EME1201

Engineering Mechanics

Dr. K.E.D. Sumanasiri

Sri Lanka Technological Campus

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EME1201 - Engineering Mechanics
(Statics and Dynamics)

Dr. K.E.D. Sumanasiri

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Textbooks
R.C. Hibbeler,
“Engineering Mechanics STATICS & DYNAMICS”

E book posted to you

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Other Textbooks

E book posted to you

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Other Textbooks

Meriam and Kraige

“Engineering Mechanics, STATICS”

Meriam and Kraige

“Engineering Mechanics, DYNAMICS”

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Outline of Syllabus – Engineering Mechanics
• Fundamentals of Mechanics
• Vectors
• Forces and Force Systems
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies - FBD
• Center of gravity, Center of mass, Centroid
• Friction – Static and Dynamic
• Analysis of Structures - Trusses
• Kinematics
• Rectilinear motion,
• Curvilinear motion
• Kinetics
• Work, Kinetic Energy, potential energy and Power
• Impulse and Momentum

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 Mechanics ? A branch of physical science
which deals with (the states of
rest or motion of) bodies under
Mechanics
action of forces

Statics:
Equilibrium of bodies
Statics (no accelerated motion)
under action of Forces
-Equilibrium
Dynamics
-Selected Topics
Dynamics: Motion of bodies

Kinematics Kinetics

-Particles -Particles
-Rigid Bodies - Rigid Bodies

• Kinematics: geometric aspects of the motion 7

• Kinetics: Analysis of forces which cause the motion
 Statics and Dynamics
▪ Statics deals with the state of rest or motion of bodies with
constant velocities
F = M = 0
▪ In Dynamics, the bodies are allowed to accelerate.

 F =  M = ma
▪Statics
✓ Equilibrium of Bodies in idealized condition
-(material independent), uses only static
equations
F = M = 0
The design of this rocket and gantry structure requires a basic knowledge of both statics
and dynamics, which form the subject matter of engineering mechanics. 9
 Basic Concepts

Importance of Mechanics

Statics
Dynamics Structures
Mechanics of Automotives
Materials Robotics
Fluid Mechanics Mechanics
Spacecrafts
Vibration MEMs
Fracture Mechanics NEMs
Soil Mechanics etc.
Bio Mechanics
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etc.
Basic Concepts - Definition

position, r
velocity,
acceleration

Space: Collection of points whose relative positions

can be described using “a coordinate system”
Time : For relative occurrence of events

Mass : - resistance to change in velocity [Dynamics],

- quantities that influence mutual attraction
between bodies [Statics]

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Basic Concept - Definition
Particle: Body of negligible dimensions
Rigid body: Body with negligible deformations
Non-rigid body: Body which can deform

In Statics,
bodies are
considered
rigid unless
stated
otherwise.
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Three forces act on the hook. Since
these forces all meet at a point,
then for any force analysis, we can
assume the hook to be
represented as a
particle.
Steel is a common engineering
material that does not deform very
much under load. Therefore, we can
consider this railroad wheel to be a
rigid body.
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Rigid body Vs Deformable body

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Basic Concept - Force

Force: Vector quantity that describes an action of

one body on another [Statics]

• In dynamics, force is an action that tends to

cause acceleration of an object.

• The SI unit of force magnitude is the newton (N).

One newton is equivalent to one kilogram-meter
per second squared (kg·m/s2 or kg·m·s – 2)

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 SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars: associated with “Magnitude” alone

- mass, density, volume, time, energy, …

Vectors: associated with “Magnitude” and “Direction”

- force, displacement, velocity, acceleration, …

Magnitude: Vector :
| V | or V V or V
 : Direction
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 Scalar & Vector
Manipulation

Vector: magnitude & direction,

components
aA
– Scalar multiplication

– Addition, subtraction
A + B, A − B
– Dot product AB
– Cross product
AB
– Mixed triple product
A  (B  C )

Mathematical Meanings
vs
Physical Meanings
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Vector’s Point of Application

Vectors: “Magnitude”, “Direction” “Point of Application”

 External
effect
F   The external
 F F consequence
Internal
Effect –
F ? of these two
stress
= forces will
be the same
if ….
- Rigid Body
Fixed Vector Free Vector Sliding Vector

E.g.) Force on rotating motion, couple E.g.) Force on Principle of

Transmissibility
rotation
non- rigid body rigid-body
vector
F
Rigid Body

F
F
Rotational motion occurs at 18
point of action every point in the object. line of action
 
F F If we concerns only about the
? external resultant effects on rigid body.
=

The two force can be

We can slide the force along its line
considered equivalent if
of action.
…… (force can be considered as sliding vector)

“A force may be applied at any point on its given line of action

without altering the resultant effects external to the rigid body on
which it acts.”

The Principle of Transmissibility

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 Physical Quantity of Vector
Vectors representing physical quantities can be classified

• Fixed Vector
– Its action is associated with a unique point of application

– Described by magnitude, direction & point of application

• Sliding Vector
– Has a unique line of action in space but not a unique point of
application
– Described by magnitude, direction & line of action

• Free Vector
– Its action is not confined or associated with a unique line in
space.
– Described by magnitude & direction
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 PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS

Some principles that governs the world of Mechanics:

1. The Parallelogram Law

2. The Principle of Transmissibility

3. Newton’s First Law

4. Newton’s Second Law
5. Newton’s Third Law

6. Newton’s Law of Gravitation 21

 THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW

The two vectors V1 and V2 ,treated as free vectors, can be

replaced by their equivalent V, which is the diagonal of
the parallelogram formed by V1 and V2 as its two sides.

