Prof. T. K. Datta Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Prof. T. K.
Datta
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Saturday, 22nd, March 2014
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT)

New Delhi, INDIA
1
IIT Delhi
Understanding
Dynamics and
SDOF
2
IIT Delhi Structural Dynamics for Practicing Civil Engineers
Distinction between Static and
Dynamic Motions
Displacement
Structure would respond to any “external
Acceleration
disturbance”
Buildi Inter-storey drift
Forc Respon
ng Base Shear
e se
Stresses
In static In Dynamic
problems…
Force is a problems…
The excitation is a time-varying
constant force usually expressed as
Acceleration time history
Pressure time history
Force time history
Response is a Response is time-
constant varying
Response is dependent
2
Response is
dependent only on on excitation force,
the static load inertial force and
IIT Delhi dissipative forces
Structural Dynamics for Practicing Civil Engineers
In static problems…
Excitation Force
Buildi Elastic properties, K
ng Time
Response
In Dynamic Time
problems…
Inertial Properties, M
Buildi Dissipative Properties, C
ng Elastic Properties, K
4
How do we define the dynamic motion
of a building?
5
It all starts with this…
Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )

t
Or sometimes with this…
Mx  Cx  F(x ,x )  P(t )

t
6
Let us consider a simple Dynamic Force
case… Equilibrium
Equation
Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )

t
Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )  MX

 g
Let us try to understand its
each force components…
7
What is
Mx t
Inertial
InertialForce
Force
inertia?
It is the resistance of an
object to change its state
of motion (magnitude and
REST IS direction)
A STATE OF MOTION WITH
Understanding Mass in a better ZERO VELOCITY
light…
Newton’s First Law of
Motion
D’Alembert's
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in Principle
On Dynamic
motion stays in motion with the same speed and in equilibrium
the same direction unless acted upon by an This tendency is called Inertia
Mass moment
unbalanced force. of Inertia
All objects have the tendency to resist changes in their state of motion
TI  J
FI  ma Direction is
8
Mass as a measure of
amount of inertia opposite to
that of
motion
If there was no concept Idealizatio
of inertia force then…
Galileo's ns
EXPERIMENTS
Ball would have Point Rigid Deformable

stopped here! Particl Body
NOT e
No loss
E of
Point of application of Inertial
energy due to
force: At center of mass
friction or other
means
Is this sufficient to define the dynamic
problem?
Let’s see
9
NOT
Cx Dissipative
E to quantify
It is hard
explicitly different
factors for energy loss.
Force Thus an approximate
model maybe chosen…
Viscous
Damping
FD  x
 n
Dissipative Force
Exponentially
Displacemen
For practical purposes, in the decaying (for
viscous damping)
analysis of buildings, a linear
relationship maybe assumed, Tim
thus
FD  cx e
t
Velocity c
This constant of proportionality, is
called the damping constant.
In reality, the dissipative force
is a frequency-dependent 10
quantity.
Kx Elastic
Force
This maybe familiar to you

from the static analysis…
Elastic
Force
Nevertheless, this is also an
integral part of the dynamic
force equilibrium
Displace
ment
For a conventional building
NOT we will assume it to have a
E linear relationship. 11
It is now clear as to why M, C and K are
included in the part of your dynamic analysis of
a structure
How are dynamic forces induced in
the structure? Recall
A Time-varying External
force or pressure
B Time-varying Inertial force is the

boundary/support condition product of inertial mass
and “absolute” Support
acceleration acceleration
Mx  M(x  X
12
t  g )

Force induced due
Earthquake Force
Earthquake Force to time-varying Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )  MX
 g
boundary condition.
Force induced due

