8 Felipe Alves Amancio et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

establish parameters for the construction of new enterprises, as well as criteria for reinforcement and recovery of
structures that have passed through accidents.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Civil Engineering Graduate Program in Structures and Civil Construction of the
Federal University of Ceará, CAPES for funding, to the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering and
to the technicians and scholarship holders of the Civil Construction Materials Laboratory of the University.

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