V2 V
V2 V
V2
V1 V1
V1
V = V1 + V2 (generally V  V1 + V2 )

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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (1st Law)

The study of rigid body mechanics is

formulated on the basis of Newton’s laws of
motion.

First Law:
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion
tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

F = 0
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (2nd Law)
Second Law:
The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector sum of
forces acting on it, and is in the direction of this vector sum.


F m a 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚 𝑎Ԧ
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 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Third Law:
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction,
and collinear. Forces always occur in pairs – equal and
opposite action-reaction force pairs.

F −F F −F

Point: Isolate the body

Confusing? Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)

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Examples of Newton's 3rd Law

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Newton’s Law of Gravitation

GMm
F= 2
M

r
F r
m
- M & m are particle masses
- G is the universal constant of gravitation,
6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg-s2
- r is the distance between the particles.

For Gravity on earth (at sea level)

m
W=mg
W = mg

where M
- m is the mass of the body in question
- g = GM/R2 = 9.81 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2) 28
When in earth orbit, people and objects are said to be weightless
even though the gravitational force acting is approximately 90%
of that experienced on the surface of the earth.

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Fundamentals Concepts

Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction

m1 m 2
F =G
r2
F = force of gravitation between two particles
G = universal constant of gravitation
m1,m2 = mass of each of the two particles
r = distance between the two particles

mM e
Weight: W = G 2
r
Letting g = GM e / r yields W = mg
2

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Units of Measurement

SI Units
• Stands for Système International d’Unités
• F = ma is maintained only if
– 3 of the units, called base units, are defined
– 4th unit is derived from the equation
• SI system specifies length in meters (m), time in
seconds (s) and mass in kilograms (kg)
• Force unit, Newton (N), is derived from F = ma

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Units of Measurement

Name Length Time Mass Force

International Meter (m) Second (s) Kilogram (kg) Newton (N)

Systems of Units
(SI)
 kg.m 
 2 
 s 

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1.3 Units of Measurement

• At the standard location,

g = 9.806 65 m/s2
• For calculations, we use
g = 9.81 m/s2
• Thus,
W = mg (g = 9.81m/s2)
• Hence, a body of mass 1 kg has a weight of 9.81 N, a
2 kg body weighs 19.62 N

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The International System of Units

Prefixes
• For a very large or small numerical quantity, units can
be modified by using a prefix

• Each represent a multiple or sub-multiple of a unit

E.g: 4,000,000 N = 4000 kN (kilo-newton)
= 4 MN (mega- newton)
0.005 m = 5 mm (milli-meter)

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The International System of Units

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Numerical Calculations

Dimensional Homogeneity
• Each term must be expressed in the same units
• Regardless of how the equation is evaluated, it
maintains its dimensional homogeneity
• All terms can be replaced by a consistent set of units

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Numerical Calculations

Significant Figures
• Accuracy of a number is specified by the number of
significant figures it contains
• A significant figure is any digit including zero
e.g. 5604 and 34.52 have four significant numbers
• When numbers begin or end with zero, we make use
of prefixes to clarify the number of significant figures
e.g. 400 as one significant figure would be 0.4(103)

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Numerical Calculations

Rounding Off Numbers

• Accuracy obtained would never be better than the
accuracy of the problem data
• Calculators or computers involve more figures in the
answer than the number of significant figures in the
data
• Calculated results should always be “rounded off” to
an appropriate number of significant figures

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Numerical Calculations

Calculations
• Retain a greater number of digits for accuracy
• Work out computations so that numbers that are
approximately equal
• Round off final answers to three significant figures

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General Procedure for Analysis

To solve problems, it is important to present work in a

logical and orderly way as suggested:
1. Correlate actual physical situation with theory
2. Draw any diagrams and tabulate the problem data
3. Apply principles in mathematics forms
4. Solve equations which are
dimensionally homogenous
5. Report the answer with
significance figures
6. Technical judgment
and common sense
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Example

Convert to 2 km/h to m/s.

Solution

2 km  1000 m  1 h 
2 km/h =    = 0.556 m/s
h  km  3600 s 
Remember to round off the final answer to three significant figures.

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QUIZ

1. The subject of mechanics deals with what happens to

a body when ______ is / are applied to it.
A) magnetic field B) heat C) forces
D) neutrons E) lasers

2. ________________ still remains the basis of most of

today’s engineering sciences.
A) Newtonian Mechanics B) Relativistic Mechanics
C) Greek Mechanics C) Euclidean Mechanics

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QUIZ

3. Give the most appropriate reason for using three

significant figures in reporting results of typical
engineering calculations.
A) Historically slide rules could not handle more than three
significant figures.
B) Three significant figures gives better than one-percent
accuracy.
C) Telephone systems designed by engineers have area
codes consisting of three figures.
D) Most of the original data used in engineering
calculations do not have accuracy better than one percent.
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QUIZ

4. For a static’s problem your calculations show the final

answer as 12345.6 N. What will you write as your final
answer?
A) 12345.6 N B) 12.3456 kN C) 12 kN
D) 12.3 kN E) 123 kN

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Does the scale read:
A. 100 N,
B. 200 N, or
C. Zero?

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Arnold Strongman and Suzie Small pull on opposite
ends of a rope in a tug of war. The greater force
exerted on the rope is by

A. Arnold.
B. Suzie.
C. Neither. The force is the same.

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