Wind Force to time-varying Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )  MX
 g
pressure on building
surface.
Force induced due
Blast Force
Blast Force
to time-varying
blast wave pressure
Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )  MX
 g
on building surface
as well as ground 13
vibration.
SDOF Spring-Mass-dashpot
A Schematic diagram for the
k1
system
dynamic force equilibrium m1 x
NOT
equation c1 E 2
  t 
T
Harmonic Displacem
Motion ent x  Asint
X
Velocity
dx
x   A cost  Ax
dt
A Amplitude Accelerati
 x ,A on d 2x
Tim x   A2 sint  A2x
e dt 2
Time
period, T
14
Earlier we
Earlier we noted
noted x  Asint x  A cost x  A2 sint
that…
that…
Fk  Kx FD  Cx FI  Mx
Elastic Dissipative Inertial
Force Force
We note that, if excitation frequency is increased
Force
inertial and dissipative forces increase
  FD FI
The increase in inertial and dissipative forces due to
increase in excitation frequency do not necessarily mean that
responses of the building increases.
Increase in frequency do signify that inertial forces and
dissipative forces can no longer be ignored in the analysis of
a building  Problem can no longer be treated as static.
15
“Engineering judgment is key to
structural modelling”
We shall now see how the responses of a SDOF

system gets affected due to the dynamic
characteristics of a building
16
Equation of motion for a viscous damped SDOF
system subjected to harmonic excitation
p0 sint m Mass of SDOF p0 Amplitude of excitation
 g  0
u
system force
k c Coefficient of  Angular frequency of excitation
Stiffness
m k Coefficient of Damping
c n Natural frequency of SDOF

system
Harmonic  D Damped natural frequency of
SDOF system
excitation
 Damping ratio
Amplitude
, p0   cu  ku  p0 sint
mu
For
ce
Tim
e
17
k
n  D  n 1   2 c  2mn
2 m
Time T 

period,
Effect of damping
on free Vibration
Damped structure
Undamped structure
e   t
Displacem
u(0)
ent
Time
Tn
Td
u(t )  e   nt A cosDt  B sinDt  where, A  u(0) B

v(0)  nu(0)
D 18
Transi
ent
Amplitu v(0)  
u(t )  u(0) cosnt    ust 2
sinnt
de 
 n 1   
P 
ust
sinwt
1  2
Steady-
Total Period,
T  2  state
response where,
p0 
ust   
k n
u(t )
(ust )0
(a) Harmonic force;
(b) Response of
Steady-state undamped system
subjected to
response
harmonic force; ω/ωn
= 0.2; u(0)=0; and
19
v(0) = (ωnp0)/k
For,u(0)  v(0)  0
Deformation Response
ust
u(t )  (sinwt  sinnt )
1  2
u(t )  ust Rd sin(wt  )

u0
Rd    0 for   n
ust 0
Factor, Rd
  180 for   n
1.0
0
180
Deformation
Phase
Angle
response factor and

0
0 1.0
phase angle for an
undamped system
2
Frequency
Ratio,
 n
0
Envelope 
curve
u(t )
(ust )0 t
Tn
Response of
undamped system to
sinusoidal force of
frequency ω=ωn; 21
u(0)= v(0)=0
Transi
whenc  0,u(t )   because
of damping ent
v(0)  
u(t )  u(0) cosnt    ust 2
sinnt

 n 1   
Transient Steady-State ust

 sin(wt  )
(1   )  4 
2 2 2 2
Total
response Steady-
u(t )
where, state
(ust )0 t p0 
ust   
Tn k n
 2 
  tan 1 
Steady-state  1   2

response
Response of damped
system to harmonic
At u(t ) 
ust
cosnt , for   n andD  n
force ω/ωn=0.2, ζ =
0.05 u(0)=0; and v(0)
2
2
2(e  wnt  1)
resonance
=ωn p0/k
Steady-state
1 Envelope amplitudes
2 curve
u(t ) t
(ust )0 Tn
1
2
Response of undamped
system with ζ = 0.05 to
sinusoidal force of
2
frequency ω=ωn; u(0)=
v(0)=0 3
 n  0.5 Rd  1.29
u(t )
t
(ust )0
Tn
 n  1.0 Rd  2.5
u(t )
t Steady state
(ust )0
Tn response of damped
system (ζ = 0.2 to
sinusoidal force for
three value of the
 n  2 Rd  0.32 frequency ratio; (a)
= ω/ωn=0.5, (b)
t
u(t ) ω/ωn=1, (c) ω/ωn=2
(ust )0 Tn
2
4
  0.01%
 
Deformation Response
0.10
  0.20
  0.70
  1.00
u0
Rd 
ust 0
Factor, Rd
1.0
0
Deformation response
factor and phase angle 180
for a damped system
Phase
Angle
excited by harmonic
force
0
2
1.0
5
0
Frequency  n
Ratio,
Some important Observation from SDOF
subjected to Harmonic excitation…
1/
8
Solution of SDOF system for sinusoidal excitation
consists of two parts: transient and steady state.
Transient response depends upon initial conditions u(0)
and v(0) and dies down with time for c ≠ 0 ; when c =0,
transient response continues forever.
If there were no inherent damping in the structure, all
structures would have failed due to continuous
oscillation (fortunately, this is not so!)
Steady state response is of interest for c≠0
2
6
2/
8
Steady state response is sinusoidal like excitation but
with a phase lag ϕ.
Amplitude of response = static response × DAF; ϕ
depends upon ω/ωn and damping.
DAF Vs ω/ωn for displacement, velocity and
acceleration (Rd, Rv and Ra) reveal many interesting
dynamic behaviour of structures.
The relation between Ra, Rd, Rv i.e. Rv = (ω/ωn) Rd and Ra
= (ω/ωn)2Rd makes it possible to plot them in a single
graph in four way logarithmic plot.
2
6
3/
8
Characteristics of Rd Vs ω/ωn
Maximum value of R takes
()
d
plot

place not at ω=ωn but at
DAF
>1 0.5 to 1.35

n 1  2 2
≈1 0.5
For rational   0.2 <1 1.35
damping ratio,
1
Rd  < 0.25 >>2
2
2
8
4/
8
At resonance ф = 900 ;  >2, ф 1800 and  <0.5, ϕ  0.
At resonance, damping force predominates and equilibrates the
external force.
As a thumb rule, frequency of SDOF should be designed such
that  should not lie within the bound given by 0.75 ≤  ≤ 1.25;
effect of damping is very significant within this range.
Effect of damping becomes insignificant for  >1.5
2
9
5/
8
Characteristics of Rv
v
Vs 
Maximum value of R takes place at ω=ω
• As a thumb rule, for
tow DAF  should not n
1   0.2 fall within
and Rv max 
2 DAF  0.75<<1.25 ; effect
For rational dampingratio,
 0.2 of damping is very
>1 0.75 to 1.6
significant within this
<1 < 0.75 range.
<1 > 1.6 • Effect of damping
< 0.35 > 2.5

for >1.6. 3
becomes insignificant
0
6/
Characteristics of 8
Ra Vs  • As a thumb rule,
Maximum value of Ra takes place not at ω=ωn, for low DAF  should
n 1 not fall within 0.8< 
but
 at Ra max 
<1.5 ; effect of
1  2 2 2 DAF 
damping is very
For rational value
 of0.2 >1 0.75 significant within
this range.
1 >3
• Effect of
<1 > 0.75 damping becomes
insignificant for  >
2 31
7/
Characteristics of TR Vs8 
TR denotes the fraction of the vibratory force
transmitted to the foundation when an isolator is in
between the force and the foundation.
For rational damping,
  0.2 DAF 
>1 0.5 to 1.4
<1 >2
<< 1 >3
3
2
8/
8
For practical design, it is better to avoid the range of 
as 0.75<  <1.3
(TR)max is at  =1.
TR also denotes the transmission of ground acceleration

to the rigid mass attached to a spring dash pot system
(idealization of isolator).
The same characteristics hold good.

3
3
Modelling of
Buildings
3
4
Modelling of Building
Primary members resisting seismic forces-

Columns (Imposed design consideration)
Understanding the deformation profile
Assessing the independent dynamics degrees of

freedom
BED ROCK
35
Primary members resisting seismic forces-

Columns (Imposed design consideration)
Understanding the deformation profile
Assessing the independent dynamics degrees of

freedom
BED ROCK
36
Modelling of
Building
Primary members resisting seismic

forces- Columns (Imposed design
consideration)
Understanding the deformation
profile
Assessing the independent dynamics
degrees of freedom
BED ROCK
3
7
Modelling of
Building
Primary members resisting seismic

forces- Columns (Imposed design
consideration)
Understanding the deformation
profile
Assessing the independent
dynamics degrees of freedom
3
8
Modelling of
Building

NOT
E
In reality a structure will
have infinite degrees of
freedom.
3
9
Modelling of
Building

For practical purposes, one degree
of freedom is needed to be
considered
Mass shouldatbeeach floor level.
attached to
dynamic D.O.F.
D.O.F. other than dynamic D.O.F.
are condensed out.
Point mass lumping does
not have MI.
Floor is assumed to be rigid in its own
4
plane
0
6EI
M 2 12EI
L F
In one single column… L3
For unit lateral

6EI displacement,   1 12EI
M 2 F
L L3
41
Modelling of
Building
m1
12EI
k1 k1  3 k1 k2
L
m2 m1 m2
k2  k1 
m1 0   k1
M  K 
 0 m2    k1 k1  k2 
4
2
Modelling of
Building
x 1  m1 0   k1  k1 
X  m1 M K
x 2  0 m   k k  k 
 2   1 1 2 
c1 12EI
k1 k1  3 k1 k2
L
m2 m1 m2
c1 c2
k2 Rayleigh’s
c2 Damping
1
C  M   K
4
1 2
3
Modelling of
Building
Understanding the degrees

of freedom in a 3-
Dimensional model
4
4
Modelling of
Building
Understanding the degrees

of freedom in a 3-
Dimensional model
Center of
mass
4
5
Modelling of
Building
The floor slab is assumed to be rigid

θz and the total mass of the floor is
y
lumped at its center of mass.
CM
CM
D.O.F at each node Dynamic D.O.F. are considered at
center of mass.
CM
The stiffness matrix written in terms
of nodal D.O.F. is condensed to the
stiffness matrix corresponding to the
D.O.F. at center of mass using
Dynamic D.O.F = 3N (N = No. of Storey) transfer matrix. 4
Modeling in STAAD.Pro is different.6
When to go for 3D analysis?
2D
3D 3D
Asymmetri
Symmetric
c 47
Asymmetric Center of
Building mass
Center of
rigidity
Inertial forces acts at the center of

mass.
Center of rigidity is the point through

which a force, if applied, will produce only
a translation motion in that direction.
4
8
Asymmetric
Building
Shear
e x wall
Coupling between D. O. F at
center of mass.
ey
3D analysis is done unless it is
torsionally very stiff.
Core wall For translational component of

ground motion, there is
ith floor torsion.
Center of
mass
Center of
4
rigidity
9
Asymmetric
Building
CG of CM lines vertically
eccentricity
CM CR
CG of CM
lines
CR CM
Translation mass and mass moment

of inertia are lumped at floor
levels on CG of CM lines 5
0
Symmetric Building
No coupling between D.O.F. at

center of mass.
Can be easily analyzed with 2D

approximation.
For translational component of

ground motion, no torsion.
Center of
mass
51
Symmetric Building
Not
e
Asymmetric Buildings undergo
torsion.
Symmetric Buildings also undergo
torsion because of:
• Lack of correlation of wind
forces on the face of the wall
(Time lag Effect)
• Torsional component of
Center of ground motion.
mass
• Accidental eccentricity 5
2
Observations on Asymmetric Building
1
Loads are shared according to the stiffness of elements.
2
Extent of torsion decides the distress of corner columns and edge
columns. Corner column is subjected more stresses.
Center of mass
Center of rigidity
C1 Stiffer sections will
C2 C1 and C2 are columns of same stiffness. carry more load
 2  1  C2 is stressed more than C1
2
53
1
Observations on Asymmetric Building
 Torsionally  Torsionally
stiff but stiff but
Asymmetric symmetric
3
Positioning of the core and shear walls in the building decides the
asymmetry and torsional stiffness of the building.
5
4
Soil-Structure
Interaction
Assumptions
The springs are linear.

Both yawning and lateral deformation of foundation on the soil is considered. Full analysis
Soil is homogeneous.
Substructure analysis
with iteration
In soft soil
Radiation important
5
5
BED ROCK BED ROCK

Soil-Structure
Interaction
Understanding the motion
Spring-dashpot model
for foundation
kh kθ
cθ
ch
kv cv
BED ROCK 5
6
Soil-Structure
Interaction
Ground motions maybe

amplified at surface
with respect to the bed
rock.
Kinematic
Inertial
Interaction
Interaction
Free-field
ground motion
BED ROCK
Radiation

Response
Analysis
5
8
Coming back to the governing
differential equation of motion… x 1 
X 
x 2 
Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )

t
t
X “Absolute”
acceleration
x “Relative” velocity w.r.t.
support/ground
X “Relative” displacement w.r.t.
support/ground
How do we now solve

this? 5
9
How do we now solve Solving the equation yields us the required response
quantity of interest: acceleration, velocity and
this? displacement in the building
Basically, we are just solving

NOT
a differential equation
E
Modal Analysis
Numerical Integration Methods
(Based on Normal Mode
Theory)
METHODS
6
0
Modal Analysis
(Based on Normal Mode
Theory) 
M
Physical Model C Modal Model 
K 
Physical Modal Space
Space
k1 k2
m1 m2
1 ,1 ,1
c1 c2
Decoupled in modal
space
Coupled in physical
2 ,2 ,2
space
Equations can be solved individually

Equations will need to be
solved simultaneously in
in modal space and later on be
transformed back into physical space
61
physical space
in a “simple manner”
Buildi
Buildi Assumptions NOT
ng
ng E
Building remains elastic during the excitation. For 2 D.O.F. there
will be two natural
One lateral degree-of-freedom at each floor level is
frequencies
1 and2 (1  2)
considered.
Columns are inextensible and weightless.
Building is classically damped.
Physical World Modal World
BED ROCK 1 ,1 ,1 2 ,2 ,2

6
2
More on
More on mode
mode
shapes…
shapes…
Free vibration shape of the structure in a natural
frequency is called mode shape of the structure.
Each natural frequency has an associated mode shape.
For N D.O.F. there will be N natural frequencies
and
Whenmode shapes
pulled laterally and allowed to go it vibrates in
frequency 1 called fundamental frequency of vibration.
In order to make it vibrate in frequency 2, more
energy is required. So when allowed to vibrate freely it
vibrates
It in 1 to make the structure vibrate only in
is difficult
second mode/nth mode.
However by resonance test, it is possible to make the
structure vibrate almost (nearly) in the nth mode for 6
many structures.
3
Mode Shapes-
Mode Shapes-
Chimney/Frame/Suspension Bridge
Chimney/Frame/Suspension Bridge
1st Mode
2 3
1 2nd Mode
1st Mode 3rd Mode 3rd Mode

2nd Mode
Suspension bridge may have

Tall chimneys/Frames may have
6
closely spaced frequencies
widely Spaced frequencies
4
Mode Shapes- Symmetric
Building
Asymmetric Building
Symmetric
Symmetric X
1 3 2 4
6
1st Mode- 3rd Mode- 2nd Mode- 4th Mode-
X dir X dir Y dir Y dir
5
Mode Shapes-
Asymmetric Building
Center of
mass
Y
Center of
X rigidity
X Y θ
1st mode (ω1)
Coupled mode
Closely spaced frequencies
2nd Mode (ω2)

6
X Y θ
6
How do we decouple the coupled
Coupling terms
equations of motion ?
m1 0   k1  k1 
M  K 
Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )
t
 0 m2  k
 1 1 k  k2
Eigen vectors (mode 

By using Eigen shapes), c11 c12
value analysis C  M  K   
Eigen values (Natural 2 c c
frequencies),
 21 22
These Eigen vectors are then used to transform the

physical model to modal model by pre- and post-multiply
the equations of motions to yield decoupled equations of
motion
Let’s find out how to calculate the
mode shapes and natural 6
frequencies first…
7
As we stated earlier, free vibration of a
structure gives the mode shapes…
Thus, Mx  Kx  0
When a structure vibrates freely in any of its modes of vibration, NOT
every point of the structure undergoes a SHM with a frequency E
equal to the natural frequency of that mode. So, it is possible to Eigen values and Eigen
write vectors of matrix A give
x 1  x 10
X  X0 sint X    X0    the natural frequencies
x 2  x 20 and mode shapes of the
Thus the equation of motion structure.
becomes Number (n) of natural
 M2X0  Kx0  0
frequencies and mode
Kx0  MXo wher    2
shapes is equal to the
Pre-multiplying with M-1 we get e size of matrix A.
M 1Kx0  IX o ( MM1  I )
Classical Eigen
Value Problem Ax0  Xo
6
8
More…
Mode shapes and natural frequencies are the two key

dynamic characteristics of structures. They are used to
study and analyse the response of structures to dynamic
loads.
Mode shapes of structure may be compared with human
moods which display intrinsic human characteristics
Singin Dancing Dynami to

Disturba
g c nce
Response
Talkativ
Compromisi
ng
e Aggressive 6
9
More…
Responds to disturbance by combining different
characteristics (moods) in different proportion, say,
aggression is having maximum weightage.
In a similar way, a structure responds to any dynamic
disturbance by combining its natural modes of vibration in
different proportion.
In other words, response of a structure to dynamic force
is a weighted summation of its mode shapes.
Weighing
functions
x (t ) q1(t ) q2(t )
x (t )  1q1(t )  2q2(t )
1 2
This theory is called 7

Normal mode theory
of dynamics 0
More…
Most popular but valid for linear classically damped

system.
This theory is called Normal mode theory of
Dynamic analysis.
Most attractive feature of the normal mode theory is that
is converts the solution of a MDOF system to the
summation of the solutions of a number of SDOF systems.
This is possible because of the orthogonal property of
mode shapes. m 0 if
 1  2
1 0  Mode shape,
 is mass-
 M  
T
  K  
T
2
 0 m2 0  normalized
 2
NOT : There are no more coupling

E terms
71
More…
x 1 
x (t )      }q
x 2 
T Mq  T Cq  T Kq  T P(t )
  ci q  ki q  pi
mi q
  ci q  ki q  pi
mi q
whe mi   T M 
re ci   T C    1 2
ki   T K 
Each equation represents a

SDOF
Solution of SDOF to dynamic excitation is
Back to
straight forward.
x (t )  {q  1q1(t )  2q2(t ) 7
2
physical space
with…
For earthquake
For earthquake excitation
excitation each
each SDOF
SDOF (modal
(modal
equation) NOTE
equation)
Normal mode theory reduces

  ci q  ki q   MIx g
mi q T
i the size of the problem.
  2 i i q  2i q  i x g

q Normal mode theory gives
better insight into the
ki response of the structure
 2i ci  2mi i  through the modal behavior
mi
and its contributions.
irmr Mode shapes and
 i  Modeparticipat
ionfactor frequencies are also used
2irmr
for damage detection.
ωi determines dynamic magnification for

the mode NOT
EModal
Participation for
7
first mode = ~90%
(for stiff buildings) 3
Tips for
Designers
7
4
Salient
Points
Symmetric buildings may under go torsion under
earthquake and wind excitation because of
• Accidental (uncertain) eccentricity.
• Torsional component of ground motion.
• Kinematic interaction of foundations with
soil.
• Lack of Spatial Correlation
7
5
Salient
Points
Asymmetric buildings have generally closely
spaced frequencies and coupled modes; pure
torsional / pure translational modes are hardly
present; more number of modes are required to
get good response.
For asymmetric buildings, corner and edge
colums are stressed more; the degree depends
upon the torsional response.
7
6
Salient
Points
Shear walls / core walls relieve column stresses
and are beneficial for reducing torsional
response.
Core walls may undergo significant warping
stresses.
Drifts are more towards the bottom storey.
Higher modes contribute significantly to the
bending stress.
7
7
Salient
Points
More number of modes are excited in hard soil
as compared to soft soil.
Mat foundation tends to alter the free field
ground motion leading to somewhat different
dynamic behaviour than anticipated.
Buildings may undergo considerable rocking
motion (in relatively soft soil) and hence,
deflection and stresses in members may be more
than anticipated.
7
8
Salient
Points
For tall buildings wind induced acceleration at
the top storey levels is of great concern.
Ductility demand is high near the bottom storey
of the buildings.
For taller buildings the ductility demand is
generally less in the middle storeys compared to
the upper and lower storeys.
7
9
Salient
Points
Deviation of storey ductility from the assumed
ones increases for taller buildings.
Rotation at the joints are actually limited by
infill panels, therefore, full ductility may
______________________?
Bidirectional interaction effect alters the
yielding and ductility of column elements that
are generally envisaged; floor acceleration could
also be of concern in certain cases.
8
0
Salient
Points
Effect of blast is more at lower levels; taller
structures have less effects.
Behaviour of buildings could be different in soft
soil; relatively tall buildings may be more
effected in soft soil.
Buildings which are irregular in plan have
complex dynamic behaviour both due to wind and
earthquake.
Out of plane failure of brick walls is of more
concern in masonry constructions / for infill
panels. 81
81
Thank You
8
2

Prof. T. K. Datta Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

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Prof. T. K. Datta Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

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Prof. T. K.

Saturday, 22nd, March 2014

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT)

Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )

Mx  Cx  F(x ,x )  P(t )

Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )

Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )  MX

Ball would have Point Rigid Deformable

This maybe familiar to you

B Time-varying Inertial force is the

IIT Delhi Structural Dynamics for Practicing Civil Engineers

Force induced due

Force induced due

We shall now see how the responses of a SDOF

c n Natural frequency of SDOF

u(t )  e   nt A cosDt  B sinDt  where, A  u(0) B

u(t )  ust Rd sin(wt  )

response factor and

Transient Steady-State ust

>1 0.5 to 1.35

< 0.35 > 2.5

>1 0.5 to 1.4

TR also denotes the transmission of ground acceleration

The same characteristics hold good.

Primary members resisting seismic forces-

Assessing the independent dynamics degrees of

Primary members resisting seismic forces-

Assessing the independent dynamics degrees of

Primary members resisting seismic

Primary members resisting seismic

Assessing the independent

Assessing the independent

For unit lateral

Understanding the degrees

Understanding the degrees

The floor slab is assumed to be rigid

Inertial forces acts at the center of

Center of rigidity is the point through

Core wall For translational component of

Translation mass and mass moment

No coupling between D.O.F. at

Can be easily analyzed with 2D

For translational component of

The springs are linear.

IIT Delhi Structural Dynamics for Practicing Civil Engineers

Understanding the motion

Ground motions maybe

IIT Delhi Structural Dynamics for Practicing Civil Engineers

Mx  Cx  Kx  P(t )

How do we now solve

Basically, we are just solving

Equations can be solved individually

Physical World Modal World

BED ROCK 1 ,1 ,1 2 ,2 ,2

1st Mode 3rd Mode 3rd Mode

Suspension bridge may have

2nd Mode (ω2)

Eigen vectors (mode 

These Eigen vectors are then used to transform the

Mode shapes and natural frequencies are the two key

Singin Dancing Dynami to

This theory is called 7

Most popular but valid for linear classically damped